INTRODUCTION: BIALL'S JOURNAL

This journal has reached its fiftieth birthday and this article marks and celebrates its contribution to the literature associated with law librarianship and legal information over the last five decades. Throughout its history, the journal has reflected both the changing world of law libraries and the shifting interests of legal information professionals. Primarily, it has been the journal of the British and Irish Association of Law Librarians (BIALL) but its reach has gone far beyond its members with a readership that is widespread and international in nature.

The journal has concerned itself with issues relating to the traditional law librarian often based in academia, the judiciary and the institutions associated with the practicing lawyer (such as the Inns of Court), and those working in government departments and Parliament. It has also reflected the growth of legal information professionals and specialists, knowledge managers and professional support lawyers who operate in the commercial sector (in law firms and legal units in the private company world). Throughout its history the content of the journal has focused on legal materials and the ‘tools of the trade’, both in print and in the electronic and digital resources that have emerged in the last 25 years or more, and on their management. It has continually focused on the changing legal publishing world and how the industry has been shaped by rapid technological advancement.

Over the last fifty years the journal has evolved considerably. It began life as The Law Librarian and then after some thirty years it morphed into the journal as it is today, Legal Information Management (sometimes abbreviated to LIM). Over that time some 1,650, or so, substantive articles have been published (about 750 articles during its time as The Law Librarian (1970–2000) and around 900 in the re-named Legal Information Management (2001 to 2019)).

I should preface this account by saying that this article is a personal view of the development of the journal and has been drafted having consulted many of the editorials, written by the editors, and by taking account of the content of the many volumes published since 1970. The article takes a chronological approach, often following the views and comments of the editors along the way, rather than looking at the administration behind the journal and from the journal's Editorial Board's perspective.

The editorship, in either an honorary or a paid capacity, has changed hands seven times during the history of the journal with six different editors each of whom were effectively commissioning editors who were responsible for masterminding both the content and, to a large extent, the direction of the journal albeit under the watchful eye of the Editorial Board. The quality of the publication has always been determined by the dedication and drive of the editors – it's a ‘labour of love’ as one former editor put it to me before I took on the role.

Figure 1: The list of editors of The Law Librarian and Legal Information Management, 1970–2020.

THE LAW LIBRARIAN: SMALL BEGINNINGS

Last year, 2019, BIALL celebrated its fiftieth anniversary.Footnote ¹ Within a year of the Association being established in 1969, there was a recognised need for a publication that would be identified with BIALL and with the law library profession in Britain and Ireland.Footnote ² Appropriately at the time, it was to be called The Law Librarian with the subtitle, Bulletin of the British and Irish Association of Law Librarians. It was decided that the first issue should be published by Easter 1970.

At BIALL's first Annual General Meeting Derek Way, one of the Association's founder members, was elected Honorary Editor of the newly proposed journal, though unfortunately he was unable to continue and had to resign almost immediately due to personal reasons. The editorial baton was immediately taken up with much zeal by another founder member, Elizabeth (Betty) M. Moys. The inaugural issue duly appeared in April 1970 with the legal publishers Butterworths and Sweet & Maxwell providing assistance with the preparation and printing. Betty wrote a brief first editorial that began as follows:

The opening issue ran to twelve pages and contained two articles – one about the Liverpool University Law Library written by Derek Way, who was the Sub-Librarian of that library, and the other was entitled The Statutory Publications Office: Past, Present and Future which was written by A.B. Lyons, Editor of Statutory Instruments. The issue also included a number of other sections – a Members’ Forum, Secretary's Notes, BIALL's constitution, and the Association's Rules and Regulations. B.J. Halevy, Law Librarian and Professor of Law at York University, Toronto wrote a review in the AALL Law Library Journal saying, ‘…and it is surprisingly good, considering the newness of the organisation’!Footnote ⁴ The content of the first issue set the model. Derek Way's article on Liverpool University Law Library was an account of the law library as the venue for the first conference. For the next few years, the issue preceding the annual conference contained an article about the law library in the institution where the conference would be held. A.B. Lyons’ article drew upon conference papers (a fruitful source for quality articles which is still used today), in this case on a paper he gave at the second BIALL Harrogate Workshop that was held in 1969, an event that led directly to the establishment of the Association.

In terms of other content, a regular feature from the beginning was the publication of ‘official’ BIALL statements, eg. Standards, memoranda submitted to other bodies, salary surveys, reports of internal surveys, eg. into academic law libraries.

With reference to the design, the masthead of the journal was attributed to Miss Diana Harris, a student in the Graphic Department at Goldsmiths’ College, University of London, where Betty was Librarian. The initial design ran from volume 1 to volume 17. The coloured mastheads deliberately followed a sequence of red, green, blue and yellow, each colour to be used for the three issues of a volume before moving on to the next colour. The sequence began again at volume 5. It continued to volume 17 (red) when the cover was re-designed. During this period the sub-title was Bulletin.

The Law Librarian was the first journal in the British Isles devoted to the subject of law librarianship. At the time of the first issue the Chairman of BIALL, Don Daintree, noted that it was ‘only the third English-language journal in this field’ after the Law Library Journal (of the American Association of Law Libraries) and the International Journal of Legal Information (the journal of the International Association of Law Libraries).Footnote ⁵

Figure 2: The first issue of The Law Librarian.

The specific aim of The Law Librarian was to cover the interests and developments relating to practitioners working in the law libraries in Britain and Ireland. The profession, and indeed BIALL in its early days, looked very different then, compared with today. Then, many in the profession came from the academic library world and at this stage in its history BIALL was still a very small association. As Don expressed it in 1970:

The gap in the market needed filling and The Law Librarian was seen as a way of not only

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

BIALL and Sweet & Maxwell agreed that the latter would publish the bulletin from 1971 onwards. Further agreements followed and the journal retained the same publisher until 2004.

Betty Moys continued as editor for seven years. The journal had a consistency about it with each of the three issues per year containing between two and four substantive articles together with a range of Association-related information, news and other short pieces. A glance across the front covers of the journal at this time reveals a contents listing that included items such as committee notes, proceedings of the BIALL AGM, rules of the Association, obituaries, book reviews, conference reports, a ‘people in profile’ section, book notes and ‘letters to the editor’ as well as a current awareness section. Perhaps alarmingly not only were the annual lists of BIALL members published as well as details of new members joining, there were also lists of ‘lapsed members’ (…presumably, as a result of subscriptions left unpaid!) – a public naming and shaming section, no less! In this regard, the publication was part journal for the profession and part newsletter for the Association – a bulletin for law librarianship. It was a highly informative product and successful from the start.

At this point, it is worth noting that the 1970s and 1980s were a very different era of communications compared to today. There was no instant dissemination of information via the internet, nor email. Only members, subscribers and people consulting it in libraries could see The Law Librarian and the personal information, as mentioned above, that it contained. As Barbara Tearle mentioned in conversation, ‘finding out about events and people really was a game played on a different field. It was difficult to find out anything. The privacy of personal data was scarcely an issue at that time’.

In the early 1970s there were excellent and stimulating articles published and many which would bring enjoyment today. Some that I have noted while looking through the early issues were entitled: ‘The Law in the Next Decade’Footnote ⁷, ‘Law Libraries and Law Collections in the Federal Republic of Germany’Footnote ⁸, ‘The Beginnings of legal journalism’Footnote ⁹, ‘Problems of Non-Legally Qualified Librarians in Law Libraries’Footnote ¹⁰, ‘The Provision of Books in the Courts of Scotland’Footnote ¹¹ and ‘Computers and Legal Publications’.Footnote ¹²

When Betty Moys retired from her editorship it was noted that, ‘Betty Moys was Hon. Editor of The Law Librarian since its inception in 1969. It was her baby and she nurtured it during its birth and infancy; her enthusiasm never flagged.’Footnote ¹³ BIALL members owe much to Betty Moys. Wallace Breem wrote, ‘The success of any new journal is almost always largely due to the efforts of its first editor, for whom it becomes a work of devotion. Without any such enterprise it is almost certain to fail’. Footnote ¹⁴

After Betty's tenure came to an end, The Law librarian continued from 1978 in the secure hands of the new Hon. Editor Donald (Don) Raistrick, then of the Law Commission Library and who would become well known in the future for his Index to Legal Citations and Abbreviations. The content and style of the journal continued in much the same vein over the course of a further eight years. While Betty Moys’ achievement had been to launch and establish the journal, Don Raistrick's role was, in the words of Barbara Wells, ‘to continue it as a medium for disseminating Association business and for providing interesting and varied articles on a widening range of professional law library concerns’. Footnote ¹⁵ By this time the current awareness section had grown to an extensive and detailed format.

A CHANGING PROFESSION

Two major things were happening as the 1970s drew to a close and a new decade began. Firstly, the profession of law librarianship was starting to change. Secondly, computers and technology was beginning to have a major impact. The progress of the The Law Librarian mirrored these events accordingly. It is interesting to note the development of the professional issues being covered by the journal during this period. The more traditional role of the law librarian in institutions in academia and the professional bodies was still evident but other sectors, notably the commercial world, were starting to employ librarians too. As a reflection of the changing nature of the membership of BIALL, the growth in law librarianship among the law firms was starting to become very apparent and, in line with this, articles began appearing in The Law Librarian such as: ‘Private Libraries in the City’Footnote ¹⁶, ‘The Solicitors’ Law Firm Library’Footnote ¹⁷ and ‘The Use of Prestel in a Solicitor's Law Firm in the City’.Footnote ¹⁸

TECHNOLOGY AND LAW LIBRARIES

The presence of technology was becoming more evident in law library business. Articles addressed ‘Automation in the Law School Library’Footnote ¹⁹, ‘Technical Developments in Legal Information Retrieval’Footnote ²⁰, ‘The Computer in Legal Education’Footnote ²¹ and ‘Legal Data Online’.Footnote ²² The papers of the BIALL Annual Conference were published and the theme of the 16^th conference held in September 1985 at Manchester Polytechnic was devoted to the subject of ‘Information Technology and Law Libraries’. From that event eight papers appeared in The Law Librarian, among them ‘The ‘Paperless law library’ in the United States’Footnote ²³, ‘The use of Microcomputers in libraries and information services’Footnote ²⁴ and ‘POLIS: the Parliamentary Online Information Systems’.Footnote ²⁵ Clearly, computers and IT in law were here to stay and there was plenty to write about! It was also notable that articles were tending to become lengthy in term of their word count.

THE MISSION OF THE LAW LIBRARIAN: A RESTATEMENT

By the time that the third issue was published in 1984, Barbara Tearle (then Barbara Wells of the Library at University College London, later Librarian at the Bodleian Law Library, Oxford) had taken over the editorial reins from Don Raistrick and had become the third Hon. Editor of The Law Librarian. Often when editors assume the duties of editorship they outline their intentions. In her first editorial, Barbara reaffirmed the mission of the publication by stating:

Barbara also noted that by the time she took over as editor in 1984 The Law Librarian was read, not only by BIALL members and UK law librarians, but also by hundreds of other librarians in over forty countries and that the journal was catering for both overseas as well as home readers. She declared her focus to be to ensure coverage of such issues as: the legal work and publications of international organisations, methods and new formats of publishing, the rapidly developing world of computer technology as it affects law libraries and the growing international bibliographical control of legal literature. Barbara achieved these ambitions and much more and the amount of content contained in each issue increased; the April 1985 volume (16(1)) was a bumper issue and contained some 60 pages of content with nine articles as well as the extra content associated with the Association. The year 1983 had seen the launch of the BIALL Newsletter which meant that some of the Association-related issues were diverted to that publication and thus freed The Law Librarian to deliver substantive items more suited to a journal than a bulletin.

REDESIGN AND EVOLUTION

BIALL was evolving and the number of law librarians working in law firms had gathered more pace. According to Christine Miskin, writing in 1987, there were:

Christine's article opened the first issue of The Law Librarian in 1987 and, as if to bring the image of the journal up-to-date and reflect the growth of the profession in the commercial sector, after eighteen years The Law Librarian was ready for a new design and a refreshed image. The front cover was changed as was the interior typeface and layout. An extra level of professionalism was evident and the enhancement to the physical quality of the publication was immediately obvious. The sub-title of ‘Bulletin’ was no longer used on the front cover.

As Barbara explained in conversation, she:

Where the publishing process was concerned, the publisher Sweet & Maxwell did remarkably little other than source advertisements for inclusion in the journal. The editor dealt directly with the printer for everything else.

The subject matter was changing too, moving with the times as ever. As in other sectors, management and strategic issues were coming to the fore. Relevant articles in the journal appeared such as ‘Managing to improve: effective management of library and information services’Footnote ²⁸, ‘Interpersonal skills in operational management’Footnote ²⁹, ‘Industrial relations at work – law and literature’Footnote ³⁰ and ‘Strategy for the Nineties: the Law Firm Perspective’.Footnote ³¹ These were just some of the written pieces of the period that reflected the changing landscape. Of course, many of the traditional interests of the law librarians continued and were well represented with articles such as: ‘Legislation in Northern Ireland’Footnote ³², ‘The Library and the Book Trade’Footnote ³³, ‘Some Issues in Legal Indexing’Footnote ³⁴, ‘Law libraries in Ireland’Footnote ³⁵ and ‘Using TINlib for Cataloguing at Lincoln's Inn’.Footnote ³⁶

Barbara Tearle's last issue was for December 1990 and from April the next year the new Hon. Editor was Christine Miskin who fully acknowledged Barbara's very considerable contribution to the quality and evolution of the journal, writing that under her charge it had improved ‘beyond all recognition’ and acknowledging that she had ‘imposed very high editorial standards’.Footnote ³⁷ From January 1992 BIALL Council had approved a number of changes to The Law Librarian with a new publishing cycle whereby there would be four issues per year (in March, June, September and December). The Newsletter would have a similar cycle but would appear midway between each issue of The Law Librarian in order to keep members up to date on Association and professional matters every few months. Again, it is important to realise that this was still an era where the dissemination of information was in published form; there were no blogs or tweets and email was in its early infancy.

As Christine wrote in her first editorial:

The new BIALL house colours and logo meant that there was a different feel about the publication. By this time The Law Librarian had grown into a more substantial journal. Specific themes developed for individual issues and the tradition of publishing papers from the BIALL Annual Conference continued to be a standard feature. Guest editors were also commissioned and were making particular contributions. Christine continued Barbara's excellent eye for detail and her devotion to the quality of the content. Among some of the eye-catching articles from that period there were ‘This Little Piggy Went to Market: a Case Study in Agricultural Law’Footnote ³⁹, ‘Developing the Video collection in the Wolverhampton Polytechnic Law Library’Footnote ⁴⁰, ‘The Barrington Manuscripts: from Durham to the Inner Temple’Footnote ⁴¹ and ‘The Bailiwick of Guernsey’Footnote ⁴². I particularly liked the title ‘From Cavalry to Courts – Impressions of Law Librarianship’Footnote ⁴³ and also, in the knowledge there exists at least one ‘Trekkie’ among the law librarianship fraternity, the conference report ‘Law Libraries: the Next Generation or Two Librarians Boldly Go….’Footnote ⁴⁴

Christine had a great ability to attract authors to write on a vast array of relevant topics. She also used guest editors on occasions to very great effect. The Special Issue on Networks from 1995, edited by David Byrne, was an excellent example of how a dedicated issue could work and there were fourteen articles published on the defined theme that was emerging and would have far reaching implications for the industry. As David put it in opening lines of his guest editorial:

Prior to that, the increasingly relevant area of environmental law was featured with six articles appearing June 1994. However, as common to all editors responsible for commissioning material, some frustrations were evident and on one occasion not even the national library and the relevant government department evaded the Editor's scorn!

Christine Miskin's tenure as Hon. Editor came to a close with the last issue of 1995 which she co-edited with Laurence Eastham who then took on the role in a new capacity, that of a paid editor rather than on an honorary basis. Laurence's first editorial acknowledged the ever-changing nature of the law librarianship profession, when he declared:

The journal (or ‘magazine’ as Laurence sometimes tended to call it!) continued to evolve and some issues contained more articles than before – volume 27(2) for June 1996 was particularly unusual with 21 pieces relating to the theme of the use and provision of non-legal information services and outsourcing. In addition, there were sections on ‘InfoTech’ matters, current awareness and book reviews. Indeed, as time went on the number of book reviews increased. Some of Laurence's editorials became something of a feature in themselves. In his Editorial for the issue for September 1997 be berated legal publishers. Over four pages he discussed the pressures from the perspectives of both librarians and publishers and by the end he drew an analogy with marriage guidance,

A CHANGE OF NAME TO: LEGAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Laurence and the Editorial Board oversaw arguably the most dramatic change in the journal's history. The content of The Law Librarian had often assessed the role of law librarians and those working in the legal information industry. However, by the December 1999 issue, and with BIALL having reached a 30-year anniversary it was time once again to look at the direction of the profession. The Editorial Board considered changes to the journal and also to its name in order to try to better represent the role of those working in the industry. As the Editor pointed out:

A call from the journal to readers to express their views yielded a disappointing number of comments – just 3 in fact – but an insert in the BIALL Newsletter that was sent out to the membership brought over 100 responses. The upshot of discussion at the Editorial Board and BIALL Council, and following the consultation, meant that the spring 2001 issue saw a change of title from The Law Librarian to Legal Information Management. This was a big step for the journal and a significant marker not only in its journey but also as a reflection of the state of the profession at that point in time.

In the detailed survey of views, it was noted that The Law Librarian was the least popular option. Legal Information Management, with the abbreviation LIM, was the preferred name.

A new title was just one of the changes introduced. A redesign of the cover and a change to the internal appearance was considered vital to its appeal. The new style and presentation often featured photographs of the authors (although some had appeared previously) and articles commenced with abstracts. Sub-titles were bolder which gave the appearance of a softer, more reader-friendly product. However, the most important aspect of the journal, the quality of the content, continued to be high and the first issue in the new era was devoted to the topical matters of human rights and UK devolution. The first article under the new title was written by a certain Keir Starmer, now the newly elected Leader of the Labour Party and previously Shadow Brexit Secretary; and at the time of the article, a barrister at Doughty Chambers. In his article he was outlining ‘The European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998.’ [(2001) 1(1) LIM, 3–9].

2002 brought Laurence's time as editor to an end and he reflected, ‘The biggest lesson I have learnt in my years as Editor is not to underestimate the very considerable skills of legal information professionals.’Footnote ⁵⁰ Laurence went on to become editor of another journal in a related field, Computers & Law.

Christine Miskin was then recruited by BIALL and therefore was both Laurence's successor as well as his immediate predecessor! Christine took up the task for a second time with much enthusiasm. Her first issue (autumn, 2002) examined the surprising acquisition of the online service Lawtel by Sweet & Maxwell and focused on the papers delivered at the BIALL Annual Conference which had returned to Liverpool that summer having been the venue for the first conference held in 1970.

A MOVE TO CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The early part of Christine's tenure as Editor was marked by another significant moment in the journal's history, this time a change of publisher from Sweet & Maxwell to Cambridge University Press (CUP). This was a significant shift for the journal. Sweet & Maxwell was a commercial, practitioner-related legal publisher that served the journal very well, while CUP was a more traditional academic publisher. In some senses and on reflection, this might appear to be at odds with the recent shift in title to better reflect the law firm sector. However, the CUP have proved to be excellent partners for LIM and the resulting product and its marketing have been handled in a very professional manner.

Figure 3: A cover of Legal Information Management from 2006.

The Editorial Board prepared the way for the transition and it proved a timely moment to review the strategic planning for the journal. As Christine noted in the inaugural issue under the new publisher, following a lengthy discussion by the Board, it ‘was agreed that our mission statement was “to be the journal of choice to all British and Irish legal information workers”’ and that topics to be included would be of interest to all categories of readers – in law firms, academia, professional organisations, government or the courts.Footnote ⁵¹

The journal continued to develop with content often running to some 80 or so pages per issue and the range of subjects covered was impressive. Christine developed further the themed approach and there were offerings under headings such as ‘Multi-Site Management of Library and Information Services’Footnote ⁵², ‘Far Eastern Sources of Law and Legal Information’Footnote ⁵³, ‘Law Librarianship in the 21^st Century’Footnote ⁵⁴ and ‘Legal Information, Cat, Class and Metadata’.Footnote ⁵⁵ A regular feature with an international viewpoint at this time was ‘From our own correspondent’. By now extensive referencing and footnoting was a stronger feature and articles included biographies of the authors. From 2007 keywords reflecting the subject matter were in evidence beneath the abstracts for each article. During this period the front cover altered again.

After a highly successful second editorial stint with the journal, Christine Miskin stepped down as Editor in 2011 after a commitment to the journal of 14 years in total across her two tenures (1990–1995 and 2002–2011). Her editorial achievements, and those of her predecessors, were extraordinary and so it was with much fear and trepidation that the current editor took over the role. In my previous capacity as BIALL President, it was particularly gratifying to be able to honour Christine's achievements at the Association's Annual Dinner, held in Newcastle in 2011, by conferring upon her Life Membership of BIALL in recognition of her commitment and dedication.

Figure 4: The cover of LIM in 2012.

For my part, I do not intend to write much in relation to the rather more modest achievements of recent years since 2011. Some of the regular features of the past have continued as before – such as the use of themes, featured articles from colleagues overseas, the publication of the results of the annual SLS/BIALL Academic Law Library Survey, many of the BIALL Conference papers and the inclusion of the biennial Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture. Themes that have been included are ‘The Irish Legal System, Law Libraries and legal Information’Footnote ⁵⁶, ‘Legal Literature: Unlocking Access’Footnote ⁵⁷, ‘Legal Information and Aspects of Devolution’Footnote ⁵⁸, German Law and Legal Information’Footnote ⁵⁹, ‘Law, Gender and Sexuality: Sources and Methods in Socio-Legal Research’Footnote ⁶⁰, ‘Ways of Working’Footnote ⁶¹ and ‘Moys Classification’Footnote ⁶².

The summer issue of 2019 was dedicated to a celebration of 50 years of BIALL with a special anniversary issueFootnote ⁶³ and the winter LIM included the 7th Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture that was delivered by Lady Brenda Hale, the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, entitled ‘The Changing Legal Landscape’.Footnote ⁶⁴

The Editorial Board agreed to move to a more non-pictorial cover that used the BIALL blue colours and showed a clean, simplified approach (as shown in Figure 8). Some other presentational aspects altered, such as the BIALL logo which the Association had recently refreshed. When the winter 2016 issue was published the new and improved look was complete. Judging by the front cover, it could be said that the image of LIM today could be considered to have a more ‘academic look’ but the content continues to be relevant across the profession including the commercial sector.

LIM TODAY

One of the most striking aspects of journal production today is the obvious one – the way journal publishing has shifted towards electronic access. In this regard, Cambridge University Press have promoted and marketed LIM as one of their journals on the Cambridge Core platform that allows easy access for CUP subscribers and, with reference to LIM, available to BIALL Members. It opens up the journal to a global audience. With the data that can be gathered, electronic access also allows the Editorial Board to monitor progress with the journal in terms of readership, circulation and levels of usage of the content. The journal is not only on CUP's Cambridge Core service but has for some years been available via the two prominent legal information publishers, LexisNexis and Westlaw, as well as the US periodical specialist service, HeinOnline.

SOME RECENT TRENDS

One of the advantages of electronic access to journal content over the print format is that it is possible to follow trends in both circulation and usage. Since CUP began publishing the journal in 2004 the trend in general has been towards a steady increase in terms of full text downloads, as Figure 6 (below) demonstrates. CUP's Cambridge Core platform, and its forerunner Cambridge Journals Online (CJO), have revealed considerable data in this regard.

Figure 5: Chairs of the Editorial Board.

Figure 6: Long term trend - the number of full text downloads for LIM over the period 2004 to 2019.

The growth of the internet and technological developments relating to accessibility of ejournal content over the period from 2004 to 2019 is an important factor in evaluating the upward trend. Where LIM is concerned the journal is seen to be growing rather than declining and this is comforting.

Of particular note, there was a significant jump in usage for the Cambridge Core platform in 2019. This is clearly reflected in the statistics for LIM whereby the full text downloads went from a steady state of 12,215 in 2016, 12,200 in 2017, 12,882 in 2018 to 20,348 in 2019.

In 2015 LIM was accepted into the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), so ‘Web of Science’ began to track citations to the journal from 2016. In that time, an increase in the number of citations has also followed the upward trend: 858 in 2016, 837 for 2017, 1,047 in 2018 and 1070 in 2019.

THE EDITORIAL BOARD

This article has tended to follow the development of the journal in terms of content, appearance and the direction of travel through the eyes of the editors. At this point it is important to remark on the commitment and input of the journal's Editorial Board. The Board was established in 1977 on the separation of editorial responsibility for The Law Librarian from BIALL's Publications Committee.Footnote ⁶⁵ The Chairs of that committee have played a very significant role in the progress of the journal throughout its history. They have been responsible for supporting and overseeing the work of the editor and ensuring that the content is appropriate; that standards are maintained; that contracts with the publishers have been assessed and considered appropriately in consultation with BIALL Council; and that the Board's membership has been maintained and managed. Board members have been crucial in helping with content, persuading (cajoling!) potential authors, coordinating book reviews and in showing huge commitment to the task of proof-reading content, all of which is time-consuming and done on a voluntary basis. Many of these Board members have played active roles over lengthy periods of time.

In the early years of the journal, before the BIALL Newsletter was launched, particular praise should be singled out with reference to the BIALL Hon. Secretaries for providing the regular flow of official notes that were such and important feature of the The Law Librarian as a service to the members and the profession. Those who have been indexers for the journal and those who have compiled, and continue to contribute, the current awareness sections have also played a very significant role in the history of the journal. In this regard, specific mention should be given to two particular Board members who have made longstanding contributions to the current awareness (CA) section, both from the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Library. Jill Newell, who was involved between 1985 and 1997, and again from 1998 to 2000, and Katherine Read who continues to deliver prompt copy of the CA each quarter, with assistance from colleagues, and has done so for many years.

Figure 7: Recent statistics from Cambridge Core concerning usage data from 2016 to 2019.

In a similar way to the running of BIALL's Annual Conference, the publishing of the BIALL Newsletter and other regular services offered by the Association, over the past 50 years the journal has been one of the ‘deliverables’ and one that has consistently been a benefit for members of BIALL. Many people have played a vital role over the past fifty years in ensuring that the journal has remained a relevant and appropriate publication for the Association.

THE FUTURE AND CHALLENGES

With reference to the statistical trends mentioned above, for the time being at least, the journal is on an upward trajectory. The future of LIM appears to be bright. But there is little room for complacency. There are challenges and the journal publishing world is moving through unprecedented changes with the growth of the Open Access agenda, the recent initiative ‘Plan S’ (supported by cOAlition S, an international consortium of research funders) and uncertainty around changing publishing models and what that means for relatively small associations, compared to the larger publishers, that produce a journal – like BIALL.

BIALL as an association has seen a drop in membership in recent years. The focus again is, as always, on an ever-changing profession. There are many fewer defined law librarians working in the academic sector. Subject specialists often work across disciplines which may include law but often alongside other subjects in the humanities and social sciences. Professionals working in the law firm sector, and others parts of the commercial world, may not view BIALL, and therefore LIM, as relevant given the wider range of responsibilities that their roles now encompass. Keeping the journal meaningful will be the challenge – as, perhaps, it always has been throughout its fifty year history.

Attracting potential authors to write for LIM is likely to become more challenging in the future. Arguably, today, people lead busier lives than ever, both personally and professionally. The old adage, ‘time is money’ is highly relevant with working lives dedicated to the day job; writing an article for a journal maybe a luxury in terms of time available. The art of the editor is to persuade people to write, drawing attention to the opportunities for demonstrating continuing professional development (CPD) and making valid contributions to the profession at large.

LIM has often benefited from articles authored by academic writers but in the modern teaching and research world, dynamics such as the REF (Research Excellence Framework) mean that colleagues working in the higher education environment are less likely to devote precious time to writing for a journal that is part practitioner, part academic, and arguably less immediately obvious and visible from a REF-perspective. The emphasis on altmetrics – the method of tracking and demonstrating the reach, influence and impact of a piece of research – means that academic writers will always tend to prefer to publish with revered, peer-reviewed academic journals. During the middle 2000s, here had been an intention to publish one peer-reviewed article per LIM issue, but this proved difficult to sustain. Today, articles in LIM can be peer-reviewed on request, or at the discretion of the editor, and material can be REF-able but, for better and for worse, the journal remains essentially a practitioners’ journal and should remain that way.

Figure 8: The cover of the special issue of LIM that celebrated BIALL's 50th Anniversary.

Nevertheless, the journal's growing presence in the market (as demonstrated in the graphs included in this article) reflects a positive aspect of its performance, and it benefits greatly from the support of a distinguished and longstanding publisher, ie. CUP. It is notable that CUP has seen fit to take a second journal in the field, that has a similar background and mission, and that is the International Journal of Legal Information - the journal of the International Association of Law Libraries (IALL). CUP's growing portfolio of law and law-related journals means that LIM is in good hands for the foreseeable future.

Nevertheless, in the ever-changing world of journal publishing, with different publishing models being developed to accommodate the open access agenda that is associated with academic research and writing, so practitioner journals that are based on the traditional subscription approach could become more vulnerable. Journals like LIM primarily serve the interests of the membership of the organisations to which they are attached. In this emerging ‘pay-to-publish' environment, association members would be unlikely to want to pay the necessary fees to in order to publish (given that support funding and research grants, would be unavailable). This would probably leave the publishing vehicles for many learned societies and smaller associations, like BIALL, in an uncertain place. The next two to three years will see much change in the landscape of journal publishing and it remains to be seen what the impact will be on LIM.

CONCLUDING COMMENTS

First and foremost, LIM is the journal of the British and Irish Association of Law Librarians and its mission remains, as before, to be a vehicle that offers BIALL members a product that describes and discusses issues of professional interest in the law library, legal information field. This editor, and doubtless future LIM editors, will endeavour to continue attracting authors from all sectors of the law library and legal information management world in order to reflect the business of our dynamic and fast changing industry.

Feedback about the content published, and opportunities for future content, is infrequent but it is always extremely welcome when it is forthcoming. All feedback is helpful to the editor in considering future options for themes and individual articles that would be of likely interest to the readership of the journal. But as Barbara Tearle once wrote when she was Hon. Editor,