1 E Kenny Dáil Debates Wednesday 20 July 2011, 1:00pm.

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8 See K Terry et al (John Jay College Research Team) The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States, 1950–2002 (2004), available at http://www.usccb.org/nrb/johnjaystudy/index.htm.

9 See Law Commission of Canada Restoring Dignity: Responding to Child Abuse in Canadian Institutions (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, 2000).

10 Forde, L The Commission of Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions: Final Report (Brisbane: Government of Queensland, 1999)Google Scholar.

11 See L Nolan Report of the Review on Child Protection in the Catholic Church in England and Wales: A Programme for Action (2001), available at http://www.cathcom.org/mysharedaccounts/cumberlege/finalnolan1.htm (‘The Nolan Report’).

12 Note, however, that the phenomenon is not confined to the Catholic Church. See P Parkinson, K Oats and A Jayakody A Study of Reported Sexual Abuse in the Anglican Church (2009), available at http://www.apo.org.au/research/study-reported-child-sexual-abuse-anglican-church.

13 Keenan, M ‘“Them and us”: the clergy child sexual offender as “other”’ in Flannery, T (ed) Responding to the Ryan Report (Dublin: Columba Press, 2009)Google Scholar.

14 See Brennan, C ‘Facing what cannot be changed: the Irish experience of confronting institutional child abuse’ (2007) 29 Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 245 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Llewellyn, J ‘Dealing with the legacy of native residential school abuse in Canada: litigation, Adr and restorative justice’ (2002) 52 University of Toronto Law Journal 253 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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16 Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (Chair: Judge Séan Ryan) (2009), available at http://www.childabusecommission.ie/ (‘The Ryan Report’).

17 Commission of Investigation, Report into the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin (Chair: Judge Yvonne Murphy) (Dublin: Department of Justice and Law Reform, 2009) (‘The Murphy Report’).

18 Commission of Investigation, Report into the Catholic Diocese of Cloyne (Chair: Judge Yvonne Murphy) (Dublin: Department of Justice and Law Reform, 2011) (‘The Cloyne Report’).

19 See, especially, J Waters ‘Child abuse continues in different guises’, The Irish Times, 22 May 2009; F O'Toole ‘Law of anarchy, cruelty of care’, The Irish Times, 23 May 2009; F O'Toole, ‘Lessons in the power of the Church’, The Irish Times, 6 June 2009.

20 See, eg, Dear Daughter (1996); States of Fear (1999); Suing the Pope (2002).

21 See, eg, Doyle, P The God Squad (London: Corgi Books, 1989)Google Scholar; O'Gorman, C, Beyond Belief (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2009)Google Scholar.

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23 See K McEvoy and L Mallinder Knowledge Construction and the Mainstreaming of Transitional Justice: Truth, Memory and Dealing with the Past in ‘Settled Democracies’ International Studies Association Annual Convention (New Orleans, LA, 2010).

24 S Cohen States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).

25 Anderson, B Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983)Google Scholar.

26 Garland, D ‘the limits of the sovereign state: strategies of crime control in contemporary society’ (1996) 36 British Journal of Criminology 445 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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28 A McAlinden ‘Vetting sexual offenders: state over-extension, the punishment deficit and the failure to manage risk’ (2010) Social and Legal Studies 25.

29 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Reformatory and Industrial School System, 1934–1936 (London: The Stationery Office, 1936) (‘The Cussen Report’).

30 Reformatory and Industrial Schools System Report (London: The Stationery Office, 1970) (‘The Kennedy Report’).

31 McGuinness, C The Report of the Kilkenny Incest Investigation (London: The Stationery Office, 1993)Google Scholar.

32 North Western Health Board Report of the Inquiry into the West of Ireland Farmer Case (Manorhamilton: North Western Health Board, 1998).

33 McAlinden, A “Setting em up”: personal, social and institutional grooming in the sexual abuse of children’ (2006) 15 Social and Legal Studies 339 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 350. See also Murphy, R Report of the Independent Inquiry into Matters Relating to Child Sexual Abuse in Swimming (Dublin: Department for Tourism, Sport and Recreation, 1998)Google Scholar.

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35 Such religious terminology is also reflected in the titles of earlier American books on the subject, eg, Berry, J Lead Us Not Into Temptation: Catholic Priests and the Sexual Abuse of Children (New York: Doubleday, 1992)Google Scholar; Rosetti, S (ed) Slayer of the Soul: Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church (New London, CT: Twenty-third Publications, 1990)Google Scholar.

36 Suffer Little Children (1994). See C Moore Betrayal of Trust: The Father Brendan Symth Affair and the Catholic Church (Dublin: Marino, 1995).

37 R Sipe ‘Priest sex abuse case stirs political storm in Ireland’, National Catholic Reporter, 2 December 1994.

38 See, especially, States of Fear, above n 20.

39 Above n 19.

40 Above n 21.

41 See Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse Act 2000, and Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (Amendment) Act 2005.

42 See Residential Institutions Redress Act 2002.

43 Arnold, above n 22, pp 122–127.

44 Ferns Report, above n 15.

45 Ryan Report, above n 16.

46 Fagan, S ‘The abuse and our bad theology’ in Flannery, T (ed) Responding to the Ryan Report (Dublin: Columba Press, 2009)Google Scholar p 14.

47 Ryan Report, above n 16, vol IV, paras 6.09–6.18.

48 Murphy Report, above n 17, established under the Commissions of Investigation Act 2004.

49 Ibid, para 1.113.

50 Ibid, paras 1.32–1.36.

51 Ibid, paras 1.92–1.96, 1.101.

52 Cloyne Report, above n 18.

53 Ibid, para 1.71.

54 See, eg, Justice for Magdalenes, the survivor advocacy group (http://www.magdalenelaundries.com, last accessed, 9 January 2012). See also the Interim Progress Report of the Inter-departmental Committee into Magdalene Laundries, set up to establish the facts of state involvement with these institutions, available at http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/MagdelanInterimReport2011Oct.pdf/Files/MagdelanInterimReport2011Oct.pdf

55 See, eg, Gallagher, B Grappling with Smoke: Investigating and Managing Organised Abuse – A Good Practice Guide (London, NSPCC, 1998)Google Scholar; Barter, C ‘Practitioners' experiences and perceptions of investigating allegations of institutional abuse’ (1999) 4 Child Abuse Review 392 3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

56 See, generally, Berry, above n 35. Note, however, that clergy sexual abusers are not a homogeneous group. See, eg, Mercado, Cc, Tallon, Ja and Terry, Kj ‘Persistent sexual abusers in the Catholic Church: an examination of characteristics and offense patterns’ (2008) 35 Criminal Justice and Behaviour 629 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 Ferns Report, above n 15, ch 8.

58 Ryan Report, above n 16, vol IV, ch 7.

59 Cloyne Report, above n 18.

60 ‘Abuse victim responds to Pope's apology’, BBC News Online, 18 September 2010, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11357165.

61 Ibid.

62 See, in particular, Nolan Report, above n 11; Cumberlege Commission Safeguarding with Confidence: Keeping Children and Vulnerable Adults Safe in the Catholic Church (2007), available at http://www.cathcom.org/mysharedaccounts/cumberlege/report/index.asp. For an overview see, Reder, P, Duncan, S and, Gray, M Beyond Blame: Child Abuse Tragedies Revisited (London: Routledge, 1993)Google Scholar. See also Corby et al, above n 4.

63 See, especially, Parton, N ‘from Maria Colwell to Victoria Climbié: reflections on public inquiries into child abuse a generation apart’ (2004) 13 Child Abuse Review 80 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 McAlinden, above n 33.

65 The inquiry was established following the conviction of school caretaker, Ian Huntley, for the murders of Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman in Soham in 2002. `Sir Bichard, M, The Bichard Inquiry Report (London: The Stationery Office, 2004)Google Scholar.

66 See the Protection of Freedoms Bill 2010–2011. See also ‘Nick Clegg reveals end of vetting scheme’, The Independent, 11 February 2011.

67 McAlinden, above n 28.

68 See, eg, Teitel, R Transitional Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; McEvoy, K and McGregor, L (eds) Transitional Justice from Below: Grassroots Activism and the Struggle for Change (Oxford: Hart, 2008)Google Scholar.

69 See, generally, Flournay, M and Pan, M, ‘Dealing with demons: justice and reconciliation’ (2002) 25 Washington University Law Quarterly 111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

70 Campbell, C and Turner, C ‘Utopia and the doubters: truth, transition and the law’ (2008) 28 Legal Studies 374 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 374.

71 McEvoy, K. Making Peace with the Past: Options for Truth Recovery in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Healing Through Remembering, 2006)Google Scholar.

72 See, eg, Cohen, S ‘State crimes of previous regimes: knowledge, accountability and the policing of the past’ (1995) 20 Law and Social Inquiry 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chapman, Ar and Ball, P ‘the truth of truth commissions: comparative lessons from Haiti, South Africa and Guatemala’ (2001) 23 Human Rights Quarterly 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tepperman, J ‘Truth and consequences’ (2002) (March/April) Foreign Affairs 128 CrossRefGoogle Scholar;

73 Campbell and Turner, above n 70, at 375.

74 See, eg, Popkin, M and Roht-Arriaza, N ‘Truth as justice: investigatory commissions in Latin America’ (1995) 20 Law and Social Inquiry 79 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McEvoy, K and Conway, H ‘the dead, the law and the politics of the past’ (2004) 31 Journal of Law and Society 539 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

75 See, generally, Hayner, P Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions (London: Routledge, 2002)Google Scholar; Freeman, M Truth Commissions and Procedural Fairness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

76 Medeloff, D ‘Truth seeking, truth telling and post-conflict peace building: curbing the enthusiasm’ (2004) 6 International Studies Review 355 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

77 See, eg, L Huyse ‘Justice after transition: on the choices successor elites make in dealing with the past’ (1995) Law and Social Inquiry 51.

78 See, eg, Scraton, P ‘From deceit to disclosure: the politics of official inquiries in the United Kingdom’ in Gilligan, G and Pratt, J (eds) Crime, Truth and Justice: Official Inquiry, Discourse, Knowledge (Cullompton: Willan, 2004)Google Scholar.

79 Reder et al, above n 62, p 1.

80 Scraton, above n 78, p 50.

81 Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into Payments to Politicians and Related Matters (2011), available at http://www.moriarty-tribunal.ie (‘The Moriarty Tribunal’).

82 Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into Complaints concerning Some Gardaí of the Donegal Division (2002–2008), available at http://www.morristribunal.ie (‘The Morris Tribunal’).

83 Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into Certain Planning Matters and Payments, available at http://www.flood-tribunal.ie/asp/Reports.asp?objectid=310&Mode=0&RecordID=504 (‘The Mahan Tribunal’).

84 Report of the Commission of Investigation into the Dublin and Monahan Bombings 1974: Final Report, March 2007, available at http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Department_of_the_Taoiseach/Policy_Sections/Northern_Ireland/Northern_Ireland_Publications.

85 See, generally, G Hogan and DG Morgan Administrative Law in Ireland (Dublin: Round Hall Press, 4th edn, 2010).

86 See O'Donnell, G ‘Why the rule of law matters’ (2004) 15 Journal of Democracy 32 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ní Aolaín, F and Campbell, C ‘the paradox of transition in conflicted democracies’ (2005) 27 Human Rights Quarterly 172 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 187.

87 See, especially, McEvoy, K ‘beyond legalism: towards a thicker understanding of transitional justice’ (2007) 34 Journal of Law and Society 411 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

88 Campbell and Turner, above n 70.

89 Teitel, above n 68, p 6.

90 Arnold, above n 22, pp 249–256.

91 Cohen, above n 72.

92 Campbell and Turner, above n 70, at 376.

93 See Breen, M ‘the truth will set you free: reflections on the Church's handling of child sexual abuse’ (2002) 53 The Furrow 414 Google Scholar. See also Re Doyle in which one father challenged the state to regain custody of his children who had been placed in state care (decided in 1956, reported in [1989] ILRM 277).

94 Campbell and Turner, above n 70, at 376.

95 Chapman and Ball, above n 72.

96 McEvoy, above n 87, at 438.

97 Campbell and Turner, above n 70, at 378.

98 See Michael Murray and David Gibson v the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse the Minister for Education & Science, Ireland & the Attorney General, unreported, 17 October 2003, Abbott J. Following the resignation of Chairperson Justice Mary Laffoy in December 2003 and the appointment of Justice Séan Ryan as the new chairperson in June 2004 and his announcement that the Commission no longer intended to name anyone, the Christian Brothers dropped their legal actions against the Commission.

99 Ní Aolaín and Campbell, above n 86, at 200.

100 See Walz v Tax Commission, 397 US 664 (1970). See also Formicola, Jr ‘the Vatican, the American bishops and the Church–State ramifications of clerical sexual abuse’ (2004) 46 Journal of Church and State 479 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 498.

101 For an historical overview, see, generally, Whyte, Jh Church and State in Modern Ireland, 1923–79 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1984)Google Scholar. I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for Legal Studies for alerting me to this point/issue.

102 F Ryan ‘A lingering shame’ in T Flannery (ed) Responding to the Ryan Report (Dublin: Columba Press, 2009) p 149.

103 See, generally, Ferriter, D The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000 (Dublin: Profile Books, 2005)Google Scholar ch 5.

104 I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for Legal Studies for alerting me to this point/issue.

105 Ibid.

106 See the former Article 44.1.2.

107 See, eg, Article 42 of the Constitution on education which ‘acknowledges that the primary and natural educator of the child is the family’ and makes no reference to the rights of churches as educators.

108 See, eg, the prohibition on religious discrimination in Article 44.2.3 and the prohibition on religious endowment in Article 44.2.2 of the Constitution. See also Campaign to Separate Church and State Ltd v Minister for Education[1998] 3 IR 321, in which during a constitutional challenge to the State funding of school chaplains it was held that the Constitution prohibited any ‘establishment’ of religion.

109 I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for Legal Studies for alerting me to this point/issue.

110 Hogan, G ‘De Valera, the Constitution and the historians’ (2005) 40 Irish Jurist 293 Google Scholar.

111 Keogh, D and McCarthy, A The Making of the Irish Constitution (Dublin: Mercier Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

112 I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for Legal Studies for alerting me to this point/issue.

113 Arnold, above n 22, p 58.

114 Ibid, ch 4.

115 Arnold, above n 22.

116 Ibid, p 13.

117 The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 established Ireland as a Republic. It ended the remaining constitutional role of the British monarchy by vesting in the President the power to exercise the executive authority of the state in its external relations.

118 Arnold, above n 22, p 38. See, generally, Coogan, Tp Eamon De Valera: The Man Who Was Ireland (London: HarperCollins, 1996)Google Scholar.

119 Raftery and O'Sullivan, above n 22, ch 5.

120 Ibid, ch 6.

121 See, especially, Inglis, T Moral Monopoly: The Rise and Fall of the Catholic Church in Ireland (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2nd edn, 1998)Google Scholar. See also Walshe, É Sex, Nation and Dissent (Cork: Cork University Press, 1997)Google Scholar.

122 Lee, Jj Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)Google Scholar p 645.

123 Inglis, T ‘Origins and legacies of Irish prudery: sexuality and social control in modern Ireland’ (2005) 40 Éire-Ireland 9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

124 See Frawley-O'Dea, Mg Perversion of Power: Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

125 Inglis, above n 123. See also F Harrison The Dark Angel: Aspects of Victorian Sexuality (London: Sheldon Press, 1977).

126 See Meaney, G Sex and Nation: Women in Irish Culture and Politics (San Francisco, CA: Attic Press, 1991)Google Scholar.

127 Innes, Cl Women and Nation in Irish Literature and Society, 1890–1935 (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993)Google Scholar pp 26–42.

128 Inglis, above n 123, at 23–24.

129 Ibid, at 30. See, generally, Gibbons, L. Transformations in Irish Culture (Cork: Cork University Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Ferriter, above n 103.

130 Kline, Pm, McMackin, R and Lezotte, E ‘the impact of the clergy sexual abuse scandal on parish communities’ (2008) 17 Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 290 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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132 Note, however, that Church attendance actually rose in Ireland in the aftermath of the publication of the Ryan and Murphy reports in late 2009, which has been attributed to the recession. See ‘Mass attendance in Ireland is up’, The Irish Times, 11 November 2009.

133 Wolfram, S ‘Eugenics and the Punishment of Incest Act 1908’ (1983) Criminal Law Review 308 Google Scholar.

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136 Bagley, C and King, K Child Sexual Abuse: The Search for Healing (London: Routledge, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

137 See Chesnais, Jc History of Violence in the West (Paris: University of Paris, 1981)Google Scholar.

138 Irish Government Report of the Committee on the Criminal Law Amendment Acts (1880–5) and Juvenile Prostitution (1931) unpublished. (‘The Carrigan Report’).

139 Raftery and O'Sullivan, above n 22, p 257.

140 See McGuinness, above n 31; North Western Health Board, above n 32.

141 Arnold, above n 22, p 58.

142 Keenan, M ‘the institution and the individual’ (2006) 57 The Furrow 3 Google Scholar at 6.

143 The revised version was promulgated in 1983 and applies to Roman Catholics of the Latin Rite. See Canon Law Society Code of Canon Law (1983). See also TP Doyle ‘Canon law and the clergy sexual abuse crisis: the failure’ in TG Plante (ed) Sin Against the Innocents: Sexual Abuse by Priests and the Role of the Catholic Church (London: Praeger, 2004).

144 Ferns Report, above n 15, pp 44–47.

145 Cloyne Report, above n 18, para 1.21.

146 Keenan, above n 142.

147 The roman curia is the administrative structure of the Holy See and, together with the Pope, constitutes the central governing body of the Catholic Church.

148 For a detailed discussion, see Doyle, Tp, Swipe, Awr and Wall, Pj Sex, Priests and Secret Codes: The Catholic Church's 2000-year Paper Trail of Sexual Abuse (Santa Monica, CA: Volt Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

149 Formicola, above n 100, at 480.

150 Doyle et al, above n 148, p 5.

151 Ryan Report, above n 16, vol. IV, para 6.20.

152 Murphy Report, above n 17, paras 1.32, 1.35.

153 White, Md and Terry, K ‘Child sexual abuse in the Catholic Church: revisiting the rotten apples explanation’ (2008) 35 Criminal Justice and Behaviour 658 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 665.

154 Anderson, above n 25.

155 Ibid.

156 See, generally, R. Kee The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000) pp 9–14. The republican conception of national identity, originating in the United Irishmen movement, was politically constituted and non-sectarian in nature (ibid, pp 54–62).

157 Anderson, above n 25, p 7.

158 Ibid, p 204.

159 Giroux, Ha ‘Democracy and the politics of terrorism: community, fear and the suppression of dissent’ (2002) 2 Cultural Studies 334 Google Scholar.

160 McEvoy, above n 87, at 422. See also Douglas, M. How Institutions Think (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1986)Google Scholar.

161 Ní Aolaín and Campbell, above n 86, at 207.

162 McEvoy, above n 87, at 422.

163 O'Malley, T Sexual Offences: Law, Policy and Punishment (London: Round Hall/Sweet & Maxwell, 1996)Google Scholar p 6.

164 See, generally, Sykes and Matza's neutralisation theory whereby those who commit deviant acts neutralise behavioural norms which would normally prohibit deviant behaviour. Sykes, G and Matza, D ‘Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency’ (1957) 22 AmericanSociological Review 664 Google Scholar. See also S Maruna and H Copes ‘What we have learned in five decades of neutralization research (2005) 32 Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 221.

165 Raftery and O'Sullivan, above n 22, ch 5.

166 Keenan, above n 13, at 212.

167 Cohen, above n 24; Cohen, above n 72.

168 Cohen, above n 72, at 12–22.

169 Ibid, at 15.

170 F O'Toole ‘Our capacity for double-think allowed abuse to continue’, The Irish Times, 2 June 1999.

171 Waters, above n 19.

172 Cohen, above n 72, at 15.

173 Ibid, at 46–47.

174 Raftery and O'Sullivan, above n 22, p 14.

175 Matza, D and Sykes, G ‘Juvenile delinquency and subterranean values’ (1961) 26 American Sociological Review 712 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

176 Waters, above n 19.

177 Cohen, above n 24, pp 78–95.

178 It has recently emerged, for example, that the Vatican warned Irish bishops not to report all suspected child abuse cases to police but instead sanctioned the internal handling of such cases within the confines of Canon law. See S Pogatchnik ‘Vatican letter cited as cover-up, Associated Press, 19 January 2011.

179 McEvoy and Mallinder, above n 23.

180 McAlinden, above n 33, p 353.

181 Gallagher, B ‘the extent and nature of known cases of institutional child sexual abuse’ (2000) 30 British Journal of Social Work 795 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 810.

182 Murphy Report, above n 17, para 1.28.

183 Ryan Report, above, n 16, vol IV, para 29.

184 Ibid, Executive Summary; see also vol III.

185 See, eg, Raftery and O'Sullivan, above n 22, p 33; see also Ryan Report, above n 16, vol III, ch 10.

186 O'Malley, T ‘Responding to institutional abuse: the law and its limits’ in Flannery, T (ed) Responding to the Ryan Report (Dublin: Columba Press, 2009)Google Scholar p 100.

187 Ní Aolaín and Campbell, above n 86.

188 Ibid, at 194.

189 Cohen, above n 72, at 49.

190 Huyse, above n 77, at 53.

191 McEvoy and Mallinder, above n 23.

192 Cohen, above n 72. See also Requa, M ‘Truth, Transition and the Inquiries Act 2005’ (2007) 4 European Human Rights Law Review 404 Google Scholar.

193 Requa, above n 192.

194 The referendum is expected to take place in early 2012 and provisions inserted as the 28^th Amendment to the Constitution.

195 Ruairí Quinn TD, speaking on RTÉ Six-One News, 5 July 2011.

196 I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for Legal Studies for alerting me to this point/issue.

197 EA Posner and A Vermeule ‘Transitional justice as ordinary justice’, (2004) 117 Harvard Law Review 761 at 763, n 4.

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201 McEvoy and McGregor, above n 68.

202 Posner and Vermeule, above n 197, at 768.

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