Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T02:29:26.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rethinking Regime Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Many recent studies of “regime politics” argue that judicial review is ultimately used to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime. I explore this claim by evaluating whether the invalidation of federal laws by the US Supreme Court fits the empirical expectations of the regime politics approach. I find that the Court frequently invalidates statutes when (1) the ideology of the Court diverges from that of the sitting elected branches (suggesting that the Court does not fear sanctions or nonimplementation), and (2) the ideology of the sitting elected branches converges with that of the elected branches that enacted the statute (suggesting that the Court is defying the sitting elected branches). My findings suggest that the Court does not primarily use judicial review to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ackerman, Bruce. 1991. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Bruce. 1998. We the People: Transformations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Bruce. 2005. The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Bruce. 2007. The Living Constitution. Harvard Law Review 120:1737–812.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack M., and Levinson, Sanford. 2001. Understanding the Constitutional Revolution. Virginia Law Review 87:1045–109.Google Scholar
Baum, Lawrence. 2003. The Supreme Court in American Politics. Annual Review of Political Science 6:161–80.Google Scholar
Bickel, Alexander M. 1962 1986. The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brenner, Saul, and Stier, Marc. 1996. Retesting Segal and Spaeth's Stare Decisis Model. American Journal of Political Science 40 (4): 1036–48.Google Scholar
Brisbin, Richard A. Jr. 1996. Slaying the Dragon: Segal, Spaeth and the Function of Law in Supreme Court Decision-Making. American Journal of Political Science 40 (4): 1004–17.Google Scholar
Burnham, Walter D. 1970. Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Caldeira, Gregory A., and Gibson, James L. 1992. The Etiology of Public Support for the Supreme Court. American Journal of Political Science 36 (3): 635–64.Google Scholar
Caldeira, Gregory A., and Wright, John R. 1988. Lobbying for Justice: Organized Interests, Supreme Court Nominations, and the United States Senate. American Journal of Political Science 42:499523.Google Scholar
Clark, Tom S. 2009. The Separation of Powers, Court Curbing, and Judicial Legitimacy. American Journal of Political Science 53 (4): 971–89.Google Scholar
Clark, Tom S., and Whittington, Keith. 2009. Ideology, Partisanship, and Judicial Review of Acts of Congress, 1790–2006. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Clayton, Cornell W., and May, David A. 1999. A Political Regimes Approach to the Analysis of Legal Decisions. Polity 32 (2): 233–52.Google Scholar
Clayton, Cornell W., and Pickerill, J. Mitchell. 2004. Guess What Happened on the Way to the Revolution? Precursors to the Supreme Court's Federalism Revolution. Publius 34 (3): 85114.Google Scholar
Clayton, Cornell W., and Pickerill, J. Mitchell. 2006. The Politics of Criminal Justice: How the New Right Regime Shaped the Rehnquist Court's Criminal Justice Jurisprudence. Georgetown Law Journal 94:1385–425.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1957. Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker. Journal of Public Law 6:279–95.Google Scholar
Dworkin, Ronald. 1985. A Matter of Principle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dworkin, Ronald. 2005. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ely, John Hart. 1980. Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Engel, Stephen. 2011. American Politicians Confront the Court: Opposition Politics and Changing Responses to Judicial Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Hoekstra, Valerie, Segal, Jeffrey A., and Spaeth, Harold J. 1998. Do Political Preferences Change? A Longitudinal Study of the U.S. Supreme Court Justices. Journal of Politics 60 (3): 801–18.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, and Knight, Jack. 1998. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Martin, Andrew D., Quinn, Kevin M., and Segal, Jeffrey A. 2007a. Ideological Drift among Supreme Court Justices: Who, When, and How Important? Northwestern University Law Review 101 (4): 1483–541.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Martin, Andrew D., Segal, Jeffrey A., and Westerland, Chad. 2007b. The Judicial Common Space. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 23:305–25.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, and Segal, Jeffrey A. 2000. Measuring Issue Salience. American Journal of Political Science 44:6683.Google Scholar
Eskridge, William Jr., and Ferejohn, John. 1992a. The Article I, Section 7 Game. Georgetown Law Journal 80 (3): 523–64.Google Scholar
Eskridge, William Jr., and Ferejohn, John. 1992b. Making the Deal Stick: Enforcing the Original Constitutional Structure of Lawmaking in the Modern Regulatory State. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 8 (1): 165–89.Google Scholar
Ferejohn, John, and Shipan, Charles. 1990. Congressional Influence on Bureaucracy. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 6:120.Google Scholar
Friedman, Barry. 2009. The Will of the People: How Public Opinion Has Influenced the Supreme Court and Shaped the Meaning of the Constitution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Gates, John. 1991. The Supreme Court and Partisan Realignment: A Macro and Micro-Level Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Gibson, James L., Caldeira, Gregory A., and Spence, Lester Kenyatta. 2003. The Supreme Court and the U.S. Presidential Election of 2000: Wounds Self-Inflicted and Otherwise. British Journal of Political Science 33 (4): 535–64.Google Scholar
Giles, M. W., Hettinger, Virginia, Zorn, Christopher, and Peppers, Todd. 2007. The Etiology of the Occurrence of En Banc Review in the U.S. Court of Appeals. American Journal of Political Science 51 (3): 449–63.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 1999. The Court as an Idea, Not a Building (or a Game): Interpretive Institutionalism and the Analysis of Supreme Court Decision-Making. In Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches, ed. Clayton, Cornell W. and Gillman, Howard, 6590. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 2001. What's Law Got to Do with It? Judicial Behavioralists Test the “Legal Model” of Judicial Decision Making. Law & Social Inquiry 26 (2): 465504.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 2002. How Political Parties Can Use the Courts to Advance Their Agendas: Federal Courts in the United States, 1875–1891. American Political Science Review 96 (3): 511–24.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 2003. Judicial Independence through the Lens of Bush v. Gore: Four Lessons from Political Science. Ohio State Law Journal 64:249–64.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 2006. Regime Politics, Jurisprudential Regimes, and Unremunerated Rights. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 9:107–19.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, Tom. 2003. Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark A. 1993. The Nonmajoritarian Difficulty: Legislative Deference to the Judiciary. Studies in American Political Development 7:3573.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark A. 2005. Constructing Judicial Review. Annual Review of Political Science 8:425–51.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark A. 2006. Does It Really Matter? Conservative Courts in a Conservative Era. Fordham Law Review 75:675708.Google Scholar
Guliuzza, Frank, Reagan, Daniel J., and Barrett, David M. 1994. The Senate Judiciary Committee and Supreme Court Nominees: Measuring the Dynamics of Confirmation Criteria. Journal of Politics 56 (3): 773–87.Google Scholar
Hall, Matthew E. K. 2011. The Nature of Supreme Court Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Matthew E. K., and Black, Ryan C. 2011. Keeping the Outliers in Line? Judicial Review of State Laws by the U.S. Supreme Court. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, January 2011, in New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Hammond, Thomas H., Bonneau, Chris W., and Sheehan, Reginald S. 2005. Strategic Behavior and Policy Choice on the U.S. Supreme Court. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hand, Learned. 1958. The Bill of Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, Anna, and Friedman, Barry. 2003. Electing the Supreme Court. Indiana Law Journal 78:123–51.Google Scholar
Harvey, Anna, and Friedman, Barry. 2006. Pulling Punches: Congressional Constraints on the Supreme Court's Constitutional Rulings, 1987–2000. Legislative Studies Quarterly 31 (4): 533–62.Google Scholar
Harvey, Anna, and Friedman, Barry. 2009. Ducking Trouble: Congressional-Induced Selection Bias in the Supreme Court's Agenda. Journal of Politics 71:574–92.Google Scholar
Johnsen, Dawn E. 2003. Ronald Reagan and the Rehnquist Court on Congressional Power: Presidential Influences on Constitutional Change. Indiana Law Journal 78:363412.Google Scholar
Keck, Thomas. 2007a. Party, Policy, or Duty: Why Does the Supreme Court Invalidate Federal Statutes? American Political Science Review 101 (2): 321–38.Google Scholar
Keck, Thomas. 2007b. Party Politics or Judicial Independence? The Regime Politics Literature Hits the Law Schools. Law & Social Inquiry 32 (3): 511–44.Google Scholar
Keck, Thomas. 2009. Beyond Backlash: Assessing the Impact of Judicial Decisions on LGBT Rights. Law and Society Review 43 (1): 151–85.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. 1955. A Theory of Critical Elections. Journal of Politics 17:218.Google Scholar
Key, V. O. Jr. 1959. Secular Realignment and the Party System. Journal of Politics 21:198210.Google Scholar
Klarman, Michael. 1996. Rethinking the Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Revolutions. Virginia Law Review 82 (1): 167.Google Scholar
Klarman, Michael. 2004. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert. 1978. Political Correlates of the Behavior of Federal District Judges: A Best Case Analysis. Journal of Politics 40:2558.Google Scholar
Lindquist, Stephanie A., and Solberg, Rorie Spill. 2007. Judicial Review by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts. Political Research Quarterly 60 (1): 7190.Google Scholar
Lovell, George I. 2003. Legislative Deferrals: Statutory Ambiguity, Judicial Power, and American Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Andrew D., and Quinn, Kevin M. 2002. Dynamic Ideal Point Estimation via Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the U.S. Supreme Court, 1953–1999. Political Analysis 10:134–53.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 2000. Electoral Realignments. Annual Review of Political Science 3:449–74.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 2002. Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Robert G. 1960. The American Supreme Court. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McMahon, Kevin. 2004. Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mondak, Jeffrey J., and Smithey, Shannon Ishiyama. 1997. The Dynamics of Public Support for the Supreme Court. Journal of Politics 59 (4): 1114–42.Google Scholar
Moraski, Bryon J., and Shipan, Charles R. 1999. The Politics of Supreme Court Nominations: A Theory of Institutional Constraints and Choices. American Journal of Political Science 43 (4): 1069–95.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 2000. The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe. International Organization 4:217–52.Google Scholar
Murphy, Walter. 1964. Elements of Judicial Strategy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, Stuart. 1965. Court-Curbing Periods in American History. Vanderbilt Law Review 18:925–44.Google Scholar
Owens, Ryan J. 2010. The Separation of Powers and Supreme Court Agenda Setting. American Journal of Political Science 54 (2): 412–27.Google Scholar
Peresie, J. L. 2005. Female Judges Matter: Gender and Collegial Decisionmaking in the Federal Appellate Courts. Yale Law Journal 114:1759–90.Google Scholar
Peretti, Terry. 1999. In Defense of a Political Court. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Peretti, Terry. 2003. A Normative Appraisal of Social Scientific Knowledge Regarding Judicial Independence. Ohio State Law Journal 64:349–69.Google Scholar
Pickerill, J. Mitchell, and Clayton, Cornell W. 2004. The Rehnquist Court and the Political Dynamics of Federalism. Perspectives on Politics 2 (2): 233–48.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T. 1998. Estimating a Basic Space from a Set of Issue Scales. American Journal of Political Science 42:954–93.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T. 2005. Common Space Scores, Congresses 75–108. http://voteview.com/basic.htm (accessed March 9, 2005).Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll-Call Voting. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Powe, Lucas A. 2000. The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Powe, Lucas A. 2009. The Supreme Court and the American Elite, 1789–2008. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ramseyer, J. Mark. 1994. The Puzzling (In)dependence of Courts: A Comparative Approach. Journal of Legal Studies 23:721–47.Google Scholar
Resnick, Judith. 2000. The Programmatic Judiciary. Southern California Law Review 74:269–93.Google Scholar
Rosen, Jeffrey. 2006. The Most Democratic Branch: How the Courts Serve America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1992. Judicial Independence and the Reality of Political Power. Review of Politics 54:369–98.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 2008 The Hollow Hope: Can the Courts Bring about Social Change? 2d ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rowland, C. K., & Carp, Robert A. 1980. A Longitudinal Study of Party Effects on Federal District Court Policy Propensities. American Journal of Political Science 24:291305.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. 1956. United States: The Functional Approach to Party Government. In Modern Political Parties: Approaches to Comparative Politics, ed. Neumann, S., 194215. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. 1974. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scherer, Nancy. (2004). Blacks on the Bench. Political Science Quarterly 119 (4): 655–75.Google Scholar
Scott, Kevin M. 2006. Understanding Judicial Hierarchy: Reversals and the Behavior of Intermediate Appellate Judges. Law and Society Review 40 (1): 163–91.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffery A., Cameron, Charles M., and Cover, Albert D. 1992. A Spatial Model of Roll Call Voting: Senators, Constituents, Presidents, and Interest Groups in Supreme Court Confirmations. American Journal of Political Science 36:96121.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Cover, Albert D. 1989. Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. American Political Science Review 83 (2): 557–65.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Spaeth, Harold J. 2002. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A., Timpone, Richard J., and Howard, Robert M. 2000. Buyer Beware? Presidential Success through Supreme court Appointments. Political Research Quarterly 53 (3): 557–73.Google Scholar
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Westerland, Chad. 2005. The Supreme Court, Congress, and Judicial Review. North Carolina Law Review 83:1323–52.Google Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen. 1997. The Politics President Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen. 2008. Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Rogers M. 1994. Symposium: The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model. Law and Courts 4:89.Google Scholar
Songer, Donald, and Lindquist, Stephanie. 1996. Not the Whole Story: The Impact of Justices' Values on Supreme Court Decision Making. American Journal of Political Science 40 (4): 1049–63.Google Scholar
Stimson, James A., MacKuen, Michael B., and Erikson, Robert S. 1995. Dynamic Representation. American Political Science Review 89:543–65.Google Scholar
Sundquist, J. L. 1973. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.Google Scholar
Tate, C. N. 1981. “Personal Attribute Models of the Voting Behavior of U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Liberalism in Civil Liberties and Economics Decisions, 1946–1978.” American Political Science Review 75:355–67.Google Scholar
Thayer, James Bradley. 1893. The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law. Harvard Law Review 7 (3): 129–56.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark V. 2006. A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Vanberg, Georg. 2001. Legislative-Judicial Relations: A Game Theoretic Approach to Constitutional Review. American Journal of Political Science 45:346–61.Google Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy. 1993. A Right-Based Critique of Constitutional Rights. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 13 (1): 1851.Google Scholar
Wechsler, Herbert. 1959. Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law. Harvard Law Review 73 (1): 135.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 2001. Constitutional Interpretation: Textual Meaning, Original Intent, and Judicial Review. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 2005a. “Interpose Your Friendly Hand”: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 99 (4): 583–96.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 2005b. Congress Before the Lochner Court. Boston University Law Review 85:821–58.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 2007. Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908).Google Scholar
Adkins v. Children's Hosp., 261 U.S. 525 (1923).Google Scholar
Afroyim v. Rusk, 261 U.S. 525 (1923).Google Scholar
Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Bd., 382 U.S. 70(1965).Google Scholar
Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999).Google Scholar
Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964).Google Scholar
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234 (2002).Google Scholar
Ashton v. Cameron County Dist., 298 U. S. 513 (1936).Google Scholar
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922).Google Scholar
Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962).Google Scholar
Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514 (2001).Google Scholar
Blout v. Rizzi, 400 U. S. 410 (1971).Google Scholar
Board of Trs. of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356 (2001).Google Scholar
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp., 463 U.S. 60 (1983).Google Scholar
Bolling v. Shapre, 347 U.S. 497 (1954).Google Scholar
Boos v. Barry, 485 U.S. 312 (1988).Google Scholar
Booth v. United States, 291 U.S. 339 (1934).Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).Google Scholar
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976).Google Scholar
Califano v. Goldfarb, 430 U.S. 199 (1977).Google Scholar
Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936).Google Scholar
Clinton v. City of N.Y., 524 U.S. 417 (1998).Google Scholar
Colorado Republican Campaign Comm. v. FEC, 518 U.S. 604 (1996).Google Scholar
Davis v. FEC, 554 U.S. 724 (2008).Google Scholar
Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000).Google Scholar
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393 (1957).Google Scholar
Eisner v. Madomber, 252 U.S. 189 (1920).Google Scholar
FCC v. League of Women Voters, 468 U.S. 364 (1984).Google Scholar
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc., 479 U.S. 238 (1986).Google Scholar
FEC v. National Conservative Political Action Comm., 470 U.S. 480 (1985).Google Scholar
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., 551 U.S. 449 (2007).Google Scholar
Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).Google Scholar
Greater New Orleans Broad. Ass'n v. United States (1999).Google Scholar
Hopkins Savings Ass'n v. Cleary, 527 U.S. 173 (1935).Google Scholar
INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983).Google Scholar
Jimenez v. Weinberger, 417 U.S. 628 (1974).Google Scholar
Lamont v. Postmaster Gen., 381 U.S. 301 (1965).Google Scholar
Louisville Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555 (1935).Google Scholar
Lynch v. United States, 292 U.S. 571 (1934).Google Scholar
McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93 (2003).Google Scholar
National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976).Google Scholar
Newberry v. United States, 256 U.S. 232 (1921).Google Scholar
Nichols v. Coolidge, 274 U.S. 531 (1927).Google Scholar
Panama Ref. Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935).Google Scholar
Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935).Google Scholar
Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997).Google Scholar
Process Gas Consumers Group v. Consumer Energy Council, 463 U.S. 1216 (1983).Google Scholar
Railroad Ret. Bd. v. Alton Ry., 295 U. S. 330 (1935).Google Scholar
Regan v. Time, 468 U. S. 641 (1984).Google Scholar
Reichart v. Felps, 73 U.S. 160 (1812).Google Scholar
Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).Google Scholar
Richardson v. Davis, 409 U.S. 1069 (1972).Google Scholar
Rickert Rice Mills v. Fontenot, 297 U.S. 110 (1936).Google Scholar
Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co., 514 US 476 (1995).Google Scholar
Schechter Poultry Corp., v. United States, 377 U.S. 163 (1935).Google Scholar
Schneider v. Rusk, 295 U.S. 495 (1964).Google Scholar
Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672 (1971).Google Scholar
Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398 (1970).Google Scholar
United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936).Google Scholar
United States Senate v. FTC, 463 U.S. 1216 (1983).Google Scholar
United States v. Grace, 461 U.S. 171 (1983).Google Scholar
United States v. IBM Corp., 517 U.S. 843 (1996).Google Scholar
United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S. 570 (1968).Google Scholar
United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).Google Scholar
United States v. Playboy Entm't Group, Inc., 529 U.S. 803 (2000).Google Scholar
United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258 (1967).Google Scholar
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636 (1975).Google Scholar