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Article contents
Spatial and temporal contexts of formal social control and system involvement: U.S. Latinos under immigration policing
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2025
Abstract
System avoidance refers to the tendency of individuals who are concerned about formal social control (e.g., incarceration, immigration enforcement, or the removal of children from their families) to avoid surveilling institutions that engage in recordkeeping. While this research locates concerns about formal social control in an individual’s sanctionable status, the laws, policies, and practices that generate the threat of formal social control vary across space and time. Drawing on theories of legal consciousness, this article posits that spatial and temporal variation in the threat of formal social control has differential associations with whether and to what degree individuals with a sanctionable status report involvement in surveilling institutions. Our empirical case is U.S. immigration policing, which burdens Latinos across citizenship statuses. We link individual-level data on institutional involvement from the American Time Use Survey with administrative data on immigration policing across state-years. Results from double-hurdle models show that Latinos in state-years with higher rates of immigration policing (1) are less likely to report involvement in surveilling institutions but, (2) conditional on any involvement, do not vary in the time reported involved. We evaluate variations by nativity, citizenship status, institution, and the presence of sanctuary policies that circumscribe immigration policing. We conclude that the threat of formal social control across space and time implicates the situational meanings of institutional involvement for subordinated populations.
Abstract (spanish)
La evasión del sistema se refiere a la tendencia de las personas que están preocupadas por el control social formal (por ejemplo, el encarcelamiento, la aplicación de las leyes de inmigración o la separación de los niños de sus familias) de evitar las instituciones de vigilancia que se dedican a mantener registros. Si bien esta investigación ubica las preocupaciones sobre el control social formal en el estatus sancionable de un individuo, las leyes, políticas y prácticas que generan la amenaza del control social formal varían a lo largo del espacio y el tiempo. Basándose en las teorías de conciencia jurídica, este artículo postula que la variación espacial y temporal en la amenaza del control social formal tiene asociaciones diferentes en relación con la participación o no en instituciones de vigilancia y en qué grado se realiza esta entre los individuos con un estatus sancionable. Nuestro caso empírico se refiere a la vigilancia policial de inmigración en los Estados Unidos, vigilancia que afecta a los latinos de todos los estatus migratorios. Se relacionan los datos a nivel individual sobre la participación institucional de la Encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo en los Estados Unidos con los datos administrativos sobre vigilancia policial de inmigración en los distintos estados. Los resultados de un modelo de valla doble muestran que los latinos en los estados-año con mayores tasas de vigilancia migratoria (1) tienen menos probabilidades de informar su participación en instituciones de vigilancia pero, (2) condicionado a cualquier tipo participación, no varían en la cantidad del tiempo de participación informada. Evaluamos las variaciones por lugar de nacimiento, estatus migratorio, institución y la presencia de políticas de santuario que delimitan la vigilancia migratoria. Concluimos que la amenaza del control social formal a través del espacio y el tiempo influye en los significados situacionales de la participación institucional para las poblaciones subordinadas afectadas.
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