Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:32:45.088Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Pursuit of the Perak Regalia: Islam, Law, and the Politics of Authority in the Colonial State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Islamic law changed radically in the last century and a half. It was codified and limited to the domain of personal and family law in almost all majority and minority Muslim states. The argument of this article is that this remarkable change in Islamic law began in the colonial state. Islamic law, as it functions within postcolonial Muslim states, is a product of negotiations between colonial and local elites over law, religion, culture, ethnicity, and the identity of the Muslim subject. In the case of colonial Malaya, this resulted in a codified, institutionalized legal system within a colonial state, which was critical in constructing Malay ethnic and religious identities and interpretations of Islam that prevail today.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2007 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdul Kadir, Abdullah bin. 1834. Hikayat Abdullah [The Chronicle of Abdullah]. Trans. Hill, A. H. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Abou Fadl, Khaled. 2001. Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women. Oxford: Oneworld.Google Scholar
Ali Haji ibn Raja Ahmad, R. 1847. Hikayat Sultan Abdul Muluk [The Chronicle of Sultan Abdul Muluk]. Batavia: Peterteraan Masyarakat Alam Hikmat.Google Scholar
Shamsul, Amri B. 1998. Debating about Identity in Malaysia: A Discourse Analysis. In Cultural Contestations. Mediating Identities in a Changing Malaysian Society, ed. Ibrahim, Zawawi. London: ASEAN Academic Press.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. 1993. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. 2003. Boundaries and Rights in Islamic Law: Introduction. Social Research, 70 (3): 683–88.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. N. D., ed. 1967. Family Law in Asia and Africa. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Barlow, H. S. 1995. Swettenham. Kuala Lumpur: Southdene.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. 1997. Shari'a and State in the Modern Muslim Middle East. International Journal of Middle East Studies 29:359–76.Google Scholar
Charrad, Mounira. 2001. States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cowan, C. D. 1961. Nineteenth Century Malaya: The Origins of British Political Control. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Peter. 1994. The Mythology of Modern Law. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Freitag, U., and Clarence-Smith, W. G. 1997. Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s–1960s. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1974. Why the Haves Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change. Law & Society Review 9:95160.Google Scholar
Gullick, J. M. 1992. Rulers and Residents: Influence and Power in the Malay States, 1870–1920. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. 2002. The Quest for Origins or Doctrine? Islamic Legal Studies as Colonialist Discourse. UCLA Journal of Islamic & Near Eastern Law 2:131.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. 2005. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, Andrew. 1996. Law, Government and the Constitution in Malaysia. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Charles. 1986. The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya. Sociological Forum 1 (2): 330–61.Google Scholar
Hooker, M. B. 1975. Legal Pluralism: An Introduction to Colonial and Neo-Colonial Laws. London: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Hooker, M. B. 1984. Islamic Law in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jalal, Ayesha. 2000. Self and Sovereignty: Self and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jusoh, Hamid. 1991. The Position of Islamic Law in the Malaysian Constitution. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Keith, A. Berriedale, ed. 1922. Edmund Burke on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, 15–19 February 1788. In Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921, 1:114–55. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laffan, Michael. Dispersing God's Shadows: Reflections on the Translation of Arabic Political Concepts into Malay and Indonesian. Unpublished Paper: http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/proudfoot/mmp/laffan_apc.html (accessed March 8, 2007).Google Scholar
Lazarus-Black, Mindie, and Hirsch, Susan, eds. 1994. Contested States: Law, Hegemony and Resistance. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lev, Daniel S. 1972. Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lim Teck Ghee. 1976. Origins of a Colonial Economy. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaya.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmoud. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmoud. 1999. Historicizing Power and Responses to Power: Indirect Rule and Its Reform. Social Research 66 (3): 859–87.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn, and Yngvesson, Barbara. 1980. Language, Audience and the Transformation of Disputes. Law & Society Review 15:774821.Google Scholar
Maxwell, W. E. 1894. Memorandum on the Introduction of a Land Code in the Native States in the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Government Printers.Google Scholar
Mayer, Ann. 1990. The Shari'ah: A Methodology or a Body of Substantive Rules? In Heer, Nicholas and Ziadeh, Farhat, eds. Islamic Law and Jurisprudence, 177–98. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally. 1988. Legal Pluralism. Law & Society Review 22:869–96.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally. 2000. Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law. Princeton, NJ: University Press.Google Scholar
Messick, Brinckley. 1993. The Calligraphic State. Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel. 2001. State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Constitute and Transform One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Milner, A. C. 1982. Kerajaan: Malay Political Culture on the Eve of Colonial Rule. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Milner, A. C. 1987. Colonial Records History: British Malaya. Modern Asian Studies 21 (4): 773–92.Google Scholar
Milner, A. C. 1991. Inventing Politics: The Case of Malaysia. Past and Present, Aug. (132): 104–29.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonising Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1991. The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and their Critics. American Political Science Review 85 (1): 7796.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally Falk. 1978. Law as Process. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Parkinson, C. N. 1960. British Intervention in Malaya 1867–1877. Singapore: University of Malaya Press.Google Scholar
Peletz, Michael. 2002. Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rahman, M. J. 1986. The Undang-undang: A Mid-Eighteenth Century Malay Text. Occasional Paper no. 6. University of Kent at Canterbury, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1967. Nineteenth Century Pan-Islam in Indonesia and Malaysia. Journal of Asian Studies 26 (2): 267–83.Google Scholar
Riddell, Peter. 2001. Arab Migrants and Islamization in the Malay World during the Colonial Period. Indonesia and the Malay World, 29 (84): 113–28.Google Scholar
Robinson, Ronald. 1972. Non European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration. In Studies in the Theory of Imperialism, ed. Owen, Roger and Sutcliffe, Bob, 117–41. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. 1967. The Origins of Malay Nationalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. 1985. Islam Obscured? Reflections on Studies of Islam and Society in Southeast Asia. Archipel 29:734.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. 1987. Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning: Comparative Studies of Muslim Discourse. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Rosen, Lawrence. 1989. The Anthropology of Justice: Law as Culture in Islamic Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, Lawrence. 2000. The Justice of Islam: Comparative Perspectives on Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sadka, Emily. 1962. The State Councils in Perak and Selangor, 1877–1895. In Papers on Malayan History, ed. Tregonning, K. G., 89119. Singapore: Journal of South-East Asian History.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Skeat, W. 1953. The Cambridge Expedition to the North-Eastern Malay States, and to Upper Perak 1899–1900. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 26 (4): 8283.Google Scholar
Strawson, John. 1999. Islamic Law and English Texts. In Laws of the Postcolonial, ed. Fitzpatrick, Peter and Darian-Smith, Eve. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Patrick. 1987. Social Relations of Dependence in a Malay State: Nineteenth Century Perak. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Monograph 10.Google Scholar
Swettenham, Frank. 1906. British Malaya; An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya. London: J. Lane.Google Scholar
Unger, Roberto. 1976. Law in Modern Society: A Critique of Social Theory. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Van Bruinessen, Martin. 1990. Kitab Kuning: Books in Arabic Script Used in the Pesantren Milieu. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde 146:226–69.Google Scholar
Vincent, Joan. 1994. On Law and Hegemonic Moments: Looking Behind the Law in Early Modern Uganda. In Contested States: Law, Hegemony and Resistance, ed. Lazarus-Black, Mindie and Hirsch, Susan. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. J. 1908. Papers on Malay Subjects: History, Part 1–5. Kuala Lumpur: F.M.S. Government Press.Google Scholar
Winstedt, R. 1953. An Old Minangkabau Digest from Perak. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 26 (1): 114.Google Scholar