Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T22:23:35.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The People Against Themselves: Rethinking Popular Constitutionalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

In the course of reviewing Jed Shugerman's The People's Courts: Pursuing Judicial Independence in America and Bruce Ackerman's The Civil Rights Revolution, we argue for a reassessment of the way that scholars think about popular constitutionalism. In particular, we urge scholars to resist the tendency to create a dichotomy between judicial interpretation of law and a set of nonjudicial venues in which popular constitutionalism supposedly takes place. Popular constitutionalism is temporally and contextually bound, reflected in different forms and forums at different times in US political history and always dependent on the interactions between these institutions. By implication, this suggest that judges, rather than serving as obstacles to popular understandings of law, can and have used various forms of democratic authorization to strike down legislation violating both state and federal constitutions, thus bridging judicial review and popular constitutionalism with explicit support from the citizenry.

Type
Review Essays
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ackerman, Bruce. 1991. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Bruce. 2014. We the People: The Civil Rights Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, R. Douglas. 1990. Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack M., ed. 2002. What Brown v. Board of Education Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Landmark Civil Rights Decision. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack M. 2005. How Social Movements Change (Or Fail to Change) the Constitution: The Case of the New Departure. Suffolk Law Review 39:2765.Google Scholar
Beaumont, Elizabeth. 2013. The Civic Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beienburg, Sean. 2014. Contesting the U.S. Constitution through State Amendments: The 2011 and 2012 Elections. Political Science Quarterly 129:5585.Google Scholar
Benson, Josh. 2008. The Past Does Not Repeat Itself, but It Rhymes: The Second Coming of the Liberal Anti‐Court Movement. Law & Social Inquiry 33:10711100.Google Scholar
Bickel, Alexander. 1962. The Least Dangerous Branch. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs Merrill.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. 2002. Statement on Signing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. March 27. In The American Presidency Project, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=64503 (accessed January 13, 2016).Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2013. White Collar Government. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Chemerinsky, Erwin. 2004. In Defense of Judicial Review: A Reply to Professor Kramer. California Law Review 92:673–90.Google Scholar
Devins, Neal. 2012. Why Congress Did Not Think About the Constitution When Enacting the Affordable Care Act. Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=nulr_online (accessed January 13, 2016).Google Scholar
Devins, Neal, and Fisher, Louis. 2004. The Democratic Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dinan, John J. 2012. State Constitutional Amendment Processes and the Safeguards of American Federalism. Penn State Law Review 115:1007–34.Google Scholar
Ely, John Hart. 1980. Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Engel, Stephen. 2011. American Politicians Confront the Court: Opposition Politics and Changing Responses to Judicial Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Farhang, Sean. 2010. The Litigation State: Public Regulation and Private Lawsuits in the U.S. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fiss, Owen. 1976. Groups and the Equal Protection Clause. Philosophy and Public Affairs 5:107–77.Google Scholar
Francis, Megan Ming. 2014. Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, David L. 2006. Popular Constitutionalism as Presidential Constitutionalism. Chicago Kent Law Review 81:1069–90.Google Scholar
Friedman, Barry. 2003. Mediated Popular Constitutionalism. Michigan Law Review 101:25962636.Google Scholar
Frymer, Paul. 2003. Acting When Elected Officials Won't: Federal Courts and Civil Rights Enforcement in U.S. Labor Unions, 1935–85. American Political Science Review 97:483–99.Google Scholar
Frymer, Paul. 2008. Law and American Political Development. Law & Social Inquiry 33:780–81.Google Scholar
Frymer, Paul, and Yoon, Albert. 2002. Political Parties, Representation, and Federal Safeguards. Northwestern University Law Review 96:9771026.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 1992. The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Demise of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Goluboff, Risa L. 2007. The Lost Promise of Civil Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark. 1993. The Non‐Majoritarian Difficulty. Studies in American Political Development 7:3573.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark. 2000. The Law Professor as Populist. University of Richmond Law Review 34:373412.Google Scholar
Graber, Mark. 2006. Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kam, Cindy D., and Mikos, Robert A. 2007. Do Citizens Care About Federalism? An Experimental Test. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 4:589624.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Duncan. 1981. Critical Labor Law Theory: A Comment. Industrial Relations Law Journal 4:503–6.Google Scholar
Klarman, Michael. 2004. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, Larry. 2004. The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, Larry. 2007. “The Interest of the Man”: James Madison, Popular Constitutionalism, and the Theory of Deliberative Democracy. Valparaiso University Law Review 41:697754.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith, and Rosenthal, Howard. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McCubbins, Mathew D., and Schwartz, Thomas. 1984. Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols Versus Fire Alarms. American Journal of Political Science 28:165–79.Google Scholar
McMahon, Kevin J. 2004. Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McMahon, Kevin J. 2011. Nixon's Court: His Challenge to Judicial Liberalism and its Political Consequences. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mikos, Robert A. 2007. The Populist Safeguards of Federalism. Ohio State Law Journal 68:16691731.Google Scholar
Milkis, Sidney. 1993. The President and the Parties. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Milkis, Sidney. 2009. Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party, and the Transformation of American Democracy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Miller, Kenneth. 2009. Direct Democracy and the Courts. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neustadt, Richard E. 1960. Presidential Power. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Nichols, David. 2008. A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Olsen, Frances. 1984. Statutory Rape: A Feminist Critique of Rights Analysis. Texas Law Review 63:387412.Google Scholar
Pickerill, J. Mitchell. 2004. Constitutional Deliberation in Congress. Durham: NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Purdy, Jedediah. 2009. Presidential Popular Constitutionalism. Fordham Law Review 77:1837–71.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ross, William G. 1994. A Muted Fury: Populists, Progressives, and Labor Unions Confront the Courts, 1890–1937. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schambra, William. 2012. The Saviors of the Constitution. National Affairs 10. Reprinted as The Election of 1912 and the Origins of Constitutional Conservatism. In Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism During the Progressive Era, ed. Postell, Joseph and O'Neill, Jonathan, 95121. New York: Palgrave MacMillan (2013).Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semi‐Sovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Christopher W. 2011. Popular Constitutionalism on the Right: Lessons from the Tea Party. Denver University Law Review 88:523–57.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Colleen. 2004. Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion. American Political Science Review 98:405–24.Google Scholar
Siegel, Reva. 2008. Dead or Alive: Originalism as Popular Constitutionalism in Heller. Harvard Law Review 122:191265.Google Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen. 1993. The Politics Presidents Make. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Staszak, Sarah. 2015. No Day in Court: Access to Justice and the Politics of Judicial Retrenchment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strolovitch, Dara Z. 2007. Affirmative Advocacy: Race, Class, and Gender in Interest Group Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. 1999. One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tarr, G. Alan. 2012. Without Fear or Favor: Judicial Independence and Judicial Accountability in the States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, George. 2008. The Madisonian Constitution. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de. [1840] 2003. On the Spirit of the Lawyer in the United States and How It Serves as a Counterweight to Democracy. Democracy in America, Vol. 1, Pt. 2, Bk. 8, ed., Isaac Kramnick. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Tulis, Jeffrey. 1988. The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark. 1984. An Essay on Rights. Texas Law Review 62:13631403.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark. 1999a. The New Constitutional Order and the Chastening of Constitutional Aspiration. Harvard Law Review 113:29114.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark. 1999b. Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy. 1999. The Dignity of Legislation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy. 2006. The Core of the Case Against Judicial Review. Yale Law Journal 115:13461406.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 1999. Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 2005. “Interpose Your Friendly Hand”: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 99:583–96.Google Scholar
Whittington, Keith E. 2007. Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Gordon S. 1991. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Yarbrough, Jean. 2012. Theodore Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Young, Ernest A. 2008. The Constitution Outside the Constitution. Yale Law Journal 117:408–86.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Brown v. Board of Educ. of Topeka, 343 U.S. 483 (1945).Google Scholar
Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).Google Scholar
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).Google Scholar
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).Google Scholar
Stuart v. Laird, 5 U.S. 299 (1803).Google Scholar
United States v. E.C. Knight Co., 156 U.S. 1 (1895).Google Scholar
Whittington v. Polk, 1 H. & J. 236 (MD, 1802).Google Scholar