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Race, Colonialism, and Criminal Law: Mexicans and the American Criminal Justice System in Territorial New Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Laura E. Gómez
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Abstract

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A striking feature of the historical American criminal justice system has been the exclusion of racial minorities from decision-making positions, such as juror. In this study of criminal justice in a New Mexico county in the late 19th century, however, Mexicans are the vast majority of petit jurors, and frequently they decide the fates of European-American defendants. A regime of racial power-sharing between Mexicans and European-Americans characterized the administration of the criminal justice system. Racial power-sharing served the ends of American colonizers in legitimizing their governance after an initial violent occupation. Perhaps more surprisingly, it also served the ends of both elites and middle status Mexicans, at least some of the time. Criminal law—and, particularly, the jury as an institution—served both the colonizers and the colonized in this context.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Society Review , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , 2000 , pp. 1129 - 1202
Copyright
Copyright © 2000 by the Law and Society Association

Footnotes

I am indebted to the following people for commenting on past versions of this article: Khaled Abou El Fadl, Alison Anderson, Barbara Babcock, Gary Blasi, Taimie Bryant, Al Camarillo, Devon Carbado, Lawrence Friedman, Emily Garcia Uhrig, Carole Goldberg, Robert Goldstein, Antonio Gómez, Ariela Gross, Mitu Gulati, Ramón Gutiérrez, Joel Handler, Lillie Hsu, Kevin Johnson, Jerry Kang, Ken Karst, Jack Katz, Jerry López, Lynn Lopucki, Sally Merry, Eric Monkkonen, Margaret Montoya, Alfonso Morales, Sherene Razack, Cruz Reynoso, Mary Romero, Austin Sarat, David Sklansky, John Wiley, Stephen Yeazell, and several anonymous reviewers. In particular, I must thank Rick Abel, Cheryl Harris, Gillian Lester, and Clyde Spillenger for their support of this project over many years and in various forms. I am grateful for many hours of conversation with (and generous sharing of their primary research files) five historians of New Mexico: Toby Duran, Felipe Gonzáles, David Reichard, Estevan Rael y Galvez, and Robert Tórrez. I also am grateful for feedback on presentations of this and related work to audiences at the UCLA School of Law, the UCLA Sociology Department, the Stanford Humanities Center, Stanford Law School, the School for American Research, the University of New Mexico Law School, the American Bar Foundation, and the Law and Society Institute at New York University. I benefited from research or clerical assistance provided by Estela Ballon, Stephanie Bennett, Miroslava Chávez, Andrew Hernandez III, Cathie Lee, and Karen Mathews. I could not have completed this research without the skilled and tireless staffs of the Hugh and Hazel Darling Law Library at UCLA and the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives in Santa Fe. This research was supported by the UCLA Law School Dean's Fund for Research, the UCLA Academic Senate, the UCLA Institute for American Cultures, the UCLA Chancellor's Office, the Stanford Humanities Center, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Center for Regional Studies at the University of New Mexico.

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Territory v. Sanchez, criminal case file no. 1275, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Serrano and Lucero, criminal case file no. 1197, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Stokes & Mullen, case file no. 408, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Tafoya et al., criminal case file no. 1067, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Thornton, case file no. 1041, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Truelove and Deering, criminal case file no. 1213, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Webb, criminal case file no. 1029, NMSRCA..Google Scholar
Territory v. Yee Shun, criminal case file no. 1307, NMSRCA..Google Scholar

Statutes Cited (Chronological Order)

Northwest Ordinance Act of 1789, ch. 8, 1 Stat. 50 (1789)..Google Scholar
Kearny Code of Laws, Sept. 22, 1846..Google Scholar
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. Treaty of Peace between the United States and Mexico..Google Scholar
Organic Act Establishing the Territory of New Mexico, U.S. Congress Sept. 30, 1850. U.S. Revised Statutes..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, ch. XXI, § 120-34 (1864)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, ch. LII, § 14 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, ch. LVII, § 18-19 (1865) (Practice in Criminal Cases)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, ch. LXXI, § 10 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes 126, ch. XXI, § 14 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes 130, ch. XXI, § 34 (Probate Court Appeals) (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes 162, ch. XXII, § 81 (Justice of the Peace Appeals) (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, ch. LXI, § 20 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XI, ch. 21, Probate Courts and Judges § 1–48, pages 120-134 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XXIII, ch. 52, Offences Against Property § 14, page 332 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XXIII, ch. 57, Practice in Court in criminal cases § 18–19, pages 370, 372 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XXX, ch. 71, Formation of the Petit Jury § 10, page 510 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XI, ch. 21, Probate Courts and Judges § 14, page 126 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XI, ch. 21, Probate Courts and Judges §34, page 130 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XI, ch. 22, Justices of the Peace § 81, page 162 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XXIII, ch. 61, Deadly Weapons § 20, page 404, 406 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XXX, ch. 68, Laws in Regard to Jurors § 15, page 496 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes, Article XXX, ch. 68, Laws in Regard to Jurors § 1, page 492 (1865)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes 492, ch. LXVIII, § 15 (1865) (Jurors, amended 1859)..Google Scholar
Revised New Mexico Statutes 492, ch. LXVIII, § 1 (1865) (Jurors, amended 1859)..Google Scholar
General Laws of New Mexico, ch. LI, § 26, LVII (1880) (Offenses against Lives and Persons)..Google Scholar
Kearny Code of Laws, Sept. 22, 1846..Google Scholar