Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T22:32:40.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Law's Social Forms: A Powerless Approach to the Sociology of Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Since the law and society movement in the 1960s, the sociology of law in the United States has been dominated by a power/inequality approach. Based on a sociological distinction between the forms and substances of law, this article outlines a “powerless” approach to the sociology of law as a theoretical alternative to the mainstream power/inequality approach. Following Simmel and the Chicago School of sociology, this new approach analyzes the legal system not by its power relations and patterns of inequality, but by its social forms, or the structures and processes that constitute the legal system's spatial outlook and temporality. Taking a radical stance on power, this article is not only a retrospective call for social theory in law and society research, but also a progressive effort to move beyond US‐centric sociolegal scholarship and to develop new social science tools that explain a larger variety of legal phenomena across the world.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Andrew. 1986. Jurisdictional Conflict: A New Approach to the Development of the Legal Professions. American Bar Foundation Research Journal 11:187224.Google Scholar
Abbott, Andrew. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abbott, Andrew. 1995. Sequence Analysis: New Methods for Old Ideas. Annual Review of Sociology 21:93113.Google Scholar
Abbott, Andrew. 1999. Department and Discipline: Chicago Sociology at One Hundred. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abbott, Andrew. 2001. Time Matters: On Theory and Method. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abbott, Andrew. 2005. Linked Ecologies. Sociological Theory 23:245274.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 1980. Redirecting the Social Studies of Law. Law & Society Review 14:805829.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 1988. The Legal Profession in England and Wales. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 1989. American Lawyers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 2010. Law and Society: Project and Practice. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 6:123.Google Scholar
Abel‐Smith, Brian, and Stevens, Robert B. 1967. Lawyers and the Courts: A Sociological Study of the English Legal System: 1750–1965. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Albiston, Catherine R. 2010. Institutional Inequality and the Mobilization of the Family and Medical Leave Act: Rights on Leave. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Atuahene, Bernadette. 2011. Paying for the Past: Redressing Past Property Violations in South Africa. Law & Society Review 45:955989.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Jerold S. 1976. Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Balbus, Isaac D. 1977. Commodity Form and Legal Form: An Essay on the “Relative Autonomy” of the Law. Law & Society Review 11:571588.Google Scholar
Black, Donald 1976. The Behavior of Law. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Black, Donald 1993. The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Black, Donald 2000. Dreams of Pure Sociology. Sociological Theory 18:343367.Google Scholar
Black, Donald 2002. The Geometry of Law: An Interview with Donald Black. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 30:101129.Google Scholar
Blau, Peter M. [1964] 1986. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field. Hastings Law Journal 38:805853.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. [1992] 1996. The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, trans. S. Emanuel. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, and Wacquant, Loïc 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Burstein, Paul. 1991. Legal Mobilization as a Social Movement Tactic: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity. American Journal of Sociology 96:12011225.Google Scholar
Cain, Maureen. 1974. The Main Themes of Marx’ and Engels’ Sociology of Law. British Journal of Law and Society 1:136148.Google Scholar
Cappelletti, Mauro, and Garth, Bryant 1978. Access to Justice: The Newest Wave in the Worldwide Movement to Make Rights Effective. Buffalo Law Review 27:181292.Google Scholar
Chambliss, William J. 1979. On Lawmaking. British Journal of Law and Society 6:149171.Google Scholar
Chambliss, William J., and Seidman, Robert B. 1971. Law, Order, and Power. Boston, MA: Addison‐Wesley.Google Scholar
Collins, Hugh 1982. Marxism and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John L. 2006. Law and Disorder in the Postcolony. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Conti, Joseph A. 2010. Learning to Dispute: Repeat Participation, Expertise, and Reputation at the World Trade Organization. Law & Social Inquiry 35:625662.Google Scholar
Couso, Javier, Huneeus, Alexandra, and Sieder, Rachel 2010. Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, ed. 1995. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 1996. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists and the Transformation of Latin‐American States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 2010. Asian Legal Revivals: Lawyers in the Shadow of Empire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Madsen, Mikael R. 2012. The Force of Law and Lawyers: Pierre Bourdieu and the Reflexive Sociology of Law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8:433452.Google Scholar
Dicey, Albert V. 1905. Lectures on the Relation Between Law & Public Opinion in England During the Nineteen Century. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Emile. [1893] 1984. The Division of Labor in Society, trans. W. D. Halls. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren B. 2013. The Sociologies of Law in Sociology Departments, Law Schools, and Law and Society. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association's 108th Annual Meeting, August 12, New York.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren B., Erlanger, Howard, and Lande, John 1993. Internal Dispute Resolution: The Transformation of Civil Rights in the Workplace. Law & Society Review 27:497534.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren B., Uggen, Christopher, and Erlanger, Howard S. 1999. The Endogeneity of Legal Regulation: Grievance Procedures as Rational Myth. American Journal of Sociology 105:406454.Google Scholar
Emerson, Richard M. 1976. Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology 2:335362.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Goodwin, Jeff 1994. Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency. American Journal of Sociology 99:14111454.Google Scholar
Erlanger, Howard S., Chambliss, Elizabeth, and Melli, Marygold S. 1987. Participation and Flexibility in Informal Processes: Cautions from the Divorce Context. Law & Society Review 21:585604.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ewing, Sally. 1987. Formal Justice and the Spirit of Capitalism: Max Weber's Sociology of Law. Law & Society Review 21:488512.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcom M. [1979] 1992. The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stephen. 1991. An Interpretation of Max Weber's Sociology of Law: Metaphysics, Economics, and the Iron Cage of Constitutional Law. Law & Social Inquiry 16:205248.Google Scholar
Felstiner, William, Abel, Richard, and Sarat, Austin 1980–1981. The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, and Claiming … Law & Society Review 15:631654.Google Scholar
Fisher, William W. III, Horwitz, Morton J., and Reed, Thomas A., eds. 1993. American Legal Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flood, John 1991. Doing Business: The Management of Uncertainty in Lawyers’ Work. Law & Society Review 25:4172.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. [1975] 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. A. Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Gordon, C. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. 1969. Legal Culture and Social Development. Law & Society Review 4:2944.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. 1986. The Law and Society Movement. Stanford Law Review 38:763780.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1974. Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change. Law & Society Review 9:95160.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1989. Law and Society in Modern India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, and Palay, Thomas 1991. Tournament of Lawyers: The Transformation of the Big Law Firm. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
García‐Villegas, Mauricio. 2006. Comparative Sociology of Law: Legal Fields, Legal Scholarships, and Social Sciences in Europe and the United States. Law & Social Inquiry 31:343382.Google Scholar
Garth, Bryant G. 2002. Building Strong and Independent Judiciaries Through the New Law and Development: Behind the Paradox of Consensus Programs and Perpetually Disappointing Results. DePaul Law Review 52:383400.Google Scholar
Garth, Bryant G. 2003. Law and Society as Law and Development. Law & Society Review 37:305314.Google Scholar
Gieryn, Thomas F. 1983. Boundary‐Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non‐Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists. American Sociological Review 48:781795.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, and Moustafa, Tanir, eds. 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Gordon, Daanika. 2013. Legal Means, Extralegal Ends: Constructing the Role of the Legal System in Drug Treatment Court. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association's 108th Annual Meeting, August 12, New York.Google Scholar
Gordon, Robert W. 1984. Critical Legal Histories. Stanford Law Review 36:57125.Google Scholar
Gorski, Philip S. 2013. Bourdieusian Theory and Historical Analysis: Maps, Mechanisms, and Methods. In Bourdieusian Theory and Historical Analysi s, ed. Gorski, P. S., 327–66. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Jon B., and Barclay, Scott 2012. Mind the Gap: The Place of Gap Studies in Sociolegal Scholarship. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8:323335.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selection from the Prison Notebooks, trans. and ed. Hoare, Q. and Smith, G. N. London: Lawrence and Wishart.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology 78:13601380.Google Scholar
Hagan, John. 1989. Structural Criminology. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hagan, John, and Kay, Fiona 1995. Gender in Practice: A Study of Lawyers’ Lives. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hagan, John, and Rymond‐Richmond, Wenona 2009. Darfur and the Crime of Genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C. 2009. Recursivity of Global Normmaking: A Sociolegal Agenda. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5:263289.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Carruthers, Bruce G. 2007. The Recursivity of Law: Global Norm‐Making and National Law‐Making in the Globalization of Corporate Insolvency Regimes. American Journal of Sociology 111:11351202.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien, eds. 1997. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North America from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John 1977. The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology 82:929964.Google Scholar
Hannan, Michael T., and Freeman, John 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Angel P. 1994. Forward: The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction. Symposium: Critical Race Theory. California Law Review 82:741785.Google Scholar
Hawley, Amos H. 1986. Human Ecology: A Theoretical Essay. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
He, Xin. 2012. Black Hole of Responsibility: The Adjudication Committee's Role in a Chinese Court. Law & Society Review 46:681712.Google Scholar
He, Xin, and Ng, Kwai H. 2013. Pragmatic Discourse and Gender Inequality in China. Law & Society Review 47:279310.Google Scholar
Heinz, John P., and Laumann, Edward O. 1982. Chicago Lawyers: The Social Structure of the Bar. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Heinz, John P., Laumann, Eward O., L. Nelson, Robert, and H. Salisbury, Robert 1993. The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Heinz, John P., Nelson, Robert L., L. Sandefur, Rebecca, and O. Laumann, Edward 2005. Urban Lawyers: The New Social Structure of the Bar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Jacqueline. 2005. French Criminal Justice: A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Hogg, Michael A., and Abrams, Dominic 1998. Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Karpik, Lucien. [1995] 1999. French Lawyers: A Study in Collective Action, 1274 to 1994, trans. N. Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Karpik, Lucien, and Halliday, Terence C. 2011. The Legal Complex. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7:217236.Google Scholar
Kay, Fiona, and Gorman, Elizabeth 2008. Women in the Legal Profession. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 4:299332.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Duncan. 1976. Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication. Harvard Law Review 89:16851778.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M., and Silbey, Susan S., eds. 2003. In Litigation: Do the “Haves” Still Come Out Ahead? Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lamont, Michèle, and Molnár, Virág 2002. The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 28:167195.Google Scholar
Larson, Magali S. 1977. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Latour, Bluno. [2002] 2010. The Making of Law: An Ethnography of the Conseil d'Etat. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Levine, Donald N. 1989. Simmel as a Resource for Sociological Metatheory. Sociological Theory 7:161174.Google Scholar
Levine, Donald N. 1991. Simmel and Parsons Reconsidered. American Journal of Sociology 96:10971116.Google Scholar
Levine, Donald N., Carter, Ellwood B., and Gorman, Eleanor Miller 1976. Simmel's Influence on American Sociology. American Journal of Sociology 81:813845, 1112–32.Google Scholar
Li, Ling 2012. The “Production” of Corruption in China's Courts: Judicial Politics and Decision Making in a One‐Party State. Law & Social Inquiry 37:848877.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2006. Client Influence and the Contingency of Professionalism: The Work of Elite Corporate Lawyers in China. Law & Society Review 40:751782.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2008. Globalization as Boundary‐Blurring: International and Local Law Firms in China's Corporate Law Market. Law & Society Review 42:771804.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2011. Lawyers, State Officials, and Significant Others: Symbiotic Exchange in the Chinese Legal Services Market. China Quarterly 206:276293.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2012. Palace Wars Over Professional Regulation: In‐House Counsel in Chinese State‐Owned Enterprises. Wisconsin Law Review 2012:549571.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2013. The Legal Profession as a Social Process: A Theory on Lawyers and Globalization. Law & Social Inquiry 38:670693.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terence C. 2009. Recursivity in Legal Change: Lawyers and Reforms of China's Criminal Procedure Law. Law & Social Inquiry 34:911950.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida, Liang, Lily, and Michelson, Ethan 2014. Migration and Stratification: The Spatial Mobility of Chinese Lawyers. Law & Policy 36:165194.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. [1984] 1995. Social Systems, trans. J. Bednarz, Jr. with D. Baecker. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. 2004. Law as a Social System, trans. K. A. Ziegert. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lukács, Georg. 1971. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Stewart. 1984. Law and the Behavioral Sciences: Is There Any There There? Law & Policy 6:149187.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Stewart, Friedman, Lawrence, and Mertz, Elizabeth 2007. Law in Action: A Socio‐Legal Reader. New York: Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Markovits, Inga. 1992. Last Days. California Law Review 80:55129.Google Scholar
Martin, John L. 2009. Social Structures. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn, McEwen, Craig A., and Maiman, Richard J. 2001. Divorce Lawyers at Work: Varieties of Professionalism in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mather, Lynn, and Yngvesson, Barbara 1980–1981. Language, Audience, and the Transformation of Disputes. Law & Society Review 15:775822.Google Scholar
Maynard, Douglas W. 1984. Inside Plea Bargaining: The Language of Negotiation. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McConville, Mike. 2011. Criminal Justice in China: An Empirical Inquiry. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Roderick D. 1968. On Human Ecology, ed. Hawley, A. H. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally E. 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working‐Class Americans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally E. 2000. Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally E. 2006. Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merryman, John Henry. 1977. Comparative Law and Social Change: On the Origins, Style, Decline, and Revival of the Law and Development Movement. American Journal of Comparative Law 25:457491.Google Scholar
Michelson, Ethan. 2006. The Practice of Law as an Obstacle to Justice: Chinese Lawyers at Work. Law & Society Review 40:138.Google Scholar
Miller, Richard E., and Sarat, Austin 1980–1981. Grievances, Claims, and Disputes: Assessing the Adversarial Culture. Law & Society Review 15:525566.Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Miyazawa, Setsuo. 2001. The Politics of Judicial Reform in Japan: The Rule of Law at Last? Asian‐Pacific Law & Policy Journal 2:89121.Google Scholar
Mnookin, Robert H., and Kornhauser, Lewis 1979. Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce. Yale Law Journal 88:950997.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally Falk. 1973. Law and Social Change: The Semi‐Autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study. Law & Society Review 7:719746.Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert L. 1988. Partners with Power: The Social Transformation of the Large Law Firm. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert L., and Nielsen, Laura B. 2000. Cops, Counsel, and Entrepreneurs: Constructing the Role of Inside Counsel in Large Corporations. Law & Society Review 34:457494.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2000. Situating Legal Consciousness: Experiences and Attitudes of Ordinary Citizens About Law and Street Harassment. Law & Society Review 34:10551090.Google Scholar
Ota, Shozo, and Rokumoto, Kahei 1993. Issues of the Lawyer Population: Japan. Case Western Journal of International Law 25:315332.Google Scholar
Park, Robert E., and Burgess, Ernest W. [1921] 1969. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Park, Robert E., Burgess, Ernest W., and McKenzie, Roderick D. 1967. The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott. 1937. The Structure of Social Action. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro. 1998. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 24:124.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. 1990. The Problem of Jurisprudence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pound, Roscoe. 1931. The Call for a Realist Jurisprudence. Harvard Law Review 44:697711.Google Scholar
Pound, Roscoe. 1942. Social Control Through Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Walter W., and DiMaggio, Paul J., eds. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Reichman, Nancy J., and Sterling, Joyce S. 2004. Sticky Floors, Broken Steps, and Concrete Ceilings in Legal Careers. Texas Journal of Women and the Law 14:2776.Google Scholar
Rhode, Deborah L. 2004. Access to Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. 2002. Toward a New Legal Common Sense, 2nd ed. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F. 1995. Divorce Lawyers and Their Clients: Power and Meaning in the Legal Process. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart A., eds. 1998. Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. [1974] 2004. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Schlegel, John H. 1995. American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Barry. 1967. The Social Psychology of the Gift. American Journal of Sociology 73:111.Google Scholar
Seron, Carroll, Coutin, Susan Bibler, and Meeusen, Pauline White 2013. Is There a Canon of Law and Social Science? Annual Review of Law and Social Science 9:287306.Google Scholar
Sewell, William H. Jr. 1996. Three Temporalities: Toward an Eventful Sociology. In The Historical Turn in the Human Sciences, ed. McDonald, T. J., 245280. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 1985. Ideals and Practices in the Study of Law. Legal Studies Forum 9:722.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 2002. Law and Society Movement. In Legal Systems of the World: A Political, Social, and Cultural Encyclopedia, ed. Kritzer, H. M., Vol. II: E–L, 860863. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 2005. After Legal Consciousness. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 1:323368.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S., and Sarat, Austin 1987. Critical Traditions in Law and Society Research. Law & Society Review 21:165174.Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel, trans. and ed. Wolff, K. H. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg. 1971. Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, ed. Levine, D. N. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Skolnick, Jerome H. 2012. Legacies of Legal Realism: The Sociology of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8:110.Google Scholar
Stone, Alan 1985. The Place of Law in the Marxian Structure‐Superstructure Archetype. Law & Society Review 11:577588.Google Scholar
Suchman, Mark C., and Edelman, Lauren B. 1996. Legal Rational Myth: The New Institutionalism and the Law and Society Tradition. Law & Social Inquiry 21:903941.Google Scholar
Sweet, Alec Stone. 1999. Judicialization and the Construction of Governance. Comparative Political Studies 32:147184.Google Scholar
Tamanaha, Brian Z. 1995. The Lessons of Law‐and‐Development Studies. American Journal of International Law 89:470486.Google Scholar
Teubner, Gunther. 1983. Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law. Law & Society Review 17:239286.Google Scholar
Teubner, Gunther. 1993. Law as an Autopoietic System, trans. R. Adler. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M. 1972. Max Weber on Law and the Rise of Capitalism. Wisconsin Law Review 1972:720753.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M. 1984. Where the Action Is: Critical Legal Studies and Empiricism. Stanford Law Review 36:575622.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., Dezalay, Yves, Buchanan, Ruth, and Davis, John R. 1994. Global Restructuring and the Law: Studies of the Internationalization of the Legal Fields and the Creation of Transnational Arenas. Case Western Law Review 44:407498.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., and Esser, John 1989. Critical Empiricism in American Legal Studies: Paradox, Program, or Pandora's Box? Law & Social Inquiry 14:352.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., and Galanter, Marc 1974. Scholars in Self‐Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the United States. Wisconsin Law Review 1974:10621102.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., Sarat, Austin, Felstiner, William L. F., Kritzer, Herbert M., and Grossman, Joel B. 1983. The Costs of Ordinary Litigation. UCLA Law Review 31:72127.Google Scholar
Turk, Austin. 1976. Law as a Weapon in Social Conflict. Social Problems 23:278291.Google Scholar
Watson, Alan. 1983. Legal Change: Sources of Law and Legal Culture. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 131:11211157.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society, ed. Roth, G. and Wittich, C. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weinrib, Ernest J. 1988. Legal Formalism: On the Immanent Reality of Law. Yale Law Journal 97:9491016.Google Scholar
Weisberg, D. Kelly, ed. 1993. Feminist Legal Theory: Foundations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B. 2012. Is the In‐House Counsel Movement Going Global? A Preliminary Assessment of the Role of Internal Counsel in Emerging Economies. Wisconsin Law Review 2012:251304.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B., and Gulati, G. Mitu 1996. Why Are There So Few Black Lawyers in Corporate Law Firms? An Institutional Analysis. California Law Review 84:493625.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B., and Gulati, G. Mitu 1998. Reconceiving the Tournament of Lawyers: Tracking, Seeding, and Information Control in the Internal Labor Market of Elite Law Firms. Virginia Law Review 84:15811681.Google Scholar
Zhu, Suli. 1995. Fazhi ji qi Bentu Ziyuan [The Rule of Law and its Local Resources]. Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press.Google Scholar