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The Professions Are Dead, Long Live the Professions: Legal Practice in a Postprofessional World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Herbert M. Kritzer
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The American legal profession is facing challenges that are sending tremors through its institutional foundations. On the one hand, U.S. lawyers appear to be wielding ever increasing power as reflected in recent victories in litigation with cigarette manufacturers and in the now pending challenges to the firearms industry. At the same time, the profession finds its traditional prerogatives under increasing challenge with the push for multidisciplinary professional practices, direct encroachment by a variety of service providers (accountants, consultants, paralegals, etc.), and mounting political attacks on the profession for its apparent greed (e.g., huge fees from the tobacco litigation) and apparent arrogance (Glaberson 1999). Much as the businesses and governments who bear the bulk of health care expenses forced major restructuring of health care delivery, the large consumers of legal services (which are consuming an ever larger share of legal services; see Heinz, Nelson, & Laumann 1998) are seeking means of limiting and monitoring the costs of those services (ibid.; Kritzer 1994). Lawyers increasingly find themselves working not as independent professionals but as employees of bureaucratically organized law firms, corporations, and government. The dynamics of this change, combined with shifts in where legal effort is directed, have attracted the attention of scholars (Galanter & Palay 1991; Heinz et al. 1997; Heinz, Nelson, Laumann, & Michelson 1998; Seron 1996; Spangler 1986; Van Hoy 1997) in no small part because it has major implications for how we think about the legal profession, in its multiplicity of forms, as a profession.

Type
Research Notes
Information
Law & Society Review , Volume 33 , Issue 3: Changing Employment Statuses in the Practice of Law , 1999 , pp. 713 - 759
Copyright
Copyright © 1999 by the Law and Society Association

Footnotes

Earlier versions of this paper were prepared for presentation at the 1999 Law and Society Annual Meeting, May, Chicago; and for the 1999 Legal Aid Board Research Unit Conference, Legal Aid in a Changing World, November 4–5, London. I would like to thank Hilary Sommerlad, William L. F. Felstiner, Austin Sarat, Howard Erlanger, Neil W. Hamilton, Susan Silbey, Nancy Reichman, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier draft of this essay. I also benefited by comments and discussion at a faculty seminar at William Mitchell College of Law where the paper was presented. I would like to also acknowledge the series of grants from the Law and Social Science Program of the National Science Foundation (SES-8320129, SES-8511622, SES-9212756, and SBR-9510976) that have supported my research over the years and that, in turn, have greatly shaped my understanding of and thinking about the legal profession.

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Case Cited

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Statute Cited

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