1. 22 U.S.C. §2218 (1967).

2. J. Montgomery, Foreign Aid in International Politics 28 (1967).

3. The political aspects of the Alliance are discussed in Staff of Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., Survey of the Alliance for Progress —The Political Aspects (Comm. Print 1967).

4. Since World War II social science research into underdeveloped areas has proliferated, with all the disciplines and subdisciplines making contributions. For an account, see K. Silvert, Development and International Politics, in America: Purpose and Power 222, 245-54 (C. M. Lyons ed. 1965).

5. S. P. Huntington, Political Development and Political Decay, 17 World Pol. 386 (1965). See also L. Pye, Introduction to Political Culture and Political Development 11-12 (L. Pye & S. Verba eds. 1965).

6. See J. Nelson & E. Mihaly, Political Development and U. S. Economic Assistance, December 1965 (Office of Program Coordination, AID); R. A. Packenham, Political-Development Doctrines in the American Foreign Aid Program, 18 World Pol. 194 (1966).

7. In 1961, Congress adopted an amendment offered by Senator Humphrey of Minnesota which reads as follows: “[I]t is declared to be the policy of the United States ... to encourage the development and use of cooperatives, credit unions, and savings and loan associations.” 22 U.S.C. §2351 (a) (1965). The 1962 amendment states “In ... [a country having an agrarian economy] emphasis shall be placed . . . upon programs of community development which will promote stable and responsible governmental institutions at the local level.” 22 U.S.C. §2271 (1964).

Title IX of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1966, 22 U.S.C. §2218 (1967), further emphasizes both cooperatives and community development. The relation of such projects to political development is elaborated infra.

8. J. LaPalombara, Theory and Practice in Development Administration: Observations on the Role of the Civilian Bureaucracy, 4-5 (paper delivered at Brookings Institution Symposium on the Theory and Practice of Political Development, Airlie Farms, Va., Sept. 12-16, 1966); the papers delivered at this symposium will be published in book form in 1968. This is not to deny, of course, that a great deal of the work has been of great value. Much of it has derived from the theories of Max Weber and Talcott Parsons. For a review of some major contributions, see J. Palombara, supra at 4-10. Among the works he mentions are: The Politics of the Developing Areas (G. Almond & J. Coleman eds. 1960); D. Apter, Political Modernization (1966); E. Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change (1962); D. Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (1958); S. Lipset, Political Man (1960); D. McClelland, The Achieving Society (1962); and Expectant Peoples (K. Silvert ed. 1963).

9. 22 U.S.C. §2218 (1967). Title IX is not the only part of the Foreign Assistance Act stating political development policy. Some of the other statements are as follows: (1) The Humphrey and Zablocki amendments, set out at note 7 supra. (2) The 1967 amendments to the preamble of the act, Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-137, §102. The preamble states, inter alia, “that it is the policy of the United States to support the principles of . . . freedom of the press, information, and religion.” (3) Sections which direct the President, in furnishing various kinds of assistance, to take into account “the degree to which the recipient country is making progress toward respect for the rule of law, freedom of expression and of the press, and recognition of the importance of individual freedom, initiative, and private enterprise.” 22 U.S.C. §§2161(b) (7), 2171(a) (7), 2211(b) (5) (1967). (The language varies slightly among the sections.) (4) Chapter 7 of the Act, 22 U.S.C. §2281 (1967), which authorizes Joint Commissions on Rural Development patterned after the successful joint commission in Taiwan. For a description of that commission, and its effect on political development, see notes 43 & 44 and accompanying text infra.

10. 22 U.S.C. §2218 (1967). While additions have been made which are discussed infra, this is still the most important part of the title. The reference to “programs authorized in this chapter” is apparently no longer significant. The reason is that language similar to title IX now appears in two other places in the act, Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. 90-137, §§102, 207(a), resulting in its application to all programs authorized by the act.

Title IX was amended in 1967 by the addition of the following guidelines for its administration :

(b) In order to carry out the purposes of this title, programs under this chapter shall—

1. (1)

   (1) recognize the differing needs, desires, and capacities of the people of the respective developing countries and areas;

2. (2)

   (2) use the intellectual resources of such countries and areas in conjunction with assistance provided under this act so as to encourage the development of indigenous institutions that meet their particular requirements for sustained economic and social progress; and

3. (3)

   (3) support civic education and training in skills required for effective participation in governmental and political processes essential to self-government.

(c) In the allocation of funds for research under this chapter, emphasis shall be given to research designed to examine the political, social, and related obstacles to development in countries receiving assistance under part I of this Act.

(d) Emphasis shall also be given to the evaluation of relevant past and current programs under part I of this Act and to applying this experience so as to strengthen their effectiveness in implementing the objectives of this title.

Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-137 § 108(b) - (d).

As this article goes to press, the House has passed additional amendments to title IX. The amendments add to subsection (c) above the following language: “In particular, emphasis should be given to research designed to increase understanding of the ways in which development assistance can support democratic social and political trends in recipient countries.” In addition, the amendments add a new subsection:

(e) In order to carry out the purposes of this title, the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of this Act shall develop systematic programs of inservice training to familiarize its personnel with the objectives of this title and to increase their knowledge of the political and social aspects of development. In addition to other funds available for such purposes, not to exceed 1 per centum of the funds authorized to be appropriated for grant assistance under this chapter may be used for carrying out the objectives of this subsection.

H. R. 15263, 90th Cong., 2d Sess. § 109 (1968).

For other parts of the Foreign Assistance Act bearing on political development, see note 9 supra.

11. E.g., Staff of Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, supra note 3, at 22.

12. Fraser has stated that he offered title IX, 112 Cong. Rec. 14,756 (daily ed. July 13, 1966), and Morse has acknowledged this, id. at 14,765. However, Morse has referred to himself as a co-sponsor of the legislation, 113 Cong. Rec. 4,331 (daily ed. April 19, 1967), and Fraser has acknowledged that “this amendment conforms substantially to one of the recommendations made by a group of Republican Congressmen . . . These recommendations were developed largely at the initiative of . . . [Mr. Morse].” 112 Cong. Rec. 14,756 (daily ed. July 13, 1966) (brackets in original). The Republican recommendations are reprinted at 112 Cong. Rec. 5,600-02 (daily ed. Mar. 15, 1966). Some of Morse's views on political development are found in his speech at 112 Cong. Rec. 5,605-09 (daily ed. Mar. 15, 1966).

Other Congressmen particularly interested in political development and title IX are John Culver (D. Iowa), Clement Zablocki (D. Wisc.), and Dante Fascell (D. Fla.). Letter from Marian A. Czarnecki, Staff Consultant to the House Foreign Affairs Committee, to Brian Butler, Feb. 12, 1968. All of these men are members of the House Foreign Affairs Committee.

For an indication of Culver's thinking on poltical development, see Hearings on H.R. 7099 Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 5, at 1,099-1,100 and pt. 6, at 1,285-89 (1967) [hereinafter cited as 1967 Hearings]. He was largely responsible for the 1967 amendments to title IX, which are set out at note 10 supra. R. Braibanti, External Inducement of Politico-Administrative Development: A Design for Strategy 19 in R. Braibanti & Associates, Political and Administrative Development, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press (forthcoming, 1968).

Zablocki co-sponsored title IX. Id. at 13. Moreover, he was responsible for an amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1962 bearing on political development. The amendment is quoted at note 7 supra.

Fascell is the chairman of the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. His subcommittee has conducted hearings and issued reports bearing on political development. See, e.g., Behavioral Sciences and the National Security, H.R. Rep. No. 1224, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. (1966) (Report no. 4 on Winning the Cold War: The U. S. Ideological Offensive), together with Hearings on Behavioral Sciences and the National Security, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965) (Pt. 9 of the Hearings on Winning the Cold War: The U. S. Ideological Offensive); Subcomm. on International Organizations and Movements, House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., Modern Communications and Foreign Policy (Comm. Print 1967) (Report no. 5 on Winning the Cold War: The U. S. Ideological Offensive), together with Hearings on Modern Communications and Foreign Policy, 90th Cong., 1st Sess. (1967) (Pt. 10 of the Hearings on Winning the Cold War: The U. S. Ideological Offensive).

The Senate has given little attention to title IX.

13. See note 22 infra.

14. Address by Congressman Fraser, International Development Conference, February 7, 1967, reprinted at 129 World Affairs 244 (1967); see H.R. Rep. No. 551, 90th Cong., 1st Sess. 119-20 (1967) (Additional Views of Hon. Donald Fraser). [The report is hereinafter cited as 1967 Report.]

15. Address by Congressman Fraser, reprinted at 112 Cong. Rec. 14,765-67 (daily ed. July 13, 1966).

16. H.R. Rep. No. 1651, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. 27-28 (1966) [hereinafter cited as 1966 Report].

17. Id. at 27.

18. Id. at 28 (emphasis added).

19. Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-137, §108(b) (2). The text of the amendment is at note 10 supra. The House Foreign Affairs Committee comment, with respect to this amendment, reads:

1967 Report 29.

20. See D. Fraser, The Farmer—New Focus for National Growth, Int'l Agric. Dev. 9 (Sept. 1967) (published monthly by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture in cooperation with AID). For an analysis of the possibilities of assisting legal institutions under title IX and generally, see Address by Thomas L. Farmer, then General Counsel of AID, before the Council of the Section of International and Comparative Law, American Bar Ass'n, August 7, 1966, reprinted at 112 Cong. Rec. A4,661-63 (daily ed. Sept. 6, 1966). See also J. W. Salacuse, Lawyers. Have a Volunteer Role, 5 Peace Corps Volunteer 12 (1967). One form of assistance to legal institutions under title IX being planned by AID is “a training program in juridical administration for a select group of foreign lawyers, administrators and jurists.” AID, Report to the Congress on the Implementation of Title IX, at 14, May 10, 1967.

There is a growing literature on law and development. See, e.g., M. Galanter, The Modernization of Law, in Modernization 153 (M. Weiner ed. 1966); L. C. B. Gower, Independent Africa—The Challenge to the Legal Profession (1967); M. Rheinstein, Problems of Law in the New Nations of Africa, in Old Societies and New States (C. Geertzed. 1963).

21. But see the testimony of Samuel P. Huntington in Rural Development in Asia, Hearings Before the Subcomm. on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 1, at 121 (1967), where he recommends amending title IX to include “democratic political parties” among the institutions to be encouraged.

22. Much of the legislative history of title IX evidences the feeling of its proponents that too explicit a statement of its purposes and possible implications would shock and mislead some people, among them Congressmen whose votes were needed for passage. Conversation with Dale MacIver, Administrative Assistant to Congressman Fraser, in Chicago, Fall 1967. Thus, for example, the term “political development” is not used in the two House Foreign Affairs Committee reports on title IX. See 1966 Report 27-28; 1967 Report 28-30. Another example of circumspection is found in the committee's comment on the 1967 amendment to title IX calling for support of civic education and training in political skills. The text of this and other 1967 amendments is at note 10 supra.

23. 1966 Report 28.

24. For a list of groups engaged in cooperative work, see note 37 infra. For a directory and analysis of overseas programs of private nonprofit American organizations and American colleges and universities, see H.R. Rep. No. 368, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. (1965) (Report no. 3 on Winning the Cold War; The U. S. Ideological Offensive).

25. For an indication of the type and scope of work carried on by this organization, see 1 Community Development Foundation, International Community Development Statistical Bulletin, ser. D, no. 4, July 1967.

26. Letter from George A. Truitt, President of IDF, to Hon. Donald M. Fraser, August 14, 1967.

27. 1966 Report 27.

28. Address by Congressman Fraser, International Development Conference, February 7, 1967, reprinted at 129 World Affairs 244 (1967).

29. Id.

30. An instance is recorded in the 1967 Hearings, pt. 4, at 884-85 : “‘per capita income of craftsmen involved in cooperative artisan project increased, in Colombia 37 percent, Ecuador 62 percent, and in Peru over 1,000 percent.‘”

31. 1966 Report 27-28.

32. The dam example was given by Mr. Robert R. Nathan at a breakfast discussion of title IX, sponsored by the Committee on Political Development, Washington Chapter of the Society for International Development, Nov. 14, 1967. The society has about 5,000 members in 60 chapters located in over 40 countries. The Committee on Political Development of the Washington Chapter is probably the group most actively promoting title IX in Washington.

33. 1967 Report 29.

34. Hearings on Modern Communications and Foreign Policy, supra note 12, at 155-56. For an example of a title IX-type project in northeast Brazil where AID was “particularly interested in trying to re-orient . . . groups that were paramilitary operations into a more positive trade union movement,” see 1967 Hearings, pt. 5, at 1088-89 (1967).

35. With regard to the “teaching of democracy” function of title IX institutions, Fraser has argued :

1967 Hearings, pt. 2, at 453.

36. See, e.g., Hearings on S. 1872 Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., at 31-41 (1967); 1967 Hearings, pt. 4, at 694-95, 885; Hearings on H.R. 12449 and H.R. 12450 Before the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 89th Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 4, at 706, and pt. 6, at 1037-38 (1966) [hereinafter cited as 1966 Hearings]; reports on progress under the Humphrey amendment, cited at note 37 infra; notes 68-70 and accompanying text infra.

37. 22 U.S.C. §2351 (a) (1965). The text of the amendment is at note 7 supra. Annual reports on the implementation of the Humphrey amendment have been made to the Congress. E.g., S. Doc. No. 65, 88th Cong., 2d Sess. (1964); Staff of Subcomm. on International Finance, House Comm. on Banking and Currency, 89th Cong., 2d Sess., Technical and Economic Assistance to Cooperative Enterprises Under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (Subcomm. Print 1966); Staff of Subcomm. on International Finance, House Comm. on Banking and Currency, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., Development of Cooperative Enterprise—1966 (Subcomm. Print 1967).

The following groups organize co-ops on contract with AID: National Rural Electric Cooperative Association; Farmers Union International Assistance Corporation; Foundation for Cooperative Housing; National League of Insured Savings Association; Cooperative League of the USA; CUNA International, Inc.; International Cooperative Development Association. 1967 Hearings, pt. 2, at 317.

38. Address by Congressman Fraser, First African-Latin American Farm Cooperative Seminar, August 1966 (sponsored by AID, the Farmers Union International Assistance Corporation, and the Wisconsin Farmers Union); see 1967 Report 117, 120-21 (additional Views of Hon. Donald Fraser).

39. See D. Fraser, supra note 20, at 9.

40. Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-137, §108(b)(3). For the text of the amendment, see note 10 supra. See also note 22 supra.

41. See Address by Congressman Fraser, National Student Association Annual Congress, August 25, 1966; 1967 Hearings, pt. 2, at 409.

42. Address by Congressman Fraser, International Development Conference, February 7, 1967, reprinted at 129 World Affairs 244 (1967). See 1967 Hearings, pt. 2, at 297; Hearings on Rural Development in Asia, supra note 21, pt. 1, at 97-98.

43. N. Jacoby, U. S. Aid to Taiwan 172 (1966). Congress amended the Foreign Assistance Act in 1966 to encourage the use of Joint Commissions on Rural Development patterned after the JCRR. 22 U.S.C. §2281 (1967). For a study of the transferability of the JCRR experience, see R. Hough, Aid Administration to the Rural Sector—The JCRR Experience in Taiwan and Its Application in Other Countries, Sept. 1967 (to be published in 1968 in the AID Discussion Series).

44. Jacob y, supra note 43, at 113-15.

45. Address by Edgar L. Owens, panel discussion sponsored by the Society for International Development, June 8, 1966, reprinted at 112 Cong. Rec. 12,492-94 (daily ed. June 14, 1966). Owens is an AID official. For additional discussion of the East Pakistan program, see 1967 Hearings, pt. 2, at 390-91.

46. Hearings on Modern Communications and Foreign Policy, supra note 12, at 155-56.

47. 113 Cong. Rec. H2042 (daily ed. March 2, 1967).

48. See 112 Cong. Rec. 5609 (daily ed. March 15, 1966).

49. Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-137, §108(c) and (d). For the text of the amendments, see note 10 supra. For the comments of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the amendments, see 1967 Report 30.

Fraser has frequently expressed his feeling that AID is too insensitive to political development, that it needs reorganization to become more sensitive, and that it is inadequately organized to take advantage of its political development experience. See, e.g., 1967 Hearings, pt. 1, at 248-52, and pt. 4, at 772-75; 1966 Hearings, pt. 1, at 219-22, and pt. 4, at 652-55.

In the same vein, the House Foreign Affairs Committee expects AID to devise criteria for measuring political and social progress under title IX. 1966 Report 28. For suggestions as to some of the phenomena which should be measured, see 112 Cong. Rec. 14,756-57 (daily ed. July 13, 1966). For AID's comments on the measurement problem, see AID, Report to the Congress on the Implementation of Title IX, at 6-7, May 10, 1967.

50. J. M. Van Der Kroef, Social Structure and Economic Development in Indonesia, 23 Social Research 394, 398 (1956).

51. This is a pervasive problem in starting co-ops in many less developed areas. See, e.g., E. L. Owen, Cooperatives in Pakistan, 44 Sociology and Social Research 251, 252-54 (1960).

52. F. R. Frankel, Ideology and Politics in Economic Planning—The Problem of Indian Agricultural Development Strategy, 19 World Pol. 621, 640 (1967).

53. Id. at 636.

54. Id. at 634.

55. This is the suggestion, though not the conclusion, of the Frankel article, supra note 52.

56. Id. at 629. See J. Voorhis, American Cooperatives 176 (1961). The British experience has been that as cooperatives formed unions and subjected their policies to central control for purposes of economic efficiency, participation at the local level decreased. It has been estimated that in that country only 2% of co-op members attended co-op meetings and took part in policy discussions. Three percent were “interested” in their co-ops' affairs, and followed them. Ninety-five percent were indifferent or apathetic. P. Greer, Cooperatives—The British Achievement 122-23 (1955).

Indonesia offers another example of economic goals having to be sacrificed to make a co-op a more effective social institution. In order to be accepted, cooperatives there have had to contribute some of their surplus to charity instead of to reserve capital. M. Hatta, The Co-operative Movement in Indonesia 16-17 (1957).

57. See Frankel, supra note 52.

58. See J. LaPalombara, Distribution and Development, in Modernization 218, 221-23 (M. Weiner ed. 1966); S. Lipset, The First New Nation—The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective 91 (1963); M. F. Millikan, Equity versus Productivity in Economic Development, in Modernization 307 (M. Weiner ed. 1966); A. F. K. Organski, The Stages of Political Development 9-12, 68-69 (1965); K. de Schweinitz, Industrialization, Labor Controls, and Democracy, 7 Econ. Development and Cultural Change 385 (1959).

59. R. E. Ward, Political Modernization and Political Culture in Japan, 15 World Pol. 569, 580 (1963).

60. K. Silvert, Introduction to Expectant Peoples 29 (K. Silvert ed. 1963).

61. See J. LaPalombara, supra note 58, at 228-29.

62. See S. Lipset, supra note 58, at 45-46.

63. K. Silvert, supra note 60, at 5.

64. See, e.g., D. McClelland, Achievement Motivation Can Be Developed, 43 Harv. Bus. Rev. 6 (1965).

65. See, e.g., L. Pye, Communications and Political Development (paper delivered at Brookings Institution Symposium on the Theory and Practice of Political Development, Airlie Farms, Va., Sept. 12-16, 1966); the papers delivered at this symposium will be published in book form in 1968.

66. R. Levine, Political Socialization and Cultural Change, in Old Societies and New States 280, 301-02 (C. Geertz ed. 1963) (footnote omitted).

67. Act of Nov. 14, 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-137, §108(b) (3). The amendment is set out at note 10 supra. Fraser would include “schools of all kinds” among title IX institutions. See note 20 and accompanying text supra.

68. P. Greer, supra note 56, at 129.

69. Development of Cooperative Enterprises—1966, supra note 37, at 4-5.

70. 1967 Hearings, pt. 4, at 702.

71. For a study of the psychological attributes one must possess before he can cooperate, see L. W. Doob, Psychological Aspects of Consumers' Cooperation, 191 Annals 46, 47 (1937).

72. R. Rahim, Introduction to M. Hatta, supra note 56, at xix.

73. M. Hatta, supra note 56, at 3.

74. R. Krishna, Book Review, 12 Econ. Development and Cultural Change 104 (1963).

75. M. Hatta, supra note 56, at 73.

76. See J. Voorhis, supra note 56, at 176.

77. See L. Kercher, V. Kebker & W. Leland, Consumers' Cooperatives in the North Central States 50 (R. Vaile ed. 1941); J. Voorhis, supra note 56, at 59; J. Warbasse, Co-operative Democracy 202 (5th ed. 1947).

78. The strong co-op movement in Saskatchewan provides an example. The area was settled by European working-class immigrants, some of whom had belonged to radical movements at home. Some were Scandinavians who had belonged to cooperatives. All had moved west in search of a better life, and disappointment in their achievements made them receptive to new ideas. Moreover, they were not divided by strong class or other cleavages. See S. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism 23-30 (1950). Scandinavians have also been important to the cooperative movement in the United States. Cf. T. Saloutos & J. Hicks, Twentieth-Century Populism 58 (1951).

The rural organizations of Taiwan provide another example. An important reason for their success was that the Japanese occupation left to the people of the island a legacy of discipline and receptivity to change. See N. Jacoby, supra note 43, at 83; R. Hough, supra note 43, at 58.

79. See, e.g., International Development Foundation Project Achievement Report No. PAR—1 on Rural Organization Development Program—Guatemala 3, Aug. 11, 1967.

80. 1967 Hearings, pt. 4, at 702. See also 1966 Hearings, pt. 4, at 665.

81. Ward, supra note 59, at 570.

82. See J. LaPalombara, supra note 8, at 19-21 (footnote omitted) :

[I]t is not always clear whether generalizations offered by scholars relate to a general theory of political development or to a normative commitment to a specific kind of polity. ... I can best illustrate this perhaps by raising a series of questions. ...

1. a.

   a. Is the type of rational, hierarchical, disciplined, expert professional public administration we have in the West clearly the most efficient means of implementing economic and social change in the developing countries? . . . The myth of merit and neat classification systems can become a conceptual and, more important, an operational trap. Clearly, recent experiences at the state and national levels in the U. S. suggest that political innovators may find such systems too rigid and therefore formidable obstacles to change. Thus, when some scholars make the apparently shocking suggestion that technical assistance advisors may not wish to take a completely dim view of corruption or spoils in civilian administration, they may be reflecting a concept of organizational and human behavior that is less normative, more operationally viable, than a mechanical extrapolation from what is considered “good” in the U. S. or other Western polities. ...

2. b.

   b. A second question would relate to the role of “traditional” institutions and structures on the articulation and implementation of developmental goals. Early theory and practice tended to see most such structures as inimical to “modernization.” Many post-colonial political elites, often educated in the West and either committed to Western values or ambivalent about them, moved to reduce the importance of “traditional” institutions and forces. Typologies and ideal-typical constructs provided a seeming intellectual rationale for such action. Yet, ... [t]he idea that “modernization,” however defined, requires a radical break with the past seems to me to be rooted in some instances in the revolutionary ideas of Marx-Lenin-Stalin and in other instances in the polemical postures of those who fostered the development of economic and political liberalism in the West.

83. Political Development: Approaches to Theory and Strategy 21 (1963) (CAG Occasional Paper), cited in J. LaPalombara, supra note 8, at 40-41.

84. For a brief discussion of pluralism in the Mexican system, see S. Lipset, supra note 58, at 316-17.

85. Id. at 16.

86. K. Silvert, supra note 60, at 19. See the introduction and conclusion of the book for his argument.

87. Deutsch suggests the amount of time this may take by pointing to a European example :

K. Deutsch, Introduction to Nation-Building 8 (K. Deutsch ed., 1st Atheling ed. 1966) (footnote omitted).

88. Address by Edgar L. Owens, supra note 45.

89. Summary of International Development Foundation Workshop on Methods of Political Development Assistance in Latin America 77, June 10-11, 1965 (remark of George W. Wheelwright).

90. Id. at 99 (remark of H. Field Haviland).

91. 1967 Hearings, pt. 1, at 6.

92. Id., pt. 5, at 1100.

93. M. Hatta, supra note 56, at 7.

94. See S. Lipset, Political Man 66-67 (Anchor Books ed. 1963).

95. K. Silvert, supra note 60, at 4-5. See also S. N. Eisenstadt, Breakdowns of Modernization, 12 Econ. Development and Cultural Change 345 (1964).

96. S. Lipset, supra note 78, at 212. See Hearings on Rural Development in Asia, supra note 1, pt. 1, at 123 (testimony of Dr. Ness) :

97. See also S. Lipset, supra note 58, at 280:

98. See R. Adams, The Problem of Political Development in Light of the Recent Socio-Political History of Guatemala 21, 27 (paper delivered at Brookings Institution Seminar on the Theory and Practice of Political Development, Airlie Farms, Va., Sept. 12-16, 1966); the papers delivered at this symposium will be published in book form in 1968.

99. One wonders what will develop in Taiwan, where the rural populace is well organized and becoming more politically active. “By 1965, well-phased actions by the Nationalist government progressively to liberalize political rights, participation, and institutions were necessary in order to afford healthy outlets for social pressures and tensions.” N. Jacoby, supra note 43, at 170-71.

100. See Summary of International Development Foundation Workshop, supra note 89, at 85, 91-93 (remarks of K. H. Silvert).

101. Perhaps influential intellectuals of radical political persuasion will provide a promising opening. On the other hand, their political radicalism may be “vitiated by a deeply ingrained social conservatism,” deriving from a “strong middle class anchorage and the sustained powerful hold of sentimentalized bourgeois notions of propriety and social decorum.” F. Bonilla, The Intellectual and Political Development 6 (paper delivered at Brookings Institution Seminar on the Theory and Practice of Political Development, Airlie Farms, Va., Sept. 12-16, 1966); the papers delivered at this symposium will be published in book form in 1968.

102. Did the areas of Wisconsin which spawned a strong cooperative movement turn into hotbeds of McCarthyism, xenophobia, anti-intellectualism, and anti-semitism? Cf. S. Lipset, supra note 94, at 169-73. But cf. N. Pollack, The Populist Response to Industrial America (1962).

103. See S. Lipset, supra note 58, at 11.

104. See A. F. K. Organski, supra note 58, at 182.

105. S. Lipset, supra note 58, at 209. See also J. R. Pennock, Political Development, Political Systems, and Political Goods, 18 World Pol. 415 (1966).

106. For a summary of title IX activities engaged in by AID before the legislation passed, see AID, Report to the Congress on the Implementation of Title IX, app., May 10, 1967. See also 1966 Hearings, pt. 1, at 219-22.

107. The Revolutionary Development, or pacification, program in Vietnam has been largely concerned with the political development of rural Vietnam. One aim of the program was to revitalize local government units which have come under control of the central government. It was felt this would build support for the national government. For some discussion of political development in Vietnam, and AID's role therein, see 1967 Hearings, pt. 1, 5-8, 12-17, 27-29; 1966 Hearings, pt. 4, 652-53.

108. Compare Packenham, supra note 6, with 1966 Hearings, pt. 4, at 654 (remarks of Mr. Gaud, then Deputy Administrator, AID). Packenham concluded from his study, inter alia, that explicit attention to political development in AID/Washington was slight. His interview data was collected in late 1962 and early 1963. More recently, Mr. Gaud stated:

109. Report, supra note 106, at 1. For further information on the implementation of title IX, see 1967 Hearings, pt. 1, at 100; pt. 2, at 390-91, 448-49; pt. 3, at 565, 595; pt. 4, at 767, 839; pt. 6, at 1357-60.

110. Report, supra note 106, at 2.

111. Ibid.

112. Id. at 7. The members of the committee are Samuel P. Huntington, Harvard; Aristide Zolberg, University of Chicago; Robert B. Stevens, The Brookings Institution; Howard Wriggins, Columbia; and Fred von der Menden. University of Wisconsin. Letter from Jutta Parsons, Title IX Division, Office of Program and Policy Coordination, AID, to Brian Butler, Jan. 19, 1968.

113. See notes 47 & 48 and accompanying text supra.

114. See, e.g., 1967 Hearings, pt. 2, at 408; Hearings on Rural Development in Asia, supra note 21, pt. 1, at 97; Hearings on Modern Communications and Foreign Policy, supra note 12, at 119-20, 141. Discussions among persons interested in title IX sponsored by the Society for International Development in Washington also indicate an awareness of these problems. See D. Reynolds, compiler, Role of Local Governmental and Voluntary Organizations in Country Development, May 15, 1967; Draft resume of Nov. 14, 1967, breakfast discussion on criteria and measures for popular participation in country development, Nov. 25, 1967.

115. See notes 16-21 and accompanying text supra.

116. See, e.g., 1966 Hearings, pt. 1, at 145-46.

117. AID may have an extra lever in bargaining with Latin American countries, because the Declaration of the Presidents of America, Punta del Este, April 14, 1967, calls for, in language almost identical to title IX, strengthened democratic institutions and increased popular participation in development. The declaration is reprinted at 1967 Hearings, pt. 3, at 573-84.

118. Dr. John Schott, then Chief of the Title IX Division of AID's Office of Program and Policy Coordination, recently remarked on returning from an overseas trip : “I found the fearfulness here in the ‘States’ about host country sensitivity to assistance toward popular participation' in their development programs greatly exaggerated. The countries have problems in reaching, in winning the confidence, of their people. They recognize this even better than we do. They welcome help.” Draft resume of Nov. 14, 1967, breakfast discussion on criteria and measures for popular participation in country development, Nov. 25, 1967 (discussion sponsored by the Committee on Political Development, Washington Chapter of the Society for International Development).

119. For a discussion of this group, see Hearings on Rural Development in Asia, supra note 21, pt. 1, at 125-28, 202.

120. E.g., L. Pye, supra note 65, at 22.

121. Behavioral Sciences and the National Security, H.R. Rep. No. 1224, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. 3R (1966) (Report no. 4 on Winning the Cold War: The U. S. Ideological Offensive).

122. K. Silvert, American Academic Ethics and Social Research Abroad 1 (1965) (American Universities Field Staff Reports Service, 12 West Coast of South America Series, no. 3, General).

123. Id. Silvert's piece is a scathing attack on Camelot and its implications.

124. See Hearings on Rural Development in Asia, supra note 21, pt. 1, at 114 (remarks of R. Tilman, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale); K. Silvert, prepared remarks before the Subcomm. on Government Research of the Senate Comm. on Government Operations, July 20, 1966.