Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T11:18:49.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Legal Mobilization and the Politics of Reform: Lessons From School Finance Litigation in Kentucky, 1984-1995

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

This article is about legal mobilization by claimant groups seeking left-liberal reform in the United States. Drawing on a growing body of work in political science and legal studies, it takes an interpretive, legal-mobilization approach to one litigation-based reform effort: school finance litigation and education reform in Kentucky. In turn, this case study provides leverage for theorizing about legal mobilization and the role of law and courts in social reform. The article argues that current theoretical approaches either overlook or neglect the implications of important dimensions of legal mobilization by would-be reformers. Specifically, it highlights and explicates the meaning of two related themes: (1) legal translation, taken up here as legal framing and legal construction, and (2) the degree of coherence or fit between the legal and political components of reform projects that include both legal mobilization and extrajudicial strategies and tactics. This article suggests that the “degree of coherence” may have an important but underappreciated relationship to the overall success or failure of such reform projects.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2001 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, Bruce. 1991. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Jacob E. 1993a. The Prichard Committee for Academic Excellence: Credible Advocacy for Kentucky Schools. Consortium for Policy Research in Education, December.Google Scholar
Adams, Jacob E. 1993b. School Finance Reform and Systemic Change: Reconstituting Kentucky's Public Schools. Journal of Education Finance 18:318–45.Google Scholar
Applebaum, Peter. 1996. Revamped Kentucky Schools Are a Study in Pros and Cons. New York Times, 26 March, A1.Google Scholar
Brigham, John. 1987. Rights, Rage, Remedy: Forms of Law in Political Discourse. In Studies in American Political Development: An Annual, ed. Omen, Karen and Skowronek, Stephen, 2:303–16. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Peter. 1996. The Law as Narrative and Rhetoric. In Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in Law, ed. Brooks, Peter and Gewirtz, Paul. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bumiller, Kristin. 1988. The Civil Rights Society: The Social Construction of Victims. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Clayton, Cornell W., and Gillman, Howard, eds. 1999. Supreme Court Decision-Making: New Institutionalist Approaches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Clune, William. 1992. New Answers to Hard Questions Posed by Rodriguez: Ending the Separation of School Finance and Educational Policy by Bridging the Gap between Wrong and Remedy. Connecticut Law Review 24:721–55.Google Scholar
Combs, Bert T. 1991. Creative Constitutional Law: The Kentucky School Reform Law. Harvard Journal on Legislation 28:367–78.Google Scholar
Coons, John E., William, H. Clune III, and Stephen Sugarman, D. 1970. Private Wealth and Public Education. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cover, Robert. 1983. The Supreme Court, 1982 Term, Forward: Nomos and Narrative. Harvard Law Review 97:468.Google Scholar
Dove, Ronald. 1991. Acorns in a Mountain Pool: The Role of Litigation, Law, and Lawyers in Kentucky Education Reform. Journal of Education Finance 17:83119.Google Scholar
Elmore, Richard F., and Wallin McLaughlin, Milbrey. 1982. Reform and Retrenchment: The Politics of California School Finance Reform. Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles R. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ethington, Phillip J., and Eileen McDonagh, L. 1995. The Common Space of Social Science Inquiry. Polity 28:8590.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Susan Silbey, S. 1995. Subversive Stories and Hegemonic Tales: Toward a Sociology of Narrative. Law and Society Review 29:197226.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard. 1993. The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Demise of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard 199697. The New Institutionalism, Part I: More and Less Than Strategy: Some Advantages to Interpretive Institutionalism in the Analysis of Judicial Politics. Law and Courts, Newsletter of the Law and Courts Section of the American Political Science Association 7:611.Google Scholar
Gillman, Howard, and Cornell Clayton, W. 1999. Beyond Judicial Attitudes: Institutional Approaches to Supreme Court Decision-Making. In Clayton, and Gillman, , eds., 1999.Google Scholar
Goetz, Stephan J., and David Debertin, L. 1994. School Finance Reform. In A Review of Research on the Kentucky Education Reform Act. Frankfort: Kentucky Institute for Education Research.Google Scholar
Goodlad, John. 1984. A Place Called School: Prospects for the Future. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert W. 1984. Critical Legal Histories. Stanford Law Review 36:57125.Google Scholar
Handler, Joel F. 1978. Social Movements and the Legal System. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Handler, Joel F. 1996. Down from Bureaucracy: The Ambiguity of Privatization and Empowerment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Harp, Lonnie. 1991. After First Year, Ky. Reforms Called “on the Move. Education Week , 10 April, p. 1.Google Scholar
Harp, Lonnie 1994. The Plot Thickens. Education Week , 18 May, p. 1.Google Scholar
Harris, Beth. 1998. The Dynamics of Legal Leverage: Defending the Right-to-Home. In Studies in Law, Politics, and Society, ed. Sarat, Austin and Ewick, Patricia, 18:115–70.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1977. The Courts and Social Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Hunt, Alan. 1993. Explorations in Law and Society: Toward a Constitutive Theory of Law. New York: Routledge, Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Hunter, Molly A. 1999. All Eyes Forward: Public Engagement and Educational Reform in Kentucky. Journal of Law and Education 28: 485516.Google Scholar
Jencks, Christopher. 1988. Whom Must We Treat Equally for Educational Opportunity to Be Equal Ethics 98:518–33.Google Scholar
Katznelson, Ira, and Weir, Margaret. 1985. Schooling for All: Class, Race, and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kentucky Department of Education. 1995. Kentucky Education Reform: The First Five Years. Frankfort: Kentucky Department of Education.Google Scholar
Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. 1994. The Kentucky Education Reform Act: A Citizens Handbook. Frankfort: Kentucky Department of Education.Google Scholar
Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. 1996. Office of Educational Accountability, Annual Report. Frankfort: Kentucky Department of Education.Google Scholar
Landy, Marc. 1978. Kentucky. In The Political Life of the American States, ed. Rosenthal, Alan and Moakley, Maureen. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Susan E. 1990. The Poor in Court: The Legal Services Program and Supreme Court Decision Making. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lehne, Richard. 1978. Quest for Justice: The Politics of School Finance Reform. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Levi, Edward I. 1948. An Introduction to legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn. 1995. The Fired Football Coach (Or, How Trial Courts Make Policy). In Contemplating Courts, ed. Epstein, Lee. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn 1997. Theorizing about Trial Courts: Lawyers, Policymaking, and Tobacco Litigation. Paper Presented at Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., 28–;31 August.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn, and Yngvesson, Barbara. 198081. Language, Audience, and the Transformation of Disputes. Law and Society Review 15:775821.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1986. Taking Reform Seriously: Perspectives on Public Interest Liberalism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1992. Reform Litigation on Trial. Law and Social Inquiry 17:1543.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1995. It's Only Law and Courts, But I Like It …. Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1998. Law and Political Struggles for Social Change: Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Promises for Future Research. In Leveraging the Law: Using the Courts to Achieve Social Change, ed. David Schultz, A. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W., and Silverstein, Helena. 1998. Rethinking Law's “Allurements”: A Relational Analysis of Social Movement Lawyers in the United States. In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, ed. Stuart Scheingold, A. and Sarat, Austin. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McUsic, Molly S. 1998. The Law's Role in the Distribution of Education: The Promises and Pitfalls of School Finance Litigation. In Law and School Reform: Six Strategies For Promoting Educational Equity, ed. Jay Heubert, P. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Melnick, R. Shep. 1983. Regulation and the Courts: The Case of the Clean Air Act. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Melnick, R. Shep 1994. Between the Lines: Interpreting Welfare Rights. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Miller, Penny M. 1994. Kentucky Politics and Government. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Penny M., and Malcolm Jewell, E. 1990. Political Parties and Primaries in Kentucky. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar
Milner, Neal. 1986. The Dilemmas of Legal Mobilization: Ideologies and Strategies of Mental Patient Liberation Groups. Law and Policy 8:105–29.Google Scholar
Milner, Neal 1989. The Denigration of Rights and the Persistence of Rights Talk: A Cultural Portrait. Law and Social Inquiry 14:631–75.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1990. Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha 1991. School Finance: Does Money Matter. Harvard Journal on Legislation 28:395400.Google Scholar
National Commission on Excellence in Education. 1983. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Odden, Allan R., ed. 1992. Rethinking School Finance: An Agenda for the 1990s. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Official Report of the Proceedings and Debates in the Convention to Adopt, Amend, or Change the Constitution of the State of Kentucky. 1890. Vols. 1–;4. Frankfort, Kentucky .Google Scholar
Olson, Susan. 1981. The Political Evolution of Interest Group Litigation. In Governing Through Courts, ed. Richard, A. L. Gambitta, Marlynn May, L., and James, Foster C. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Olson, Susan 1984. Clients and Lawyers: Securing the Rights of Disabled Persons. Greenwood, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Orren, Karen, and Skowronek, Stephen. 1996. Institutions and Intercurrence: Theory Building in the Fullness of Time. In Nomos 37, Political Order, ed. Shapiro, Ian and Harden, Russell. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Paris, David C. 1995. Ideoloa and Educational Reform: Themes and Theories in Public Education. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Pearce, John ed. 1987. Divide and Dissent: Kentucky Politics, 1930–;1963. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1993. When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change. World Politics , July, 595628.Google Scholar
Prichard Committee for Academic Excellence. 1989. A Path to a Larger Life: Creating Kentucky's Educational Future. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar
Rabkin, Jeremy. 1989. Judicial Compulsions: How Public Law Distorts Public Policy. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Reed, Douglas S. 1998. Twenty-Five Years After Rodriguez: School Finance Litigation and the Impact of the New Judicial Federalism. Law and Society Review 32:175220.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Thomas Kearns, R. 1993. Beyond the Great Divide: Forms of Legal Scholarship and Everyday Life. In Law in Everyday Life, ed. Sarat, Austin and Kearns, Thomas. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. 1974. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 1988. Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. 1985. Prich: A New Deal Memoir. New York Review of Books , 28 March, p. 21.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Helena. 1996. Unleashing Rights: Legal Meaning and the Animal Rights Movement. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Sizer, Theodore R. 1984. Horace's Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High School. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Smith, Rogers M. 1988. Political Jurisprudence, the “New Institutionalism” and the Future of Public Law. American Political Science Review 82:89108.Google Scholar
South worth, Ann. 1998. Lawyers and the Politics of Rights in Civil Rights and Poverty Practice. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, Aspen, Colorado, 3–;7 June.Google Scholar
Stanfield, Rochelle. 1991. Equity and Excellence. National Journal, 11 November, p. 2860.Google Scholar
Steffy, Betty E. 1993. The Kentucky Education Reform: Lessons For America. Lancaster, Penn: Technomic Publishing.Google Scholar
Toch, Thomas. 1991. In the Name of Excellence: The Struggle to Reform the Nation's Schools, Why It's Failing, and What Should Be Done. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Trimble, Scott C., and Andrew Forsaith, C. 1995. Achieving Equity and Excellence in Kentucky Education. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 28 599653.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark V. 1987. The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925–;1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Underwood, Julie K. 1995. School Finance Adequacy as Vertical Equity. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 28:493519.Google Scholar
Verstegen, Deborah A., and Whitney, Terry. 1997. From Courthouses to Schoolhouses: Emerging Judicial Theories of Adequacy and Equity. Educational Policy 11:330–52.Google Scholar
White, James Boyd. 1990. Justice As Translation: An Essay in Cultural and Legal Criticism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Zemans, Frances Kahn. 1983. Legal Mobilization: The Neglected Role of the Law in the Political System. American Political Science Review 77:690703.Google Scholar