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Pandemic Pressures in Universities and their Libraries: a View from Australia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2022

Kay Tucker  and
Becky Batagol
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has heavily impacted Australian universities and their libraries but has been felt most strongly by students and staff who are already marginalised. This article, written by Kay Tucker and Becky Batagol, draws upon both published literature and the authors’ own experiences as a librarian and academic employed at Monash University, Australia's largest university. Important lessons from the pandemic for universities and university libraries at times of crisis and disaster include: actively recognising and responding to structural inequalities amongst students and staff; organising services so that all can participate to their fullest ability; providing students with opportunities for social connection, enhanced digital capabilities, safe and inclusive spaces and accessible materials; as well as flexible employment practices.

Keywords

universitiesuniversity librariesCOVID-19Australia
Type
Feature Article
Information
Legal Information Management , Volume 21 , Issue 3-4 , December 2021 , pp. 129 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by British and Irish Association of Law Librarians

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Footnotes

1

We wish to thank our generous colleagues, Associate Professor Tom Clark, Lisa Smith, Professor Amy Cohen and Professor John Thwaites for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. Together, we are better.

References

Footnotes

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3 United Nations Development Program, COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker: Global Factsheet (UNDP, UN Women 2021) </www.undp.org/publications/covid-19-global-gender-response-tracker-fact-sheets> accessed 15 October 2021.

4 ‘Australian University Student Numbers’ (University Rankings) <www.universityrankings.com.au/university-student-numbers/> accessed 15 October 202; Monash University, ‘Monash at a Glance’ (Monash University) <www.monash.edu/about/who/glance > accessed 15 October 2021.

5 Paul Kniest, The Prevalence of Insecure Employment at Australia's Universities: An Examination of Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) University Staffing Profiles (Policy and Research Unit, National Tertiary Education Union 2018) 11 <www.nteu.org.au/article/The-Prevalence-of-Insecure-Employment-at-Australia%E2%80%99s-Universities%3A-An-Examination-of-Workplace-Gender-Equality-Agency-%28WGEA%29-University-Staffing-Profiles-20526> accessed 15 October 2021.

6 Monash University, ‘Pocket Statistics 2020’ (Monash University) <www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2530908/Pocket-Statistics-2020.pdf> accessed 15 October 2021.

7 Monash University, ‘Library at a Glance’ (Monash University) <www.monash.edu/library/about/about-library/glance> accessed 15 October 2021.

8 ‘Lockdown Stats Melbourne’, (Lockdown Stats Melbourne) <https://lockdownstats.melbourne/> accessed 15 October 2021.

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11 Michael Toole, ‘Perth is the Latest City to Suffer a COVID Quarantine Breach. Why Does this Keep Happening?’ (The Conversation, 2 February 2021) <https://theconversation.com/perth-is-the-latest-city-to-suffer-a-covid-quarantine-breach-why-does-this-keep-happening-154375 > accessed 15 October 2021.

12 Stephen Duckett, ‘Australia Has Not Learned the Lessons of its Bungled COVID Vaccine Rollout’ (The Conversation, 29 June 2021) <https://theconversation.com/australia-has-not-learned-the-lessons-of-its-bungled-covid-vaccine-rollout-163481> accessed 15 October 2021.

13 Greg Hunt and Brendan Murphy, First Confirmed Case of Novel Coronavirus in Australia (Press Release, 25 January 2020) <https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F7158085%22> accessed 15 October 2021.

14 Global Change Data Lab and Oxford Martin School, Oxford University, ‘Total Confirmed COVID-19 Deaths and Cases Per Million People, World’ (Our World in Data) <https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-covid-cases-deaths-per-million> accessed 28 October 2021.

15 ‘COVID-19 and the border: Coming to Australia’ (Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs) < https://covid19.homeaffairs.gov.au/coming-australia> accessed 15 October 2021.

16 Rebecca Storen and Nikki Corrigan, COVID-19: A Chronology of State and Territory Government Announcements (up until 30 June 2020) (Parliament of Australia, 22 October 2020) < www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/Chronologies/COVID-19StateTerritoryGovernmentAnnouncements> accessed 15 October 2021.

17 Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 (Vic) s 198(1).

18 ‘Victoria's Restriction Levels’ (Victoria Department of Health and Human Services) < www.dhhs.vic.gov.au/victorias-restriction-levels-covid-19 > accessed 15 October 2021.

19 Anne Twomey, ‘Explainer: What is a ‘State of Disaster’ and What Powers Does it Confer?’ (The Conversation, 2 August 2020) <https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-a-state-of-disaster-and-what-powers-does-it-confer-143807> accessed 15 October 2021.

20 Sheehan, Luke, Griffiths, Daniel and Collie, Alex, Working From Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic : a Brief Report from the COVID-19 Work and Health Study (Monash University, May 2021)Google Scholar <https://doi.org/10.26180/14603280> accessed 15 October 2021.

21 Boxall, Hayley, Morgan, Anthony and Brown, Rick, The Prevalence of Domestic Violence Among Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Australian Institute of Criminology, Statistical Bulletin no. 28, July 2020)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Brendan Churchill, ‘COVID-19 and the Immediate Impact on Young People and Employment in Australia: A Gendered Analysis’ (2021) 28 Gender, Work & Organization 783.

23 ‘JobKeeper Payment’ (Australian Government, The Treasury) <https://treasury.gov.au/coronavirus/jobkeeper> accessed 15 October 2021.

24 ‘Financial and Other Support for COVID-19’ (Victorian Government) < www.coronavirus.vic.gov.au/financial-and-other-support-coronavirus-covid-19> accessed 15 October 2021.

25 Geoff Gilfillan, COVID -19: Impacts on Casual Workers in Australia: A Statistical Snapshot (Australian Parliament, Parliamentary Library, Research Papers, 8 May 2020) <www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1920/?StatisticalSnapshotCasualWorkersAustralia> accessed 15 October 2021.

26 Jan Kabátek, Jobless and Distressed: the Disproportionate Effects of COVID-19 on Young Australians (Melbourne Institute, Research Insight 26/20, October 2020) 2 <https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/3504613/ri2020n26.pdf> accessed 15 October 2021.

27 ibid 6.

28 Lucas Walsh and others, Life, Disrupted: Young People, Education and Employment Before and After COVID-19 (Monash University, August 2021) 3 <https://doi.org/10.26180/15580980> accessed 15 October 2021.

29 Birrell, Bob, ‘Post-COVID Australian Universities’ (2020) 62 Australian Universities’ Review 105, 106–7Google Scholar.

30 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia's Top 25 Exports, Goods and Services (Statistics Section, Trade Investment Economics Branch, Office of the Chief Economist, DFAT 2021); Birrell (n 29) 107.

31 Martin, Linley, Foundations for Good Practice: The Student Experience of Online Learning in Australian Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency, 2020) 2Google Scholar.

32 Hurley, Peter, Hoang, Cuong and Hildebrandt, Melinda, Australian Investment in Higher Education (Mitchell Institute, Victoria University, 2020) 3Google Scholar.

33 ibid 4.

34 Marshman, Ian and Larkins, Frank, Modelling Individual Australian Universities Resilience in Managing Overseas Student Revenue Losses from the COVID-19 Pandemic (Centre for the Study of Higher Education, The University of Melbourne 2020) 6Google Scholar <https://melbourne-cshe.unimelb.edu.au/lh-martin-institute/insights/modelling-individual-australian-universities-resilience-in-managing-overseas-student-revenue-losses-from-the-covid-19-pandemic> accessed 15 October 2021.

35 Monash University, Annual Report 2020 (Financial Resources, Management Division, Monash University 2021) 2.

36 ibid 4.

37 ‘International Student Arrivals Plan’, (Monash University) <www.monash.edu/students/home/international-student-arrivals-plan> accessed 29 October 2021.

38 Gavin Moodie, ‘Why is the Australian Government Letting Universities Suffer?’ (The Conversation, 19 May 2020) <https://theconversation.com/why-is-the-australian-government-letting-universities-suffer-138514> accessed 15 October 2021.

39 Blackmore, Jill, ‘The Carelessness of Entrepreneurial Universities in a World Risk Society: A Feminist Reflection on the Impact of Covid-19 in Australia’ (2020) 39 Higher Education Research & Development 1332, 1334CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

40 Littleton and Stanford (n 2) 1.

41 ibid 2.

42 Chang Liu and others, ‘Identifying Predictors of University Students’ Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Data-Driven Approach’ (2021) 18 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6730.

43 Barnett, Katy, ‘Impact of COVID-19 on Academia’ (2020) 94 Australian Law Journal 811Google Scholar.

44 Charles Hodges and others, ‘The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning (27 March 2020) Educause Review.

45 RH Dodd and others, ‘Psychological Wellbeing and Academic Experience of University Students in Australia during COVID-19’ (2021) 18 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 866; Linda Gallo and others, The Impact of Isolation Measures Due to COVID-19 on Energy Intake and Physical Activity Levels in Australian University Students (2020) 12 Nutrients 1865; Chang Liu and others (n 42).

46 Martin (n 31) 14.

47 Martin (n 31) 14; Takalani, Ravhuhali and Mapotso (n 10) 15195.

48 Dodd and others (n 45).

49 Blackmore (n 39) 1333.

50 Monash University, Annual Report 2020 (n 35) 3.

51 James Waghorne,’Australian University and Medical School Life During the 1919 Influenza Pandemic’ (2020) 49 History of Education Review 215, 215.

52 ibid 217.

53 ibid 216.

54 Edwin Creely and others, ‘University Teachers’ Well-being During a Pandemic: The Experiences of Five Academics’ (2021) Research Papers in Education <https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2021.1941214> accessed 15 October 2021.

55 Barnett (n 43) 811.

56 Kniest (n 5) 8, 15.

57 Littleton and Stanford (n 2) 3.

58 Angela R. Dobele, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele & Foula Kopanidis, ‘The Cracked Glass Ceiling: Equal Work but Unequal Status’ (2014) 33 Higher Education Research & Development 456.

59 Stuart Andrews and others, Contingent Academic Employment in Australian Universities (Australian Higher Education Industrial Association and the LH Martin Institute, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne 2016) 3.

60 Blackmore (n 39) 1334.

61 Marcia Devlin, ‘Time to Gender Parity has Blown Out to 135 years. Here's What Women Can do to Close the Gap’ (The Conversation, 2 June 2021) <https://theconversation.com/time-to-gender-parity-has-blown-out-to-135-years-heres-what-women-can-do-to-close-the-gap-160253> accessed 15 October 2021.

62 Kniest (n 5) 16.

63 ‘Australia's Gender Pay Gap Statistics’ (Workplace Gender Equality Agency, 27 August 2021) <www.wgea.gov.au/publications/australias-gender-pay-gap-statistics> accessed 15 October 2021.

64 Devlin (n 61); ‘Australia's Gender Pay Gap Statistics’ (n 63).

65 Universities Australia, Indigenous Strategy Annual Report (Universities Australia, March 2021) 48 <www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/policy-submissions/diversity-equity/universities-australias-indigenous-strategy-2017-2020/> accessed 15 October 2021.

66 ibid 51.

67 ibid 53.

68 ‘Monash at a Glance’ (n 4).

69 Monash University, Workplace Gender Equity Strategy 2019-2022 (Staff Equity and Diversity, Monash University, 2019) <www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/2322871/Workplace-Gender-Equity-Strategy-2019-2022.pdf> accessed 15 October 2021.

70 ‘Senior Monash Staff‘ (Monash University) <www.monash.edu/about/structure/senior-staff> accessed 15 October 2021.

71 Monash University, Workplace Gender Equity Strategy 2019-2022 (n 69).

72 ‘Monash Announces Ambitious Target to Reduce Gender Pay Gap’ (Monash University, 28 August 2019) <www.monash.edu/news/articles/gender-equity-monash-announces-ambitious-target-to-reduce-gender-pay-gap> accessed 15 October 2021.

73 ‘2020 Staff Indigenous’ (Department of Education, Skills and Employment, Australian Government 2020) <www.dese.gov.au/higher-education-statistics/resources/2020-staff-indigenous> accessed 3 November 2021.

74 Monash University, Monash Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Framework (2019–2030) (Monash University 2019) 13 <www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1573502/18P-0628-Indigenous-Framework-Monash-University.pdf> accessed 3 November 2021; Monash University, Monash University Enterprise Agreement (Academic and Professional Staff) 2019 (Monash University) cl 75.1 <www.monash.edu/current-enterprise-agreements/academic-professional-2019> accessed 3 November 2021.

75 Kniest (n 5) 3.

76 Christopher Klopper and Bianca Power, ‘The Casual Approach to Teacher Education: What Effect Does Casualisation Have for Australian University Teaching?’ (2014) 39 Australian Journal of Teacher Education 101, 102. See also Kniest (n 5) 9.

77 Andrews and others (n 59) 7.

78 ibid 4.

79 Littleton and Stanford (n 2) 2–3.

80 Kniest (n 5) 11.

81 Littleton and Stanford (n 2) 1.

82 ibid 3.

83 ibid.

84 Monash University, Annual Report 2020 (n 35) 4; ‘Jobs Protection Framework’ (The National Tertiary Education Union) <https://www.nteu.org.au/covid-19/jobs_protection_framework> accessed 15 October 2021.

85 Monash University, Annual Report 2020 (n 35) 132.

86 Paul Karp, ‘Monash University to Cut 277 Jobs as Slump in International Students Bites’, The Guardian, 16 July 2020 <www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jul/16/monash-university-to-cut-277-jobs-as-slump-in-international-students-bites> accessed 15 October 2021.

87 ibid.

88 Makala Skinner, Nicole Betancourt and Christine Wolff-Eisenberg, The Disproportionate Impact of the Pandemic on Women and Caregivers in Academia (2021 ITHAKA S+R) 13 <https://sr.ithaka.org/publications/the-disproportionate-impact-of-the-pandemic-on-women-and-caregivers-in-academia/> accessed 15 October 2021.

89 Kieren McCarron, ‘State of the Uni Survey: Working in Higher Education During 2020’ (2020) 27(3) Advocate 8, 8.

90 ibid 9.

91 Kathleen Raponi and others, ‘Academics Embrace Disruption: Lessons Learned Teaching First Year Law During a Pandemic’ (2021) 31 Legal Education Review 27, 40.

92 Barnett (n 43); Peter Burdon and Paul Babi, ‘COVID-19 and the Adelaide Law School, Australia’ (2020) 10 Journal of Security, Intelligence, and Resilience Education 1; Jeff Giddings, ‘Clinic in the Times of COVID19’ (2020) 11 Jindal Global Law Review 229, 231.

93 Tim Duane, Teaching Law in the Time of COVID-19’ (SSRN Scholarly Paper No ID 3642820, 5 July 2020).

94 McCarron (n 89) 9.

95 Louise Phillips and Melissa Cain, ‘Exhausted Beyond Measure’: What Teachers are Saying About COVID-19 and the Disruption to Education’ (The Conversation, 4 August 2020) <https://theconversation.com/exhausted-beyond-measure-what-teachers-are-saying-about-covid-19-and-the-disruption-to-education-143601> accessed 15 October 2021.

96 Giddings (n 92) 236.

97 ibid 246.

98 Elizabeth Gibney, ‘Teaching Load Could Put Female Scientists at Career Disadvantage’ (2017) Nature <https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.21839> accessed 15 October 2021.

99 Angela Onwuachi-Willig,’The Intersectional Race and Gender Effects of the Pandemic in Legal Academia’ (2021) 72 Hastings Law Journal 1703, 1711.

100 ibid 1706.

101 Giuliana Viglione, ‘Are Women Publishing Less During The Pandemic? Here's What the Data Say’ (2020) 581 Nature, 28 May 2020, 365, 365.

102 Skinner, Betancourt and Wolff-Eisenberg (n 88) 6–7.

103 ibid 6.

104 ibid 8–9.

105 ibid 8.

106 Lyn Francis and Virginia Stulz, ‘Barriers and Facilitators for Women Academics Seeking Promotion: Perspectives from the Inside’ (2020) 62(2) Australian Universities Review 47.

107 Barbara Pocock, ‘Work/Care Regimes: Institutions, Culture and Behaviour and the Australian Case’ (2005) 12 Gender, Work and Organization 32.

108 Emilee Gilbert, Nida Denson and Gabrielle Weidemann, Negotiating Mothering and Academic Work: A Mixed Methods Intersectional Feminist Study (2020) Unpublished manuscript. School of Psychology, Western Sydney University <www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1784343/Negotiating_Mothering_and_Academic_Work.pdf> accessed 15 October 2021.

109 Emilee Gilbert and Carla Pascoe Leahy, ‘Visibilising Mothering in the Academy: (Re)Performing Academic Mothering in the Transformative Moment of COVID-19’ (2021) unpublished manuscript. See also Meredith Nash and Brendan Churchill, ‘Caring during COVID-19: A Gendered Analysis of Australian University Responses to Managing Remote Working and Caring Responsibilities’ (2020) 27 Gender Work and Organization 833, 841.

110 Lyn Craig, ‘Coronavirus, Domestic Labour and Care: Gendered Roles Locked Down’ (2020) 54 Journal of Sociology 684, 687.

111 Barnett (n 43) 812.

112 Skinner, Betancourt and Wolff-Eisenberg (n 88) 9–11; Viglione (n 101) 365.

113 Vineet Arora and others, ‘Leveling the Playing Field: Accounting for Academic Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (2020) 16 Journal of Hospital Medicine 120, 120–1.

114 ibid 120.

115 Universities Australia, Indigenous Strategy Annual Report (n 65) 47.

116 Olivia Evans, Gari Yala (Speak the Truth): Gendered Insights (Workplace Gender Equality Agency Commissioned Research Report in partnership with the Jumbunna Institute of Education and Research and Diversity Council Australia, Sydney, Australia 2021) <https://www.dca.org.au/research/project/gari-yala-speak-truth-gendered-insights> accessed 28 October 2021.

117 Chelsea Watego, ‘Always Bet on Black (Power): The Fight Against Race’ (2021) Spring, Meanjin 22, 28.

118 Onwuachi-Willig (n 99) 1705; Carol Liao, ‘On Race and Academia in the Time of COVID-19’ (2020) 25(4) Lex Electronica 120.

119 Fernanda Staniscuaski and others, ‘Gender, Race and Parenthood Impact Academic Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Survey to Action’ (2021) 12(663252) Frontiers in Psychology 1, 7.

120 ibid 11.

121 Nash and Churchill (n 109) 842.

122 ibid 840.

123 ibid 841.

124 Viglione (n 101) 366; Staniscuaski and others (n 119) 11; Onwuachi-Willig (n 99) 1712.

125 Onwuachi-Willig (n 99) 1713.

126 Jessica Malisch and others, ‘In the Wake of COVID-19, Academia Needs New Solutions to Ensure Gender Equity,’ (2020) 117(27) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 15378.

127 Skinner, Betancourt and Wolff-Eisenberg (n 88) 13.

128 ibid 12; Henry T. Greely, ‘Pandemic Fairness and Academia’ (2020) 7 Journal of Law and the Biosciences 1, 3.

129 The Australian National University (ANU), MIT (US) and Oxford University (UK) all advised staff early in the pandemic that they would be paid normally even if they cannot work a full-time load due to caring responsibilities. The ANU advised ‘staff members will continue to be paid their full-time hours if they can work at least 70% of their work hours from home’: Nash and Churchill (n 109) 841.

130 Many US universities provided ‘crisis’ care for employees who were unable to access regular carers for dependents during the COVID-19 crisis. Yale University (US) staff were given access to a homework service for employees’ managing homeschooling, resources for helping children experiencing learning issues, behavioural issues and developmental disabilities and access to meal deliveries: Nash and Churchill (n 109) 841.

131 Onwuachi-Willig (n 99) 1712.

132 Staniscuaski and others (n 119) 11; Skinner, Betancourt and Wolff-Eisenberg (n 88) 12.

133 Skinner, Betancourt and Wolff-Eisenberg (n 88) 12.

134 Malisch and others (n 126) 15380.

135 Staniscuaski and others (n 119) 11; Arora and others (n 113) 122; Greely (n 128) 3; Malisch and others (n 126) 15380.

136 Staniscuaski and others (n 119) 11.

137 Arora and others (n 113) 121.

138 Premier of Victoria, The Hon Daniel Andrews, Statement from the Premier (30 March 2020) <www.premier.vic.gov.au/atement-premier > accessed 15 October 2021.

139 Thomas Sneed, ‘The Effect of COVID-19 on Law Libraries: Are These Changes Temporary or a Sign of the Future?’ (2020) 60 Washburn Law Journal 107,109.

140 Alexis Vassiley, ‘Universities are Cutting Hundreds of Jobs – They, and the Government, Can Do Better’ (The Conversation, 16 July, 2020) <https://theconversation.com/universities-are-cutting-hundreds-of-jobs-they-and-the-government-can-do-better-142824> accessed 15 October 2021.

141 Sneed (n 139); Peter Kargbo, ‘Surviving the Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdown: a Case Study’ (2020) 20 Legal Information Management 227; Muhummad Rafiq and others, ‘University Libraries Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Developing Country Perspective (2021) 47 The Journal of Academic Librarianship 1.

142 Sneed (n 139) 110.

143 Jennifer K. Frederick and Christine Wolff-Eisenberg, Academic Library Strategy and Budgeting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Ithaka S+R US Library Survey 2020 (Research Report, December 9, 2020) 14.

144 Robert Neate, Zoom Apologises After Partial Global Outage (The Guardian, 25 August 2020) <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/aug/24/zoom-apologises-after-being-hit-by-partial-global-outage> accessed 15 October 2021.

145 Konstantina Martzoukou, ‘Academic Libraries in COVID-19: a Renewed Mission for Digital Literacy’ (2021) 42 Library Management 266, 274.

146 Council of Australian University Librarians, Position Statement on Digital Dexterity <www.caul.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/digital-dexterity/digitaldexterity2019position.pdf> accessed 15 October 2021.

147 Martin (n 31) 14.

148 Martzoukou (n 145) 269.

149 Martin (n 31) 2.

150 Kargbo (n 141).

151 Martzoukou (n 145) 272.

152 Australian Library and Information Association, Australian Libraries Responding to COVID-19: Checklist for Reopening Libraries (1 May 2020) <https://read.alia.org.au/australian-libraries-responding-covid-19-checklist-reopening-libraries> accessed 15 October 2021; Council of Australian University Libraries, ANZ University Libraries Take Innovative Steps to Enhance Services While Combating the Spread of COVID-19 (1 April 2020) <www.caul.edu.au/news/anz-university-libraries-take-innovative-steps-enhance-services-while-combating-spread-covid-19> accessed 15 October 2021.

153 Dana Neacsu and James M. Donovan, ‘Academic Law Libraries and Scholarship: Communication, Publishing, and Ranking’ (2020) 49 Journal of Law and Education 433, 435.

154 Christopher Cox,’ Academic Libraries will Change in Significant Ways as a Result of the Pandemic (Opinion)’ (Inside Higher Education, 5 June 2020) <www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/06/05/academic-libraries-will-change-significant-ways-result-pandemic-opinion> accessed 15 October 2021.

155 John Botherway, ‘Changing Times: High Court of Australia Library During COVID-19’ (2021) 42 Library Management 261, 263.

156 AustLII, <www.austlii.edu.au/> accessed 15 October 2021.

157 Anna Fazackerley, ‘Price Gouging from Covid’: Student ebooks Costing up to 500% More than in Print (The Guardian, 29 January 2021) <www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/29/price-gouging-from-covid-student-ebooks-costing-up-to-500-more-than-in-print> accessed 15 October 2021.

158 Kargbo (n 141); Council of Australian Law Deans, Call to all Legal Publishers to Assist Law Schools during COVID-19 (CALD, 23 April 2020) <https://cald.asn.au/blog/2020/04/23/call-to-all-legal-publishers-to-assist-law-schools-during-covid-19/> accessed 15 October 2021; IARLA Statement on Access to Digital Content for Education and Research During the Period of COVID-19 Response (IARLA, 21 April 2020) <https://iarla.org/2020/04/statement-access-digital-content/> accessed 15 October 2021.

159 See, for example: AustLII Communities <https://austlii.community/foswiki/Books/WebHome> accessed 15 October 2021; Ian Freckleton, Administrative Decision-Making in Australian Migration Law (ANU Press 2015) <http://doi.org/10.22459/ADAML.05.2015 > accessed 15 October 2021; Wikijuris <https://wikijuris.net/> accessed 15 October 2021.

160 ‘Key Findings: Social Justice Relating to Cost and Contents of Textbooks Matter to Students and Staff’ (Deakin University, 10 February 2021) <https://australianopentextbooks.edu.au/2021/02/10/key-findings-social-justice-relating-to-cost-and-contents-of-textbooks-matter-to-students-and-staff/> accessed 15 October 2021.

161 Cailyn Nagle and Kaitlyn Vitez, Fixing the Broken Textbook Market (3rd ed, U.S. PIRG Education Fund, 20 February 2021) <https://uspirg.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/Fixing%20the%20Broken%20Textbook%20Market%2C%203e%20February%202021.pdf> accessed 15 October 2021.

162 Martzoukou (n 145) 270–1.

163 Council of Australian University Librarians, Enabling a Modern Curriculum (CAUL, 6 August 2021) <www.caul.edu.au/programs-projects/enabling-modern-curriculum> accessed 15 October 2021; Council of Australian University Libraries, Advancing Open Scholarship (CAUL, 13 October 2021) < https://www.caul.edu.au/programs-projects/advancing-open-scholarship-fair> accessed 15 October 2021.

164 Waghorne (n 51) 224.