Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:21:48.009Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lawyers for God and Neighbor: The Emergence of “Law as a Calling” as a Mobilizing Frame for Christian Lawyers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Drawing on movement framing, collective identity, and mobilization scholarship, this article examines the emergence and potential effects of framing “law as a calling” for the Christian Lawyering community. The article finds that the term should have strong resonance and salience in the broader Christian community. It also finds that because of its interpretive malleability, “law as a calling” has been discussed and actualized in three related, but distinct, ways. That is, “law as a calling” has been conceptualized as requiring Christian Lawyers to turn inward, turn outward by pursuing social justice, and turn outward as a culture warrior. The article argues that while the different interpretations of “law as a calling” address a range of needs required to mobilize potential and existing Christian L/lawyers, the different ideological factions of self‐identifying Christian Lawyers emphasize different understandings of “law as a calling.”

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agenda: Pro Bono and Service Obligations. 1998. Fordham Law Review 66:16291632.Google Scholar
Ajalat, Charles 1996. Practice, Church, Life and Society. Texas Tech Law Review 27:933940.Google Scholar
Allegretti, Joseph G. 1991. Christ and the Code: The Dilemma of the Christian Attorney. Catholic Lawyer 34:131142.Google Scholar
Allegretti, Joseph G. 1996. The Lawyer's Calling: Christian Faith and Legal Practice. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Allegretti, Joseph G. 2001. The Lawyer's Calling Revisited. St. John's Law Review 75:267272.Google Scholar
Allegretti, Joseph G. 2005. Clients, Courts, and Calling: Rethinking the Practice of Law. Pepperdine Law Review 32:395410.Google Scholar
Baker, Thomas E., and Floyd, Timothy W., eds. 1997. Can a Good Christian Be a Good Lawyer?: Homilies, Witnesses, and Reflections, 1st ed. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Thomas E., and Floyd, Timothy W. 1998. Can a Good Christian Be a Good Lawyer? Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Barry, Margaret Martin, Dubin, Jon C., and Joy, Peter A. 2000. Clinical Education for This Millennium: The Third Wave. Clinical Law Review 7:176.Google Scholar
Bost, Thomas G., and Perrin, L. Timothy 2005. Practicing Law as a Christian: Restoration Movement Perspectives. Pepperdine Law Review 32:419438.Google Scholar
Breinlinger, Sara, and Kelly, Caroline 1996. The Social Psychology of Collective Action, 1st ed. Canterbury, Kent, UK: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Brown, Steven P. 2002. Trumping Religion: The New Christian Right, the Free Speech Clause, and the Courts, 1st ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Caudill, David S. 2010. On the Rhetorical Invention of a Failed Project: A Critical Response to Skeel's Assessment of Christian Legal Scholarship. Seton Hall Law Review 40:971990.Google Scholar
Cochran, Robert F. Jr. 2005. Introduction: Can the Ordinary Practice of Law Be a Religious Calling? Pepperdine Law Review 32:373382.Google Scholar
Cummings, Scott L. 2004. The Politics of Pro Bono. UCLA Law Review 52:1150.Google Scholar
Den Dulk, Kevin R. 2006. In Legal Culture, But Not of It: The Role of Cause Lawyers in Evangelical Legal Mobilization. In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 197219. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Den Dulk, Kevin R. 2008. Purpose‐Driven Lawyers: Evangelical Cause Lawyering and the Culture War. In The Cultural Lives of Cause Lawyers, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 5678. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Weerd, Marga, and Klandermans, Bert 1999. Group Identification and Political Protest: Farmers' Protest in the Netherlands. European Journal of Social Psychology 29 (8): 10731095.Google Scholar
Dialogue on the Practice of Law and Spiritual Values: Sponsored by the CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution and the Louis Stein Center for Law and Ethics at Fordham University Law School. 2001. Fordham Urban Law Journal 28:9921088.Google Scholar
Diani, Mario 2007. Networks and Participation. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 339359. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dinovitzer, Ronit, and Garth, Bryant G. 2007. Lawyer Satisfaction in the Process of Structuring Legal Careers. Law & Society Review 41 (1): 150.Google Scholar
DiPippa, John M. A. 1998. Jacob's Blessing, Cooperative Grace, and Practicing Law with a Limp. Catholic Lawyer 38:265278.Google Scholar
Droge, A. J. 1992. Call Stories. In The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles R. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective, 1st ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Escalera, Nitza Milagros 1998. A Christian Lawyer's Mandate to Provide Pro Bono Publico Service. Fordham Law Review 66:13931404.Google Scholar
Felstiner, William L. F., Abel, Richard L., and Sarat, Austin 1980. The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming. … Law & Society Review 15:631654.Google Scholar
Friedman, Debra, and McAdam, Dough 1992. Collective Identity and Activism: Networks, Choices, and the Life of a Social Movement. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg, 156173. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Gamson, Joshua 1997. Messages of Exclusion: Gender, Movements, and Symbolic Boundaries. Gender & Society 11 (2): 178199.Google Scholar
Gamson, William 1988. Political Discourse and Collective Action. International Social Movement Research 1:219244.Google Scholar
Gamson, William 1991. Commitment and Agency in Social Movements. Sociological Forum Research 6:2750.Google Scholar
Gerber, Leslie E. 1993. Can Lawyers Be Saved? The Theological Legal Ethics of Thomas Shaffer. Journal of Law and Religion 10:347366.Google Scholar
Giba‐Matthews, F. 1999. Vocation as Curse. Fordham Urban Law Journal 26:11491154.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann 1994. A Nation Under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession Is Transforming American Society, 1st ed. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Griffin, Leslie 1998. The Relevance of Religion to a Lawyer's Work: Legal Ethics. Fordham Law Review 66:12531282.Google Scholar
Hacker, Hans J. 2005. The Culture of Conservative Christian Litigation. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C. 1999. Politics and Civic Professionalism: Legal Elites and Cause Lawyers. Law & Social Inquiry 24 (4): 10131060.Google Scholar
Hardy, Lee 2005. A Larger Calling Still. Pepperdine Law Review 32:383394.Google Scholar
Heinz, John P., Paik, Anthony, and Southworth, Ann 2003. Lawyers for Conservative Causes: Clients, Ideology, and Social Distance. Law & Society Review 37 (1): 550.Google Scholar
Holland, Laura G. 1999. Invading the Ivory Tower: The History of Clinical Education at Yale Law School. Journal of Legal Education 49:504534.Google Scholar
Hollis‐Brusky, Amanda 2011. Support Structures and Constitutional Change: Teles, Southworth, and the Conservative Legal Movement. Law & Social Inquiry 36 (2): 516536.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie 2001. From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory. Political Psychology 22 (1): 127156.Google Scholar
Hunt, Scott A., and Benford, Robert A. 2007. Collective Identity, Solidarity, and Commitment. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 433457. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hunt, Scott A., Benford, Robert, and Snow, David A. 1994. Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities. In New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity, ed. Larana, Enrique, Johnston, Hank, and Gusfield, Joseph R., 185208. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, Hank, Larana, Enrique, and Gusfield, Joseph R. 1994. Identities, Grievances, and New Social Movements. In New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity, rev. ed., ed. Larana, Enrique, Johnston, Hank, and Gusfield, Joseph R. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Lynn 2005. Exploring the Sources of Cause and Career Correspondence Among Cause Lawyers. In The World's Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kastleman, Hilary R. 1998. Selected Bibliography: Religion and Lawyering. Fordham Law Review 66:16431652.Google Scholar
Klandermans, Bert 2007. The Demand and Supply of Participation: Social‐Psychological Correlates of Participation in Social Movements. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 360379. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kleinhans, Kathryn 2005. The Work of a Christian: Vocation in Lutheran Perspective. Word & World 25 (4): 394402.Google Scholar
Krieger, Linda H. 1995. The Content of Our Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach to Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity. Stanford Law Review 47 (6): 11611248.Google Scholar
Kronman, Anthony 1993. The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Legal Profession. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Randy 1998. Faith Through Lawyering: Finding and Doing What Is Mine to Do. Regent University Law School 11:71136.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization, 1st ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto 1988. Getting Involved: Identity and Mobilization in Social Movements. International Social Movements Research 1:329348.Google Scholar
Moral and Religious Counseling of Clients. 1998. Fordham Law Review 66:16091610.Google Scholar
Osler, Mark 2012. The Lawyer's Humble Walk. Pepperdine Law Review 32 (2): 483498.Google Scholar
Pearce, Russell G. 1998. The Religious Lawyering Movement: An Emerging Force in Legal Ethics and Professionalism. Fordham Law Review 66:10751082.Google Scholar
Pearce, Russell G, and Uelmen, Amelia J. 2006. Religious Lawyering's Second Wave. Journal of Law and Religion 21:296–81.Google Scholar
Placher, William C., ed. 2005. Callings: Twenty Centuries of Christian Wisdom on Vocation. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Polletta, Francesca, and Jasper, James M. 2001. Collective Identity and Social Movements. Annual Review of Sociology 27:283305.Google Scholar
Porter, Thomas W. Jr. 1999. The Spirit and the Law. Fordham Urban Law Journal 26:11551166.Google Scholar
Powell, Burnele Venable 1998. Risking the Terrible Question of Religion in the Life of the Lawyer. Fordham Law Review 66:13211328.Google Scholar
The Relevance of Religion to a Lawyer's Work. 1998. Fordham Law Review 66:10751652.Google Scholar
Sanders, Jimmy 2002. Ethnic Boundaries and Identity in Plural Societies. Annual Review of Sociology 28:327357.Google Scholar
Schutt, Michael P. 2007. Redeeming Law: Christian Calling and the Legal Profession, 1st ed. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic.Google Scholar
Shaffer, Thomas L. 1994. On Religious Legal Ethics. Catholic Lawyer 35:393400.Google Scholar
Shaffer, Thomas L. 1998. Faith Tends to Subvert Legal Order. Fordham Law Review 66:10891100.Google Scholar
Shdaimah, Corey 2006. Intersecting Identities: Cause Lawyers as Legal Professionals and Social Movement Actors. In Cause Lawyering and Social Movements, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Skeel, David A. 2008. The Unbearable Lightness of Christian Legal Scholarship. Emory Law Journal 57:14711525.Google Scholar
Snow, David A. 2007. Framing Processes, Ideology, and Discursive Fields. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 380412. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Snow, David A., and Benford, Robert 1992. Master Frames and Cycles of Protest. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg, 456472. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Snow, David A., Rochford, E. Burke Jr., Worden, Steven K., and Benford, Robert 1986. Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American Sociological Review 51:464481.Google Scholar
Southworth, Ann 2005. Professional Identity and Political Commitment Among Lawyers for Conservative Causes. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 83111. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Southworth, Ann 2008. Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stabile, Susan J. 2009. The Practice of Law as a Response to God's Call. Seattle University Law Review 32:389406.Google Scholar
Starr, Kenneth W. 2004. Christian Service in the Practice of Law. Pepperdine Law Review 32:451458.Google Scholar
Stryker, Sheldon 2000. Self, Identity, and Social Movements, 1st ed. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Symposium: Faith and the Law. 1996. Texas Tech Law Review 27:9111428.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney 1983. Struggling to Reform: Social Movements and Policy Change During Cycles of Protest. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney 1992. Mentalities, Political Culture, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meaning Through Action. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurzg, 174202. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Verta, and van Nella, Dyke 2007. “Get Up, Stand Up”: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 262293. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Taylor, Verta, and Whittier, Nancy E. 1992. Collective Identities in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg, 104129. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Teles, Steven 2010. The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles 1995. Popular Contention in Great Britain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Weigel, George 2013. Evangelical Catholicism: Deep Reform in the 21st Century Church. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Williams, Rhys H. 2007. The Cultural Contexts of Collective Action: Constraints, Opportunities, and the Symbolic Life of Social Movements. In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, ed. Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 91115. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Williams, Rhys H. 2009. Politicized Evangelicalism and Secular Elites: Creating a Moral Other. In Evangelicals and Democracy in America, Vol. 2: Religion and Politics, ed. Brint, Steven and Schroedel, Jean Reigh, 143178. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Wizner, Stephen 2002. The Law School Clinic: Legal Education in the Interests of Justice. Fordham Law Review 70:19291938.Google Scholar
Younger, Stephen P. 2001. Spirituality and Lawyering: A Practitioner's Perspective. Fordham Urban Law Journal 28:10691070.Google Scholar