Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:05:07.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

AIDS, Law, and the Rhetoric of Sexuality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Models of judicial decisionmaking have traditionally relied on legal, political, and contextual variables, emphasizing judges' background, litigants' rights claims, and the relative social status of the parties involved. A recent scholarly expansion has brought cultural variables into the equation, indicating that judicial scholarship might usefully include narrative and rhetoric as measures of legal consciousness. This project examines AIDS-related litigation from the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals between 1983 and 1995, emphasizing the social construction of sexuality. It uses content-based coding and stepwise probit analysis to evaluate the importance of controlling for language that depicts AIDS as a “gay disease” and its association with death and plague metaphors.

Type
Papers of General Interest
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 Law and Society Association.

Footnotes

This project was funded in part by the GLBA Scholarship Fund of Santa Barbara and was supported by the Political Science and Law and Society programs at UC Santa Barbara and the Political Science department at Queens College. I am grateful to Steve Pfeffer, Tyler Trull, and Frank McQuarry for research assistance, and to the following individuals for their patience and very useful comments: M. Kent Jennings, H. N. Hirsch, John Moore, Beth Schneider, Peter Hegarty, Alex Reichl, Mary Bushnell, Alyson Cole, Paisley Currah, and Elizabeth Borer. Joseph Sanders and the anonymous reviewers from the Law & Society Review have been especially gracious and helpful. And as with everything else in my life, I would have been lost without Parviez Hosseini.

References

References

Barrow, Deborah J., Zuk, Gary, & Gryski, Gerard S. (1996) The Federal Judiciary and Institutional Change. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, Lawrence (1997) The Puzzle of Judicial Behavior. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Bower, Lisa (1994) “Queer Acts and the Politics of ‘Direct Address’: Rethinking Law, Culture, and Community,” 28 Law & Society Rev. 1009–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, Peter (1996) “Storytelling Without Fear? Confession in Law and Literature,” in Brooks & Gewirtz, Law's Stories.Google Scholar
Brooks, Peter, & Gewirtz, Paul (1996) Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith (1990) Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canan, Penelope, Satterfield, Gloria, Larson, Laurie, & Kretzmann, Martin (1990) “Political Claims, Legal Derailment, and the Context of Disputes,” 24 Law and Society Rev. 921–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carp, Robert A., & Rowland, C. K. (1983) Policymaking and Politics in the Federal District Courts. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Chauncey, George (1994) Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Coombe, Rosemary J. (2000) “Contingent Articulations: A Critical Cultural Studies of Law,” in Sarat, Kearns (2000) Law in the Domains of Culture. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Cover, Robert (1986) “The Bonds of Constitutional Interpretation: Of the Word, the Deed, and the Role,” 20 Georgia Law Rev. 815–33.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert (1957) “Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker,” 6 J. of Public Law 279–95.Google Scholar
Dalton, Harlon L. (1996) “Storytelling on Its Own Terms,” in Brooks & Gewirtz (1996) Law's Stones: Narratives and Rhetoric in the Law. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Delgado, Richard (1989) “Storytelling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative,” 87 Michigan Law Rev. 2411–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digeser, Peter (1994) “Performativity Trouble: Postmodern Feminism and Essential Subjects,” 47 Political Research Q. 655–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, Mark C. (1996) “The Politics of Deservedness: The Ryan White Act and the Social Constructions of People with AIDS,” in Theodoulou, Stella Z., ed., AIDS: The Politics and Policy of Disease. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Dornette, W. Stuart, & Cross, Robert R. (1989) Federal Judiciary Almanac. New York: Wiley Law Publications.Google Scholar
Drass, Kriss, Gregware, Peter R., & Musheno, Michael (1997) “Social, Cultural, and Temporal Dynamics of the AIDS Case Congregation: Early Years of the Epidemic,” 31 Law & Society Rev. 267–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, Steven (1996) Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Eskridge, William N. Jr. (1994) “Gaylegal Narratives,” 46 Stanford Law Rev. 607–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eskridge, William N. Jr. (1997) “A Jurisprudence of Coming Out: Religion, Homosexuality, and Collisions of Liberty and Equality in American Public Law,” 106 Yale Law J. 2411–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, & Silbey, Susan S. (1998) The Common Place of Law: Stories from Fveryday Life. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Eric A., & Bayer, Ronald, eds. (1999) Blood Feuds: AIDS, Blood, and the Politics of Medical Disaster. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel (1978) The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel (1979) Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1974) “Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change,” 9 Law & Society Rev. 95160.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford (1983) Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gewirtz, Paul (1996) “Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law,” in Brooks & Gewirtz (1996) Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann (1991) Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, Sheldon, & Sarat, Austin (1979) American Court Systems: Readings in Judicial Process and Behavior. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co.Google Scholar
Grover, Jan Zita (1988) “AIDS: Keywords,” in Crimp, Douglas, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis/Cultural Activism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Dean M. (1997) “Science as Mythology in Constitutional Law,” 76 Oregon Law Rev. 111–53.Google Scholar
Hirsch, H. N. (1992) A Theory of Liberty: The Constitution and Minorities. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holsti, Ole R. (1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Imwinkelried, Edward J. (2000) “Evaluating the Reliability of Nonscientific Expert Testimony: A Partial Answer to the Questions Left Unresolved by Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael,” 52 Maine Law Rev. 1941.Google Scholar
Jelen, Ted G., & Wilcox, Clyde (1992) “Symbolic and Instrumental Values as Predictors of AIDS Policy Attitudes,” 73 Social Science Q. 737–49.Google Scholar
Jones, Augustus Jr., & Bishop, Peter (1990) “Policy Making by the Lower Federal Courts and the Bureaucracy: The Genesis of a National AIDS Policy,” 27 Social Science J. 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kairys, David (1982) The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Kelman, Mark (1987) A Guide to Critical Legal Studies. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno, & Woolgar, Steve (1979) Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Levit, Nancy (1989) “Listening to Tribal Legends: An Essay on Law and the Scientific Method,” 58 Fordham Law Rev. 263307.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1993) Only Words. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Maddala, G. S. (1988) Introduction to Econometrics. New York: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn, & Yngvesson, Barbara (1980) “Language, Audience, and the Transformation of Disputes,” 15 Law & Society Rev. 775821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matoesian, Gregory M. (2001) Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Rape Trial. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Matsuda, Mari J. (1987) “Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations,” 22 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Rev. 323–99.Google Scholar
Matsuda, Mari J. (1993) Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engel (1990) Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness among Working-Class Americans. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha (1996) “Stories in Law,” in Brooks & Gewirtz (1996) Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Musheno, Michael C., Gregware, Peter R., & Drass, Kriss A. (1991) “Court Management of AIDS Disputes: A Sociolegal Analysis,” 1 Law & Social Inquiry 737–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patton, Cindy (1986) Sex and Germs: The Politics of AIDS. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Patton, Cindy (1990) Inventing AIDS. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peltason, Jack W. (1955) Federal Courts in the Political Process. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Pinello, Daniel R. (1995) The Impact of Judicial-Selection Method on State Supreme-Court Policy: Innovation, Reaction and Atrophy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Pritchett, C. Herman (1941) “Divisions of Opinion Among Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1939–1941,” 35 American Political Science Rev. 890.Google Scholar
Rollins, Joe (1996) “Secondary Effects: AIDS and Queer Identity,” 6 Law & Sexuality: A Review of Gay & Lesbian Legal Issues 6382.Google Scholar
Rowland, C. K., & Carp, Robert A. (1996) Politics and Judgment in Federal District Courts. Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Rubenstein, William B., Eisenberg, Ruth, & Gostin, Lawrence O. (1996) The Rights of People Who Are HIV Positive. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Sanders, Joseph (2001) “Complex Litigation at the Millennium: Kumho and How We Know,” 64 Law & Contemporary Problems 373415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scalia, John (1997) Prisoner Petitions in the Federal Courts, 1980-96. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ-164615. Washington, D.C.: GPO.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim (1992) “Just the Facts Ma'am: Sexualized Violence, Evidentiary Habits, and the Revision of Truth,” 37 New York Law School Law Rev. 123–72.Google Scholar
Schneider, Anne, & Ingram, Helen (1993) “Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy,” 87 American Political Science Rev. 334–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1990) Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A. (1984) “Predicting Supreme Court Cases Probabilistically: The Search and Seizure Cases, 1962–1981,” 78 American Political Science Rev. 891900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwin, Richard K. (1988) “A Matter of Voice and Plot: Belief and Suspicion in Legal Storytelling,” 87 Mich. Law Rev. 543612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegelman, Peter, & Donohue, John J. III (1990) “Studying the Iceberg from Its Tip: A Comparison of Published and Unpublished Employment Discrimination Cases,” 24 Law & Society Rev. 1132–70.Google Scholar
Slotnick, Elliot E. (1988) “Federal Judicial Recruitment and Selection Research: A Review Essay,” 71 Judicature 317–24.Google Scholar
Sontag, Susan (1988) AIDS and Its Metaphors. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Thomas, Kendall (1993) “The Eclipse of Reason: A Rhetorical Reading of Bowers v. Hardwick,” 79 Virginia Law Rev. 1805–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treichler, Paula (1999) How to Have Theory in an Epidemic: Cultural Chronicles of AIDS. Durham: Duke Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark V. (1992) “The Degradation of Constitutional Discourse,” 81 Georgetown Law J. 251311.Google Scholar
Umphrey, Martha Merrill (1999) “The Dialogics of Legal Meaning: Spectacular Trials, the Unwritten Law, and Narratives of Criminal Responsibility,” 22 Law & Society Rev. 393421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watney, Simon (1987) Policing Desire: Pornography, AIDS, and the Media. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Watney, Simon (1994) Practices of Freedom: Selected Writings on HIV/AIDS. Durham: Duke Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Watney, Simon, & Carter, Erica, eds. (1989) Taking Liberties: AIDS and Cultural Politics. London: Serpent's Tail.Google Scholar
Wenner, Lettie McSpadden, & Dutter, Lee E. (1988) “Contextual Influences on Court Outcomes,” 41 Western Political Q. 115–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarnold, Barbara M. (1992) Politics and the Courts: Toward a General Theory of Public Law. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Yngvesson, Barbara (1997) “Negotiating Motherhood: Identity and Difference in ‘Open’ Adoptions,” 31 Law & Society Rev. 3180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cases Cited

Coleman v. American Red Cross 23 F.3d 1091 (1994).Google Scholar
Doe v. City of New York 15 F.3d 264 (1994).Google Scholar
Marcella v. Brandywine Hospital 47 F.3d 618 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchica v. Long Island Railroad 31 F.3d 1197 (1994).Google Scholar