Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T11:03:34.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Middlemen: The Legal Profession, the Rule of Law, and Authoritarian Regimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Scholars are increasingly interested in exploring ways to strengthen the rule of law in authoritarian states—especially when deeper political reforms are not attainable. The article contributes to this discussion by revisiting the story of the emergence of the so‐called socialist legality in the communist states of Eastern Europe. Using the historical record from Poland, the author demonstrates a previously unnoticed, yet pivotal, role of legal professionals in facilitating socialist legality's rise to prominence. Using the lenses of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of fields, the article chronicles the evolving dynamic between the legal profession, the authoritarian regime, and society. These observations challenge conventional explanations of the emergence of the rule of law in nondemocratic conditions.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abbott, Andrew Delano. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 2003. English Lawyers Between Market and State: The Politics of Professionalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 2008. Lawyers in the Dock: Learning from Attorney Disciplinary Proceedings. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Administrative Division of the Central Committee. 1981. Memo on the Situation in the Justice Ministry. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Administrative Division of the Central Committee. 1984. Memo on the Socio‐Political Situation in the Legal Milieu. In Minutes No. 107 of the Sitting of the Politburo on 28.02.1984. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Bancaud, Alain. 2002. Une Exception Ordinaire: La Magistrature en France 1930–1950. Paris: Editions Gallimard.Google Scholar
Bar, Ludwik. 1973. Sądowa Kontrola Decyzji Administracyjnych [Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions]. Państwo i Prawo 28 (3): 517.Google Scholar
Berman, Harold J. 1983. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bertilsson, Thora M. 2006. On the Accumulation of Cosmopolitan Capital—A Comment on Bourdieu and Law. Retfærd 29:108115.Google Scholar
Biernacki, Jarosław, and Dzialuk, Igor. 1986. Strażnik Praw [The Protector of Rights]. Prawo i Życie 31 (46): 35.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field. Hastings Law Journal 38 (3): 814854.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo Academicus. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2009. Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental? Journal of Democracy 20 (1): 519.Google Scholar
Chua, Amy. 2000. Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy. Harvard International Law Journal 41 (2): 287381.Google Scholar
Committee on Law and Rule of Law of the Central Committee. 1984. Minutes of the April 27, 1984 Meeting of the Committee on Law and the Rule of Law of the Central Committee. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Czeszejko‐Sochacki, Zdzisław. 1986. Trybunał Konstytucyjny a Adwokatura [Constitutional Tribunal and Attorneys]. Palestra 39 (2): 1.Google Scholar
Dawidowicz, Wacław. 1956. W Sprawie Sądownictwa Administracyjnego [On Administrative Courts]. Państwo i Prawo 11 (12): 10411048.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 1996. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order, Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 2010. Asian Legal Revivals: Lawyers in the Shadow of Empire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dinovitzer, Ronit. 2006. Social Capital and Constraints on Legal Careers. Law & Society Review 40 (2): 445480.Google Scholar
Dinovitzer, Ronit. 2011. The Financial Rewards of Elite Status in the Legal Profession. Law & Social Inquiry 36 (4): 971998.Google Scholar
Domański, Henryk, and Sawiński, Zbigniew. 1991. Wzory Prestiżu a Struktura Społeczna [Models of Prestige and Social Structure]. Warsaw: Ossolineum.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 2010. Transitions to the Rule of Law. Journal of Democracy 21 (1): 3344.Google Scholar
Garlicki, Stefan. 1958. Dostęp do Adwokatury [Access to the Legal Profession]. Palestra 2 (5–6): 310.Google Scholar
Garlicki, Stefan. 1959. Przemówienie na Walnym Zgromadzeniu Izby Warszawskiej [Speech at the General Assembly of the Warsaw Bar Association]. Palestra 3 (7–8): 1218.Google Scholar
Gazeta Sądowa i Penitencjarna. 1971. Obywatelskie Prawa i Sądowe Obowiązki [Citizens' Rights and Courts' Obligations]. Gazeta Sądowa i Penitencjarna 11 (14): 1, 8.Google Scholar
Gebert, Stanisław. 1973. O Kwestii Rozwoju Krytyki Naukowej w Naukach Prawnych [On the Development of Scholarly Critique in Legal Studies]. Państwo i Prawo 28 (12): 37.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, and Moustafa, Tamir. 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm. 2007. Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
von Hayek, Friedrich A. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. London: G. Routledge & Sons.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. 1991. Democracy's Third Wave. Journal of Democracy 2 (2): 1234.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christian. 2009. How Development Leads to Democracy. Foreign Affairs 88 (2): 3348.Google Scholar
Janczewski, Stanisław. 1957. Pierwsza Rocznica Samorządu Adwokatów [First Anniversary of the Bar Association]. Palestra 1 (4): 314.Google Scholar
Jarosz, Zdzisław. 1999. Sylwester Zawadzki 1921–1999. Państwo i Prawo 54 (12): 8892.Google Scholar
Jaworski, Czesław. 1990. Uwagi, Zarzuty, Refleksje—W Sprawie Adwokatury Polskiej [Comments and Reflections on the Polish Bar]. Palestra 35 (10): 313.Google Scholar
Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 1999. Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jewel, Lucille A. 2008. Bourdieu and American Legal Education: How Law Schools Reproduce Social Stratification and Class Hierarchy. Buffalo Law Review 56 (4): 11551224.Google Scholar
Jodłowski, Jerzy. 1956. Gwarancje na Przyszłość [Guarantees for the Future]. Prawo i Życie 1 (3): 78.Google Scholar
Kaczyński, Jarosław, Kaczyński, Lech, Karnowski, Michał, and Zaremba, Piotr. 2006. Alfabet Braci Kaczyńskich [Alphabet of the Kaczyński Brothers]. Kraków: Wydawnictwo “M”.Google Scholar
Kantorowicz, Ernst H. 1957. The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kędzia, Zdzisław. 1986. Prawa Obywatelskie [Civil Rights]. Prawo i Życie 31 (10): 34.Google Scholar
Kmieciak, Zbigniew. 2000. Ogólne Zasady Prawa i Postępowania Administracyjnego [General Principles of Law and Administrative Procedure]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Prawnicze PWN.Google Scholar
Kozłowski, Hubert. 1980. Czas Prawa, Czas Prawniczego Myślenia [The Time of Law, The Time of Legal Thinking]. Prawo i Życie 26 (38): 34.Google Scholar
Krieger, Leonard. 1957. The German Idea of Freedom: History of a Political Tradition. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Krygier, Martin. 1990. Marxism and the Rule of Law: Reflections after the Collapse of Communism. Law & Social Inquiry 15 (4): 633663.Google Scholar
Lang, Wiesław. 1971. Wymogi Praworządności [Requirements of the Rule of Law]. Prawo i Życie 16 (3): 1, 5.Google Scholar
Lang, Wiesław, Wróblewski, Jerzy, and Zawadzki, Sylwester. 1979. Teoria Państwa i Prawa [Theory of State and Law]. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.Google Scholar
Łęczycki, Szymon. 1979. Problemy Praworządności w Działaniu Administracji Państwowej—Sprawozdanie z Sesji Komitetu Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk [Problems with the Rule of Law in the Activities of the State Administration—Report from a Session of the Legal Sciences Committee of the Polish Academy of Science]. Państwo i Prawo 34 (12): 160162.Google Scholar
Ledford, Kenneth F. 1996. From General Estate to Special Interest: German Lawyers, 1878–1933. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leonard, Christian, Stordeur, Sabine, and Roberfroid, Dominique. 2009. Association Between Physician Density and Health Care Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Health Policy 91 (2): 121134.Google Scholar
Lewandowska, Izabela. 1986. Zielone Światło dla Rzecznika Praw [Green Light for the Ombudsman]. Gazeta Prawnicza [formerly Gazeta Sądowa i Penitencjarna] 16 (21): 1, 5, 6.Google Scholar
Lityński, Adam. 2010. Historia Prawa Polski Ludowej [History of Law of the People's Poland]. Warsaw: LexisNexis.Google Scholar
Lityński, Adam. 2012. Prawo Rosji i ZSRR 1917–1991 [Law of Russia and the Soviet Union 1917–1991]. Warsaw: C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Łopatka, Adam. 1969. Pojęcie Praworządności [Concept of the Rule of Law]. In Podstawowe Prawa i Obowiązki Obywateli PRL [Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens of the Polish People's Republic], ed. Łopatka, Adam, 3. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.Google Scholar
Madsen, Mikael Rask. 2006. Transnational Fields: Elements of a Reflexive Sociology of the Internationalisation of Law. Retfærd 29:3441.Google Scholar
Markovits, Inga. 1982. Law or Order: Constitutionalism and Legality in Eastern Europe. Stanford Law Review 34 (3): 513613.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 1957. Minutes of the Meeting of Minister of Justice with Chief Appellate Judges. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 1959. Minutes of the Meeting of Minister of Justice with Chief Appellate Judges. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 1960. Discussion with the Editorial Board of Law and Life on Apr. 23, 1960: Notes for the Minister. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Murzynowski, Andrzej. 1986. Ostatnia Deska Ratunku [The Last Hope]. Prawo i Życie 31 (50): 78.Google Scholar
Office of Letters and Inspections of the Central Committee. 1971. Memo on Letters and Complaints Submitted to the Central Committee in 1971. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Opałek, Kazimierz. 1967. Perspektywy Rozwoju Nauk Prawnych w Polsce do Roku 1985 [Prospects for the Development of Legal Studies in Poland by 1985]. Państwo i Prawo 22 (7): 317.Google Scholar
Osiel, Mark J. 1995. Dialogue with Dictators: Judicial Resistance in Argentina and Brazil. Law & Social Inquiry 20 (2): 481560.Google Scholar
Palestra. 1970. Prawa o Adwokaturze [Press on Attorneys]. Palestra 24 (3): 113121.Google Scholar
Palestra. 1976. Po VII Zjezdzie PZPR: Wywiad z Prezesem NRA [After the VIIth Congress of the Party: Interview with the President of the Supreme Bar Association]. Palestra 30 (1): 211.Google Scholar
Palestra. 1981. Ogólnopolski Zjazd Adwokatów w Poznaniu w Dniach 3 i 4 Stycznia 1981 Roku [National Convention of Attorneys; Poznań, January 3–4, 1981]. Palestra 25 (3–4): 1.Google Scholar
Państwo i Prawo. 1950. Z Prac Podsekscji Prawa I Kongresu Nauki Polskiej [Report on the Proceedings of the Subsection of Law of I Congress of Polish Science]. Państwo i Prawo 5 (10): 112113.Google Scholar
Pilczyński, Jerzy. 1986. Trybunał w Blasku Jupiterów [Tribunal in Blinding Glare]. Gazeta Prawnicza [formerly Gazeta Sądowa i Penitencjarna] 16 (13): 1, 4–5.Google Scholar
Podemski, Stanisław. 1971. Szukając Gwarancji [In Search of Guarantees] Gazeta Sądowa i Penitencjarna 11 (5): 1.Google Scholar
Podgórecki, Adam. 1986. A Story of a Polish Thinker. Cologne: Verlag für Gesellschaftsarchitektur.Google Scholar
Politburo of the Communist Party. 1971. Response to a Letter of Władysław Gomułka dated Jun. 15, 1971. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Posner, Eric A., and Vermeule, Adrian. 2003. Nondelegation: A Post‐Mortem. University of Chicago Law Review 70 (4): 13311334.Google Scholar
Prawo i Życie 1986. Porozmawiajmy o Państwie [Let's Talk About the State]. Prawo i Życie 1 (31): 35.Google Scholar
Propaganda Division of the Central Committee. 1985. Memo on the Propaganda Techniques Before the Parliamentary Election. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Antonio Cheibub, Jose, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well‐Being in the World 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, and Maravall, José Maria. 2003. Democracy and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Radbruch, Gustav. 1957. Der Mensch im Recht. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Raz, Joseph. 1979. The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rose‐Ackerman, Susan. 1995. Controlling Environmental Policy: The Limits of Public Law in Germany and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. 1973. Lawyers and Their Society: A Comparative Study of the Legal Profession in Germany and in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rymarz, Ferdynand. 1982. Czy Ten Kompromis Zadowala? [Is This Compromise Satisfactory?]. Palestra 36 (9–10): 1214.Google Scholar
Secretariat of the Central Committee. 1971. Political Situation of the Country and the Party's Tasks: Memo for VIII Plenum of the Central Committee—Secret. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Secretariat of the Central Committee. 1984. On Strengthening the State and Development of Socialist Democracy: Draft Statement of the Politburo—Confidential. In Minutes No. 120 of the Sitting of the Politburo on 2.10.1984. Document from Polish National Archives, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin M. 1981. Courts, a Comparative and Political Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin M. 2002. Judicial Delegation Doctrines: The US, Britain, and France. West European Politics 25 (1): 173199.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, Hilary. 2007. Researching and Theorizing the Processes of Professional Identity Formation. Journal of Law and Society 34 (2): 190217.Google Scholar
Stanowska, Maria, and Strzembosz, Adam. 2005. Sędziowie Warszawscy w Czasie Próby, 1981–1988 [Warsaw Judges at the Time of Trial, 1981–1988]. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.Google Scholar
Stone, Julius. 1962. L'Etat, C'Est Moi! L'Etat Est Mort! A Retrospect on Soviet Marxist Theorizing on State and Law. UCLA Law Review 10 (4): 754779.Google Scholar
Świątkiewicz, Jerzy. 1980. Istota i Zakres Sądowej Kontroli Decyzji Administracyjnych [Nature and Scope of the Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions]. Palestra 24 (6): 112.Google Scholar
Szer, Seweryn. 1965. Kilka Uwag na Temat Nauki Prawa Cywilnego [A Few Remarks on the Science of Civil Law]. Państwo i Prawo 20 (5): 829838.Google Scholar
Tokarczyk, Roman Andrzej. 2009. Antologia Anegdoty Akademickiej [Anthology of an Academic Anecdote]. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer Polska.Google Scholar
Turska, Anna, and Winczorek, Piotr. 1998. Stanisław Ehrlich (1907–1997). Studia Iuridica 36:218220.Google Scholar
Wiszniewski, Jerzy. 1962. Zarys Encyklopedii Prawa [The Outline of the Legal Encyclopedia]. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.Google Scholar
Zawadzki, Sylwester. 1962. Aktualne Problemy Nauki Prawa [Current Problems of the Science of Law]. Państwo i Prawo 17 (3): 383398.Google Scholar
Zawadzki, Sylwester. 1979. Przesłanki i Kierunki Aktualizacji Kodeksu Postępowania Administracyjnego [Premises and Directions of Updating the Code of Administrative Procedure]. Państwo i Prawo 34 (8–9): 324.Google Scholar
Zieliński, Adam. 1990. Z Perspektywy Dziesięciolecia Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego [Looking Back at Ten Years of the Supreme Administrative Court]. Państwo i Prawo 45 (9): 324.Google Scholar
Ziembiński, Zygmunt. 1971. Teoria Prawa a Szczegółowe Nauki Prawne [Theory of Law and Legal Sub‐Disciplines]. Państwo i Prawo 26 (2): 259265.Google Scholar
Żywicki, Władysław. 1959. Adwokatura Jako Współczynnik Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości [Attorneys as Co‐Creators of the Administration of Justice]. Palestra 3 (7–8): 1938.Google Scholar
Decision of May 28, U 1/86, 1986–1995 OTK 1986–1995, vol. 1, item 2 (1986).Google Scholar
Decision of May 28, U 1/86, 1986–1995 OTK 1986–1995, vol. 1, item 2 (1986).Google Scholar