Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T22:26:21.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Welfare as Wrecking Ball: Constructing Public Responsibility in Legal Encounters Over Public Housing Demolition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

John N. Robinson III
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Scholarship on welfare privatization illustrates how the process often curtails and undermines public responsibility for the poor. In this article, I examine how recipients, policy makers, and judges participate in the legal process as a means of challenging and defending privatization. I look at cases of litigation initiated by public housing tenants between 1985 and 2012 to fight the demolition of their homes to explore the changing meaning of public responsibility within a shrinking public sector. My findings show that as legislative and administrative reforms steered courts toward a more flexible understanding of public responsibility, courts gave increasing attention to the economic hardships experienced by the state itself, while downplaying the plight of low-income tenants.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 41 , Issue 3 , Summer 2016 , pp. 670 - 700
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abraham, David. 1996. Liberty Without Equality: The Property‐Rights Connection in a “Negative Citizenship” Regime. Law & Social Inquiry 21 (1): 1–65.Google Scholar
Aman, Alfred C. 2004. The Democracy Deficit: Taming Globalization Through Law Reform. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Kristine. 1992. Atlanta Debates Olympic Impacts. Christian Science Monitor, May 28.Google Scholar
Anderson, Martin. 1964. The Federal Bulldozer. A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949–1962. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jeb. 2007. Bringing the Courts Back In: Interbranch Perspectives on the Role of Courts in American Politics and Policy Making. Annual Review of Political Science 10:25–43.Google Scholar
Béland, Daniel. 2007. Neo‐Liberalism and Social Policy: The Politics of Ownership. Policy Studies 28 (2): 91–107.Google Scholar
Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Berry, Brian J. L. 1985 . Islands of Renewal in Seas of Decay. In The New Urban Reality, ed. Peterson, Paul E., 69–96. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press.Google Scholar
Block, Fred, and Somers, Margaret R. 2014. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Boyatzis, Richard E. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Braun, Virginia, and Clarke, Victoria. 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101.Google Scholar
Bussiere, Elizabeth. 1997. (Dis)Entitling the Poor: The Warren Court, Welfare Rights, and the American Political Tradition. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Carter, Patrice Gaines. 1985. Tenants Battle District for Homes; Plan to Raze Fort DuPont Dwellings Sparks Lawsuit. Washington Post, February 21.Google Scholar
Cisneros, Henry, and Engdahl, Lora. 2009. From Despair to HOPE: HOPE VI and the New Promise of Public Housing in America's Cities. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press.Google Scholar
Department of Housing and Urban Development. 1993. Public and Indian Housing Program—Demolition or Disposition of Public and Indian Housing Projects—Required and Permitted PHA/IHA Actions Prior to Approval. Federal Register 58:58,784 (withdrawn).Google Scholar
Esping‐Andersen, Gosta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gans, Herbert J. 1995. The War Against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
General Accounting Office. 2002. Public Housing: HOPE VI Leveraging Has Increased, but HUD Has Not Met Annual Reporting Requirement. Report #GAO‐03‐91. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Gerber, Linda. 1995a. Interview with Annette Hunt. Henry Horner Mothers Guild: Tenants Go Public on Public Housing, A Case Study on Media Advocacy. February 1995. University Research Corporation.Google Scholar
Gerber, Linda. 1995b. Interview with Bruce Orenstein. Henry Horner Mothers Guild: Tenants Go Public on Public Housing, A Case Study on Media Advocacy. February 1995. University Research Corporation.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Neil. 2002. Transformation of the Welfare State: The Silent Surrender of Public Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilliom, John. 2001. Overseers of the Poor: Surveillance, Resistance, and the Limits of Privacy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goetz, Edward G. 2013. New Deal Ruins: Race, Economic Justice, and Public Housing Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Chad Alan. 2007. Citizens and Paupers: Relief, Rights, and Race, from the Freedmen's Bureau to Workfare. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Henry B. 1984. Remarks of U.S. Representative Henry B. Gonzalez, Hearing Before Subcommittee on Housing and Community Development of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. House of Representatives. Ninety‐Eighth Congress, 2nd Session, June 28.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. 2004. Privatizing Risk Without Privatizing the Welfare State. American Political Science Review 98 (2): 243–60.Google Scholar
Hackworth, Jason. 2005. Progressive Activism in a Neoliberal Context: The Case of Efforts to Retain Public Housing in the United States. Studies in Political Economy 75:29–51.Google Scholar
Hadley, Christie. 2003. Fighting for Home; Besides, They Might Move Next Door. Cincinnati CityBeat, January 1.Google Scholar
Handler, Joel F. 1996. Down from Bureaucracy: The Ambiguity of Privatization and Empowerment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Handler, Joel F., and Hasenfeld, Yeheskel. 1997. We the Poor People: Work, Poverty, and Welfare. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Beth Ellen. 2004. Defending the Right to a Home: The Power of Anti‐Poverty Lawyers. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Harris, Lyle V. 1992a. Atlanta 1996: Court Restricts Tenant Leaders in Redevelopment. Atlanta Journal and Constitution, December 2.Google Scholar
Harris, Lyle V. 1992b. Techwood‐Clark Howell Plan Denied Again: Replacement Housing Still Too Vague, Feds Say. Atlanta Journal and Constitution, October 30.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, Najeeb. 2001. No Place Like Home. Riverfront Times, July 18.Google Scholar
Henderson, A. Scott. 1995. “Tarred with the Exceptional Image”: Public Housing and Popular Discourse, 1950–1990. American Studies 36:31–53.Google Scholar
Howard, Christopher. 1999. The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hyra, Derek. 2008. The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Charles A. 1987. Content‐Analytic Techniques and Judicial Research. American Politics Research 15 (1): 169–97.Google Scholar
Kamerman, Sheila B., and Kahn, Alfred J. 1989. Privatization and the Welfare State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Katz, Michael B. 2008. The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Kiewe, Amos, and Houck, Davis W. 1991. A Shining City on a Hill: Ronald Reagan's Economic Rhetoric, 1951–1989. NewYork: Praeger.Google Scholar
Lens, Vicki. 2009. Confronting Government After Welfare Reform: Moralists, Reformers, and Narratives of (Ir)Responsibility at Administrative Fair Hearings. Law & Society Review 43 (3): 563–92.Google Scholar
Lobel, Orly. 2004. The Renew Deal: The Fall of Regulation and the Rise of Governance in Contemporary Legal Thought. Minnesota Law Review 89:7–27.Google Scholar
Manza, Jeff. 2000. Race and the Underdevelopment of the American Welfare State. Theory and Society 29 (6): 819–32.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglass S., and Denton, Nancy A. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mercer, Kathryn L. 1998. Content Analysis of Judicial Decision‐Making—How Judges Use the Primary Caretaker Standard to Make a Custody Determination. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law 5 (1):1–149.Google Scholar
Mettler, Suzanne. 2011. The Submerged State: How Invisible Government Policies Undermine American Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mink, Gwendolyn. 1998. Welfare's End. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1991. Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Missouri Lawyers Media Staff. 2003. Public Housing Discrimination Suit to Get New Hearing. St. Louis Daily Record/St. Louis Countian, August 14.Google Scholar
Mnookin, Robert H., and Kornhauser, Lewis. 1979. Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce. Yale Law Journal 88 (5): 950–97.Google Scholar
Morgan, Kimberly J., and Louise Campbell, Andrea. 2011. The Delegated Welfare State: Medicare, Markets, and the Governance of Social Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Munger, Frank. 1998. Immanence and Identity: Understanding Poverty Through Law and Society Research—Reviewing Handler & Hasenfeld's We the Poor People; Bussiere's (Dis)Entitling the Poor; and Gans's the War Against the Poor. Law & Society Review 32 (4): 931–68.Google Scholar
Munger, Frank. 2003. Poverty, Welfare, and the Affirmative State. Law & Society Review 37 (3): 659–86.Google Scholar
Munger, Frank. 2006. Dependency by Law: Poverty, Identity, and Welfare Privatization. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 13 (2): 391–415.Google Scholar
National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing (NCSDPH). 1992. Final Report of National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
National Housing Law Project. 1990. Public Housing in Peril: A Report on the Demolition and Sale of Public Housing Projects. Berkeley, CA: National Housing Law Project.Google Scholar
National Housing Task Force. 1998. A Decent Place to Live: The Report of the National Housing Task Force, Chaired by James Rouse and David O. Maxwell. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Nicholson, Brown. 1995. Statement of Brown Nicholson, Jr., Vice President of the Public Housing Authorities Directors Association and Executive Director of the Columbus, GA Housing Authority. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Development of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. Housing of Representatives. Ninety‐Ninth Congress, 1st Session on H.R. 1, Part 2. March 5 and 6, 1985.Google Scholar
Pattillo, Mary E. 2007. Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class in the City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pedriana, Nicholas. 2006. From Protective to Equal Treatment: Legal Framing Processes and Transformation of the Women's Movement in the 1960s. American Journal of Sociology 111 (6): 1718–61.Google Scholar
Phillips, Scott, and Grattet, Ryken. 2000. Judicial Rhetoric, Meaning‐Making, and the Institutionalization of Hate Crime Law. Law & Society Review 34 (3): 567–606.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1994. Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Polikoff, Alexander. 2006. Waiting for Gautreaux: A Story of Segregation, Housing and the Black Ghetto. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Julia Clayton. 1995. De Facto Demolition: The Hidden Deterioration of Public Housing. Catholic University Law Review 44:885–934.Google Scholar
Reese, Ellen. 2011. They Say Cutback, We Say Fight Back!: Welfare Activism in an Era of Retrenchment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Richman, Kimberly. 2002. Lovers, Legal Strangers, and Parents: Negotiating Parental and Sexual Identity in Family Law. Law & Society Review 36 (2): 285–324.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1932. Radio Address on Unemployment and Social Welfare from Albany, New York, October 13, 1932. Santa Barbara, CA: American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Ryan, Gery W., and Bernard, H. Russell. 2000. Data Management and Analysis Methods. In Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd ed., ed. Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S., 769–802. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin. 1990. “… The Law Is All Over”: Power, Resistance and the Legal Consciousness of the Welfare Poor. Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 2:343–79.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Alex F. 2010. Housing Policy in the United States. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Scott, Colin. 2004 . Regulation in the Age of Governance: The Rise of the Post Regulatory State. In The Politics of Regulation in the Age of Governance, ed. Jordana, Jacint and Levi‐Faur, David, 145–74. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Simon, John. 1985. Statement of John Simon, General Manager, New York City Housing Authority, Representing the Council of Large Public Housing Authorities. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Housing and Community Development of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs. Housing of Representatives. Ninety‐Ninth Congress, 1st Session on H.R. 1, Part 2. March 5 and 6, 1985.Google Scholar
Smyth, Michael A. 2006. Queers and Provocateurs: Hegemony, Ideology, and the “Homosexual Advance” Defense. Law & Society Review 40 (4): 903–30.Google Scholar
Soss, Joe, Fording, Richard C., and Schram, Sanford. 2011. Disciplining the Poor: Neoliberal Paternalism and the Persistent Power of Race. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Steensland, Brian. 2008. The Failed Welfare Revolution: America's Struggle Over Guaranteed Income Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stegman, Michael A. 1991. More Housing, More Fairly: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Affordable Housing: Background Paper on the Limits of Privatization. New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin, and Wald, Pamela. 2009. Redefining Compassion to Reform Welfare: How Supporters of 1990s US Federal Welfare Reform Aimed for the Moral High Ground. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 16 (4): 519–57.Google Scholar
Teaford, Jon C. 2000. Urban Renewal and Its Aftermath. Housing Policy Debate 11 (2): 443–65.Google Scholar
Tollefson, Chris, Zito, Anthony R., and Gale, Fred. 2012. Symposium Overview: Conceptualizing New Governance Arrangements. Public Administration 90 (1): 3–18.Google Scholar
US Congress. 1983. Housing and Urban‐Rural Recovery Act of 1983. Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Report Together with Minority and Supplemental Minority Views. House of Representatives. Ninety‐Eighth Congress, 1st Session. Report No. 98‐123.Google Scholar
US Congress. 1987. Conference Report on S. 825. 133 Cong. Rec. H. 19657. November 6, 1987. Congress Session 100‐1. Vol. 133 No. 178.Google Scholar
Vale, Lawrence. 2013. Purging the Poorest: Public Housing and the Design Politics of Twice‐Cleared Communities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilen, William P., and Stasell, Wendy L. 2000. Gautreaux and Chicago's Public Housing Crisis: The Conflict Between Achieving Integration and Providing Decent Housing for Very Low‐Income African Americans. Journal of Poverty Law and Policy 34:117–47.Google Scholar
Wilson, William J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yan. 2004. Wills and Ways: Policy Dynamics of HOPE VI from 1992 to 2002. PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yan, and Weismann, Gretchen. 2006. Public Housing's Cinderella: Policy Dynamics of HOPE VI in the Mid‐1990s. In Where Are Poor People to Live?, ed. Bennett, Larry, Smith, Janet L., and Wright, Patricia A., 41–67. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Alexandria Resident Council v. Alexandria Redevelopment/Hous. Auth., 979 F. Supp. 409 (E.D. Va. 1997).Google Scholar
Anderson v. Jackson, No. 06‐3298, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91932 (E.D. La. Dec. 14, 2007).Google Scholar
Benavides v. Housing Auth. of the City of San Antonio, 238 F.3d 667 (5th Cir. Jan. 25, 2001).Google Scholar
Cabrini‐Green Local Advisory Council v. Chicago Hous. Auth., No. 96 c 6949, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 625 (N.D. III, Jan. 21, 1997).Google Scholar
Concerned Tenants Ass'n v. Samuel Pierce, 685 F. Supp. 316 (D. Conn. 1988).Google Scholar
Darst‐Webbe Tenant Ass'n Bd. v. St. Louis Hous. Auth., 202 F. Supp. 2d 938 (E.D. Mo., Dec. 14, 2001).Google Scholar
Darst‐Webbe Tenant Ass'n Bd. v. St. Louis Hous. Auth., 299 F. Supp. 2d 952 (E.D. Mo., Jan. 6, 2004).Google Scholar
Darst‐Webbe Tenant Ass'n Bd. v. St. Louis Hous. Auth., 417 F.3d 898 (8th Cir. August 8, 2005).Google Scholar
Dessin v. Housing Auth. of the City of Fort Myers, 783 F. Supp. 587 (M.D. Fla. 1990).Google Scholar
Edwards v. District of Columbia, 628 F. Supp. 333 (D.C. Cir. 1985).Google Scholar
Edwards v. District of Columbia, 821 F.2d 651 (D.C. Cir. 1987).Google Scholar
English Woods Civic Ass'n v. Cincinnati Metro. Hous. Auth., No. 1:03‐CV‐186, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23689 (S.D. Ohio, Dec. 17, 2004).Google Scholar
Gomez v. Housing Auth. of El Paso, 805 F. Supp. 1363 (W.D. Tex. 1992).Google Scholar
Henry Horner Mother's Guild v. Chicago Hous. Auth., 780 F. Supp. 511 (N.D. III 1991).Google Scholar
Henry Horner Mother's Guild v. Chicago Hous. Auth., 824 F. Supp. 808 (N.D. III 1993).Google Scholar
Henry Horner Mother's Guild v. Chicago Hous. Auth., No. 91 C 3316, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2688 (N.D. III, Mar. 5, 1998).Google Scholar
Mary Reese v. Miami‐Dade County, 242 F. Supp. 2d 1292 (S.D. Fla., Sept. 11, 2002).Google Scholar
Mary Reese v. Miami‐Dade County, No. 01‐3766‐CIV, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105333 (S.D. Fla., Nov. 10, 2009).Google Scholar
Project B.A.S.I.C. v. O'Rourke, 721 F. Supp. 1501 (D.R.I. 1989).Google Scholar
Resident Council of Allen Parkway Vill. v. United States Dep't Hous. & Urban Dev., 980 F.2d 1043 (5th Cir. 1993).Google Scholar
Rita Freeney v. Sanford Hous. Auth. Orlando, No. 6:10‐cv‐1920‐Orl‐28DAB, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18861 (M.D. Fla., Feb. 10, 2011).Google Scholar
Tinsley v. Jack L. Kemp, 750 F. Supp. 1001 (W.D. Mo. 1990).Google Scholar
Velez v. Cisneros, 850 F. Supp. 1257 (E.D. Pa. 1994).Google Scholar
Fair Housing Act of 1968, 42 USC §§ 3601–3619.Google Scholar
Housing Act of 1937, 42 USC §§ 1401–1430, 1437.Google Scholar
Housing Act of 1949, Pub. L. No. 81‐717, 63 Stat. 413.Google Scholar
Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 1000‐690, 112 Stat 2518, 42 USC § 1437p.Google Scholar
Alexandria Resident Council v. Alexandria Redevelopment/Hous. Auth., 979 F. Supp. 409 (E.D. Va. 1997).Google Scholar
Anderson v. Jackson, No. 06‐3298, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91932 (E.D. La. Dec. 14, 2007).Google Scholar
Benavides v. Housing Auth. of the City of San Antonio, 238 F.3d 667 (5th Cir. Jan. 25, 2001).Google Scholar
Cabrini‐Green Local Advisory Council v. Chicago Hous. Auth., No. 96 c 6949, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 625 (N.D. III, Jan. 21, 1997).Google Scholar
Concerned Tenants Ass'n v. Samuel Pierce, 685 F. Supp. 316 (D. Conn. 1988).Google Scholar
Darst‐Webbe Tenant Ass'n Bd. v. St. Louis Hous. Auth., 202 F. Supp. 2d 938 (E.D. Mo., Dec. 14, 2001).Google Scholar
Darst‐Webbe Tenant Ass'n Bd. v. St. Louis Hous. Auth., 299 F. Supp. 2d 952 (E.D. Mo., Jan. 6, 2004).Google Scholar
Darst‐Webbe Tenant Ass'n Bd. v. St. Louis Hous. Auth., 417 F.3d 898 (8th Cir. August 8, 2005).Google Scholar
Dessin v. Housing Auth. of the City of Fort Myers, 783 F. Supp. 587 (M.D. Fla. 1990).Google Scholar
Edwards v. District of Columbia, 628 F. Supp. 333 (D.C. Cir. 1985).Google Scholar
Edwards v. District of Columbia, 821 F.2d 651 (D.C. Cir. 1987).Google Scholar
English Woods Civic Ass'n v. Cincinnati Metro. Hous. Auth., No. 1:03‐CV‐186, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23689 (S.D. Ohio, Dec. 17, 2004).Google Scholar
Gomez v. Housing Auth. of El Paso, 805 F. Supp. 1363 (W.D. Tex. 1992).Google Scholar
Henry Horner Mother's Guild v. Chicago Hous. Auth., 780 F. Supp. 511 (N.D. III 1991).Google Scholar
Henry Horner Mother's Guild v. Chicago Hous. Auth., 824 F. Supp. 808 (N.D. III 1993).Google Scholar
Henry Horner Mother's Guild v. Chicago Hous. Auth., No. 91 C 3316, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2688 (N.D. III, Mar. 5, 1998).Google Scholar
Mary Reese v. Miami‐Dade County, 242 F. Supp. 2d 1292 (S.D. Fla., Sept. 11, 2002).Google Scholar
Mary Reese v. Miami‐Dade County, No. 01‐3766‐CIV, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105333 (S.D. Fla., Nov. 10, 2009).Google Scholar
Project B.A.S.I.C. v. O'Rourke, 721 F. Supp. 1501 (D.R.I. 1989).Google Scholar
Resident Council of Allen Parkway Vill. v. United States Dep't Hous. & Urban Dev., 980 F.2d 1043 (5th Cir. 1993).Google Scholar
Rita Freeney v. Sanford Hous. Auth. Orlando, No. 6:10‐cv‐1920‐Orl‐28DAB, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18861 (M.D. Fla., Feb. 10, 2011).Google Scholar
Tinsley v. Jack L. Kemp, 750 F. Supp. 1001 (W.D. Mo. 1990).Google Scholar
Velez v. Cisneros, 850 F. Supp. 1257 (E.D. Pa. 1994).Google Scholar
Fair Housing Act of 1968, 42 USC §§ 3601–3619.Google Scholar
Housing Act of 1937, 42 USC §§ 1401–1430, 1437.Google Scholar
Housing Act of 1949, Pub. L. No. 81‐717, 63 Stat. 413.Google Scholar
Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 1000‐690, 112 Stat 2518, 42 USC § 1437p.Google Scholar