Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 July 2024
Attempts to understand the etiology of crime, delinquency, and other forms of deviance have approached these complex phenomena in a number of ways. In terms of the unit' under study, these methods can be summarized as follows: (1) delinquent gangs (see, for example, Thrasher, 1927; Yablonsky, 1959; and Short, 1968) or other deviant groups, for example the Mafia (Lewis, 1964; Allen, 1962); (2) particular deviants, like marijuana users (Becker, 1963) or thieves (Sutherland, 1963); (3) particular types of deviants over time, such as sociopathic delinquents (Robins, 1966); (4) delimited areas of a city compared to other areas on rates of delinquency, crime, or mental illness (Faris and Dunham, 1939; Shaw and McKay, 1942; McKay, 1967); and (5) comparisons of crime rates for cities (Ogburn, 1935; Schuessler and Slatin, 1964). Studies of the total pattern of deviance within a city are lacking. Such a study, with the goal
AUTHOR'S NOTE: This article constitutes a revision of a paper read at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Society, San Francisco, September 1969. The opportunity for this research was provided by a Fulbright summer grant administered by the East Asian Language and Area Center of Washington University, St. Louis, during the summer of 1968. I would like to express gratitude to Michael Harris, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Howard University, and to Peter D. Weldon, Lecturer, University of Singapore, for their helpful comments. Thanks are due to P. T. Fernando, Office of the Commissioner of Police, Singapore, and to Jerome J. Daunt, Federal Bureau of Investigation, for supplying me with unpublished data.