Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T22:31:48.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Labor Rights for All? The Role of Undocumented Immigrant Status for Worker Claims Making

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Shannon Gleeson
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Drawing on forty‐one interviews with both documented and undocumented Latino restaurant workers in San Jose, California, and Houston, Texas, this article examines how documentation status shapes the legal consciousness of immigrant workers. I identify three common narratives that undocumented workers provide to justify not making claims on workplace protection. First, I highlight that an ever‐present fear of deportation inhibits any formal confrontation. Second, I demonstrate how undocumented status leaves undocumented immigrants with a particularly pragmatic and short‐term understanding of their working life in the United States, rendering their working conditions temporary and endurable to them. Third, I expand Gordon and Lenhardt's (2008) discussion of the centrality of work to the American conception of citizenship. I reiterate that this particular sense of belonging is situated vis‐à‐vis other low‐wage workers. These findings provide sociolegal scholars important theoretical contributions for crafting a research agenda on the role of undocumented status and legal mobilization.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 35 , Issue 3 , Summer 2010 , pp. 561 - 602
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2010 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abrego, Leisy. 2008. Legitimacy, Social Identity, and the Mobilization of Law: The Effects of Assembly Bill 540 on Undocumented Students in California. Law & Social Inquiry 33 (3): 709–34.Google Scholar
Adler, Rachel H. 2005. ¡Oye Compadre! The Chef Needs a Dishwasher: Yucatecan Men in the Dallas Restaurant Economy. Urban Anthropology 34 (2–3): 217–46.Google Scholar
Albiston, Catherine. 2006. Legal Consciousness and Workplace Rights. In The New Civil Rights Research: A Constituitive Approach, ed. Fleury‐Steiner, Benjamin and Nielsen, Laura Beth, 55–76. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Aranda, Elizabeth M. 2006. Emotional Bridges to Puerto Rico: Migration, Return Migration and the Struggles of Incorporation. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Avendaño, Ana, and Hincapié, Marielena. 2008. The Rollback of Immigrant Workers' Civil Rights. http://www.aflcio.org/mediacenter/speakout/aa_mh.cfm (accessed January 14, 2010).Google Scholar
Bada, Xóchitl, Fox, Jonathan, and Selee, Andrew, eds. 2006. Invisible No More: Mexican Migrant Civic Participation in the United States. Washington, DC: Mexico Institute and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Binford, Leigh. 2009. From Fields of Power to Fields of Sweat: The Dual Process of Constructing Temporary Migrant Labour in Mexico and Canada. Third World Quarterly 30 (3): 503–17.Google Scholar
Bobo, Kim. 2008. Wage Theft in America: Why Millions of Americans Are Not Getting Paid—And What We Can Do about It. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Bosniak, Linda. 2006. The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan Center for Justice. 2007. New Responsible Restaurant Act Will Help Food Industry Fight Wage Violations. http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/new_responsible_restaurant_act_will_help_food_industry_fight_wage_violation/ (accessed January 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Bridges, Amy. 1997. Morning Glories: Municipal Reform in the Southwest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brodie, Juliet M. 2006. Post‐Welfare Lawyering: Clinical Legal Education and a New Poverty Law Agenda. Journal of Law & Policy 20:201–63.Google Scholar
Bumiller, Kristin. 1992. The Civil Rights Society: The Social Construction of Victims. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
California Department of Industrial Relations. 2009. Undocumented Worker Rights. http://www.dir.ca.gov/QAundoc.html (accessed March 25, 2009).Google Scholar
Calavita, Kitty. 2005. Immigrants at the Margins: Law, Race, and Exclusion in Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chavez, Leo R. 1998. Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Immigrants in American Society. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.Google Scholar
Cherry, Robert. 1981. Book Review: Birds of Passage, by Michael J. Piore. Review of Radical Political Economics 13:70–72.Google Scholar
Cho, Chi C., Oliva, Jose, Weitzer, Erica, Nevarez, Juan, Zanoni, Joseph, and Sokas, Rosemary K. 2007. An Interfaith Workers' Center Approach to Workplace Rights: Implications for Workplace Safety and Health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 49 (3): 275–81.Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 1998. The Tie That Binds: Race, Gender and US Violence. Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (5): 917–38.Google Scholar
Coutin, Susan B. 1999. Citizenship and Clandestiny among Salvadoran Immigrants. Political and Legal Anthropology Review 22 (2): 53–63.Google Scholar
Coutin, Susan B. 2000. Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants' Struggle for US Residency. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2003a. U.S. Department of Labor Recovers $81,634 in Back Pay for Galveston Restaurant Employees. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Southwest/SWarchive/20030851.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2003b. US Department of Labor Recovers More than $62,000 for Fresno Restaurant Workers. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Western/archived/20030114.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2004a. Texas Restaurant Chain Agrees to Pay $40,000 in Back Overtime Wages to 25 Workers. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Southwest/SWarchive/20042550.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2004b. Three Los Angeles Restaurant Operators Pay Over $277,000 in Back Wages. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Western/archived/20040629.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2005a. Japanese Restaurants in Houston and Kemah, Texas, to Pay More than $112,000 in Back Wages to 64 Workers. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Southwest/SWarchive2/20052290.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2005b. Los Angeles Restaurant Agrees to Pay $306,500 in Back Wages. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Western/archived/20051640.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2006. Luby's Restaurants in Houston Agrees to Pay $366,864 in Back Wages to 1,680 Employees Following US Labor Department Investigation. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Southwest/SWarchive2/20062106.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2007a. 2003 Statistics Fact Sheet: Wage and Hour Fiscal Year 2003 Enforcement Continues Record Climb. http://www.dol.gov/whd/statistics/200318.htm (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2007b. Fact Sheet #48: Application of US Labor Laws to Immigrant Workers: Effect of Hoffman Plastics Decision on Laws Enforced by the Wage and Hour Division. http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs48.pdf (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2007c. Restaurant Owners to Pay Nearly $124,000 in Back Wages to 110 Employees of 10 La Casita Restaurants in the Coachella Valley. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Western/archived/20070940.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2007d. US Department of Labor Recovers $109,708 in Back Pay for Mexican Restaurant Workers in Houston. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Southwest/SWarchive2/20070035.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2008a. Addison, Texas‐based Restaurant Pays More than $98,000 in Overtime Back Wages Following US Department of Labor Investigation. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Southwest/SWarchive2/20080301.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department of Labor. 2008b. Owners of Chinese Restaurant Pay $175,000 in Back Wages to 161 Workers Following US Department of Labor Investigation and Lawsuit. http://www.dol.gov/whd/media/press/whdpressVB2.asp?pressdoc=Western/archived/20081124.xml (accessed May 20, 2010).Google Scholar
Department for British Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. 2007. Vulnerable Worker Enforcement Forum. http://www.berr.gov.uk/employment/employment‐legislation/success‐at‐work/vulnerable‐worker/index.html (accessed August 17, 2009).Google Scholar
Donato, Katharine M., and Bankston, Carl L. III. 2008. The Origins of Employer Demand for Immigrants in a New Destination: The Salience of Soft Skills in a Volatile Economy. In New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, ed. Massey, Douglas S., 124–50. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Donohue, John III, and Siegelman, Peter. 1991. The Changing Nature of Employment Discrimination Litigation. Stanford Law Review 43 (5): 983–1033.Google Scholar
Durand, Jorge, and Massey, Douglas S. 2006. Crossing the Border: Research from the Mexican Migration Project. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren B. 1992. Legal Ambiguity and Symbolic Structures: Organizational Mediation of Civil Rights Law. American Journal of Sociology 97 (6): 1531–76.Google Scholar
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 2002. EEOC Reaffirms Commitment to Protecting Undocumented Workers from Discrimination. http://www.eeoc.gov/press/6‐28‐02.html (accessed January 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Engel, David M. 2005. Globalization and the Decline of Legal Consciousness: Torts, Ghosts, and Karma in Thailand. Law & Social Inquiry 30 (3): 469–514.Google Scholar
Enghceren, Godfried. 1999. The Undocumented Outsider Class: Illegal Status in Dutch Society. In European Societies: Fusion or Fission? Ed. Boje, Thomas P., Van Steenbergen, Bart, and Walby, Sylvia, 84–104. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Evans, Thayer. 2008. 160 Arrested in Immigration Raid at a Houston Plant. New York Times, June 26, US.Google Scholar
Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Felstiner, William L. F., Abel, Richard L., and Sarat, Austin. 1980. The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming. Law & Society Review 15 (3–4): 631–54.Google Scholar
Fine, Gary A. 1996. Kitchens: The Culture of Restaurant Work. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fine, Janice. 2006. Worker Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge of the Dream. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.Google Scholar
Fisk, Catherine, Cooper, Laura, and Wishnie, Michael J. 2005. The Story of Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB: Labor Rights without Remedies for Undocumented Immigrants. Duke Law School Faculty Scholarship Series Paper 20.Google Scholar
Fleury‐Steiner, Benjamin, and Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2006. The New Civil Rights Research: A Constitutive Approach. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Mary E. 2006. Mobilizing the Law in China: “Informed Disenchantment” and the Development of Legal Consciousness. Law & Society Review 40 (4): 783–816.Google Scholar
García‐Villegas, Mauricio. 2003. Symbolic Power without Violence? Critical Comments on Legal Consciousness Studies. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 16 (4): 363–93.Google Scholar
González‐López, Gloria. 2006. Heterosexual Fronteras: Immigrant Mexicanos, Sexual Vulnerabilities, and Survival. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 3 (3): 67–81.Google Scholar
Gordon, Jennifer. 2007. Suburban Sweatshops: The Fight for Immigrant Rights. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Jennifer, and Lenhardt, Robin A. 2008. Rethinking Work and Citizenship. UCLA Law Review 55:1161–1238.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven. 2005. Beyond the Bargains, Grievances. New York Times, June 6, New York/Region.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven. 2008. Restaurant Owners Charged on More than 400 Counts. New York Times, December 3, NY/Region.Google Scholar
Grzymala‐Kazlowska, Aleksandra. 2005. From Ethnic Cooperation to In‐Group Competition: Undocumented Polish Workers in Brussels. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (4): 675–97.Google Scholar
Hirsh, C. Elizabeth, and Kornrich, Sabino. 2008. The Context of Discrimination: Workplace Conditions, Institutional Environments, and Sex and Race Discrimination Charges. American Journal of Sociology 113 (5): 1394–1432.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Elizabeth A. 2003. Legal Consciousness and Dispute Resolution: Different Disputing Behavior at Two Similar Taxicab Companies. Law & Social Inquiry 28 (3): 691–716.Google Scholar
Holmes, Seth M. 2007. “Oaxacans Like to Work Bent Over”: The Naturalization of Social Suffering among Berry Farm Workers. International Migration 45 (3): 39–68.Google Scholar
Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Pierrette. 2007. Doméstica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring in the Shadows of Affluence. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2005. Submission by Human Rights Watch to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Committee on Migrant Workers. December 15. http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/usa/un‐sub1005/ (accessed August 17, 2009).Google Scholar
Industrial Welfare Commission. 2007. Industrial Welfare Commission Order No. 5‐2001 Regulating Wages, Hours and Working Conditions in the Public Housekeeping Industry, July 1, 2003. http://www.dir.ca.gov/iwc/iwcarticle5.pdf (accessed January 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Jacobs, Lesley A. 2007. Rights and Quarantine During the SARS Global Health Crisis: Differentiated Legal Consciousness in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Toronto. Law & Society Review 41 (3): 511–52.Google Scholar
Jayaraman, Saru, and Ness, Immanuel. 2005. The New Urban Immigrant Workforce: Innovative Models for Labor Organizing. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M., Vidmar, Neil, and Bogart, W. A. 1991. To Confront or Not to Confront: Measuring Claiming Rates in Discrimination Grievances. Law & Society Review 25 (4): 875–88.Google Scholar
Loh, Katherine, and Richardson, Scott. 2004. Foreign‐Born Workers: Trends in Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1996–2001. Monthly Labor Review June:42–53.Google Scholar
Lucas, Samuel R. 2008. Theorizing Discrimination in an Era of Contested Prejudice: Discrimination in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen B. 2009. New Immigrant Destinations and the American Colour Line. Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (6): 1037–57.Google Scholar
Marshall, Anna‐Maria. 2005. Idle Rights: Employees' Rights Consciousness and the Construction of Sexual Harassment Policies. Law & Society Review 39 (1): 83–124.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., Durand, Jorge, and Malone, Nolan J. 2003. Beyond Smoke and Mirrors. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael. 1999. Review: The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life, by Patricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey. American Journal of Sociology 105 (1): 238–40.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael. 2006. On Legal Rights Consciousness: A Challenging Analytical Tradition. In The New Civil Rights Research: A Constitutive Approach, ed. Fleury‐Steiner, Benjamin and Nielsen, Laura Beth, ix–xxx. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar
McGrath, Siobhan. 2005. A Survey of Literature Estimating the Prevalence of Employment and Labor Law Violations in the US. New York: Brennan Center For Justice. http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_survey_of_literature_estimating_the_prevalence_of_employment_and_labor_la/ (accessed August 17, 2009).Google Scholar
Mehta, Chirag, Theodore, Nik, Mora, Iliana, and Wade, Jennifer. 2002. Chicago's Undocumented Immigrants: An Analysis of Wages, Working Conditions, and Economic Contributions. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Urban Economic Development. http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/uicued/npublications/recent/undoc_full.pdf (accessed May 27, 2009).Google Scholar
Menjivar, Cecilia. 2006. Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants' Lives in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 111 (4): 999–1037.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness among Working‐Class Americans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Milkman, Ruth. 2000. Organizing Immigrants: The Challenge for Unions in Contemporary California. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Milkman, Ruth. 2006. L.A. Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Richard E., and Sarat, Austin. 1980. Grievances, Claims, and Disputes: Assessing the Adversary Culture. Law & Society Review 15 (3/4): 525–66.Google Scholar
Money Magazine. 2006. Money Magazine Best Places to Live 2006. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006 (accessed February 24, 2010).Google Scholar
Mora, G. Cristina. 2009. De Muchos, Uno: The Institutionalization of Latino Panethnicity, 1960–1990. PhD diss., Department of Sociology, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Morales, Alfonso. 1997. Uncertainty and the Organization of Street Vending Businesses. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 17 (3/4): 191–212.Google Scholar
Munkres, Susan A. 2008. Claiming Victim to Harassment Law: Legal Consciousness of the Privileged. Law & Social Inquiry 33 (2): 447–472.Google Scholar
Nash, James L. 2003. OSHA Expands Outreach to Hispanic Workers. Occupational Hazards 65 (5): 12.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2000. Situating Legal Consciousness: Experiences and Attitudes of Ordinary Citizens about Law and Street Harassment. Law & Society Review 34:1055–90.Google Scholar
Nissen, Bruce, Angee, Alejandro, and Weinstein, Marc. 2008. Immigrant Construction Workers and Health and Safety: The South Florida Experience. Labor Studies Journal 33 (1): 48.Google Scholar
National Restaurant Association. 2006. National Restaurant Association Treasurer Comments on Immigration Reform During Capitol Hill Press Conference. http://www.restaurant.org/pressroom/pressrelease.cfm?ID=1312 (accessed January 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric, and Wong, Janelle. 2003. Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings. American Journal of Political Science 47:567–82.Google Scholar
Orey, Michael. 2007. Wage Wars: Workers from Truck Drivers to Stockbrokers Are Winning Huge Overtime Lawsuits. Business Week, October 2.Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2003. Justice, Safety & Equality in the Workplace: Dallas, Texas. http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/success_stories/compliance_assistance/jsew_accord_20030610.html (accessed January 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2007. Arrangement Establishing An Alliance between the US Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Department of Labor Des Moines Area Office, the US Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division, US Department of Labor Des Moines District Office, the Iowa Division of Labor, and the Consulate of Mexico in Omaha, Nebraska. http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/alliances/regional/reg7/consulate_of_mexico_omaha_final.html (accessed January 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Paoletti, Sarah, Smith, Rebecca, Flores, Claudia, Lapidus, Lenora, Bhatnagar, Chandra, Watt, Steve, Beeson, Ann, Chang, Jennifer C., and Guttentag, Lucas. 2006. Petition Alleging Violations of the Human Rights of Undocumented Workers by the United States of America. Report to the Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights, Organization of American States. November 1. http://www.aclu.org/images/asset_upload_file946_27232.pdf (accessed March 30, 2010).Google Scholar
Passel, Jeffrey S. 2006. Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the US. March 7. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center. http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=61 (accessed March 30, 2010).Google Scholar
Passel, Jeffrey, and Cohn, D'Vera. 2009. A Portrait of the Unauthorized Migrants in the United States. http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/107.pdf (accessed March 30, 2010).Google Scholar
Peck, Jamie A., and Theodore, Nik. 2002. Temped Out? Industry Rhetoric, Labor Regulation and Economic Restructuring in the Temporary Staffing Business. Economic and Industrial Democracy 23 (2): 143–75.Google Scholar
Pélisse, Jérôme. 2006. On Legal Rights Consciousness: A Challenging Analytical Tradition. In The New Civil Rights Research: A Constitutive Approach, ed. Fleury‐Steiner, Benjamin and Nielsen, Laura Beth, 201–16. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar
Piore, Michael J. 1979. Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Preston, Julie. 2009. Firm Stance on Illegal Immigrants Remains Policy. New York Times, August 3, Politics.Google Scholar
Quandt, Sara A., Grzywacz, Joseph G., Marin, Antonio, Carrillo, Lourdes, Coates, Michael L., Burke, Bless, and Arcury, Thomas A. 2006. Illnesses and Injuries Reported by Latino Poultry Workers in Western North Carolina. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 49 (5): 343–51.Google Scholar
Reyes, Belinda I., Johnson, Hans P., and Van Swearingen, Richard. 2002. Holding the Line? The Effect of the Recent Border Build‐up on Unauthorized Immigration. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.Google Scholar
Restaurant Opportunities Center of New York and New York City Restaurant Industry Coalition. 2005. Behind the Kitchen Door: Pervasive Inequality in New York City's Thriving Restaurant Industry. January 25. http://www.urbanjustice.org/pdf/publications/BKDFinalReport.pdf (accessed March 30, 2010).Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Clara E. 2000. Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Ryo, Emily. 2006. Legal Consciousness of Undocumented Immigrants: Findings from Focus Group Interviews. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, July 6, in Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Salcido, Olivia, and Adelman, Madelaine Beth. 2004. “He Has Me Tied with the Blessed and Damned” Papers: Undocumented‐Immigrant Battered Women in Phoenix, Arizona. Human Organization 63 (2): 162–72.Google Scholar
Sanders, Jimy M., and Nee, Victor. 1987. Limits of Ethnic Solidarity in the Enclave Economy. American Sociological Review 52 (6): 745–73.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Kearns, Thomas R. 1995. Law in Everyday Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Seron, Carroll, and Munger, Frank. 1996. Law and Inequality: Race, Gender … and, of Course, Class. Annual Review of Sociology 22 (1): 187–212.Google Scholar
Shklar, Judith N. 1991. American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 2001. Legal Culture and Consciousness. In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Smelser, Neil J. and Baltes, Paul B., 8623–29. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, Ltd.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 2005. After Legal Consciousness. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 1:323–68.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 2008. Legal Consciousness. In The New Oxford Companion to Law, ed. Cane, Peter and Conaghan, Joanne, 695–96. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Kelly E. 2003. Conditions and Legal Consciousness of Homeless Day Laborers in Tucson, Arizona. Tuscon: University of Arizona. http://www.nelp.org/document.cfm?documentID=565 (accessed May 27, 2009).Google Scholar
Solari, Cinzia. 2006. Professionals and Saints: How Immigrant Careworkers Negotiate Gender Identities at Work. Gender & Society 20 (3): 301–31.Google Scholar
Somers, Margaret R. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Suh, Susan A. 2000. Women's Perceptions of Workplace Discrimination: Impacts of Racial Group, Gender, and Class. In Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles, ed. Bobo, Lawrence D., Oliver, Melvin L., Johnson, James H. Jr., and Valenzuela, Abel Jr., 561–96. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Sunnucks, Mike. 2008. EEOC Reports Increase in Claims by Hispanic Workers. Phoenix Business Journal, February 15. http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2008/02/18/story12.html?ana=from_rss (accessed May 27, 2009).Google Scholar
Theriault, Denis C. 2008. More Than 1,100 Arrested throughout California in Immigration Raids. Mercury News, September 29, Politics.Google Scholar
Tsai, Jenny H. C., Salazar, Mary K., and Cohn‐S, Faan. 2007. Occupational Hazards and Risks Faced by Chinese Immigrant Restaurant Workers. Family & Community Health 30:S71‐S79.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. 2009. 2006 American Community Survey, Custom Table. http://factfinder.census.gov (accessed January 21, 2010).Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Abel Jr., Theodore, Nik, Melendez, Edwin, and Gonzalez, Ana Luz. 2006. On the Corner: Day Labor in the United States. http://www.urbaneconomy.org/sites/default/files/onthecorner_daylaborinUS_39p_2006.pdf (accessed March 30, 2010).Google Scholar
Van Hook, Jennifer, and Bean, Frank D. 2009. Explaining the Distinctiveness of Mexican‐immigrant Welfare Behaviors: The Importance of Employment‐Related Cultural Repertoires. American Sociological Review 74 (3): 423–44.Google Scholar
Vellos, Diana. 1996. Immigrant Latina Domestic Workers and Sexual Harassment. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 5:407–32.Google Scholar
Vogel, Richard D. 2006. Harder Times: Undocumented Workers and the US Informal Economy. Monthly Review 58 (3): 29–39.Google Scholar
Wakefield, Sara, and Uggen, Christopher. 2004. The Declining Significance of Race in Federal Civil Rights Law: The Social Structure of Employment Discrimination Claims. Sociological Inquiry 74 (1): 128–57.Google Scholar
Waldinger, Roger D., and Lichter, Michael I. 2003. How the Other Half Works: Immigration and the Social Organization of Labor. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Wendy. 2006. Model Enforcement of Wage and Hour Laws for Undocumented Workers: One Step Closer to Equal Protection under the Law. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 37:755–86.Google Scholar
Zuniga, Victor, and Hernandez‐Leon, Rubén. 2006. New Destinations: Mexican Immigration in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Agri Processor Co. v. NLRB, 514 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 594 (2008).Google Scholar
Fermin Colindres v. Quietflex Mfg., 235 F.R.D. 347 (S.D. Tex. 2006).Google Scholar
Flores v. Amigon, 233 F. Supp. 2d 462 (E.D.N.Y. 2002).Google Scholar
Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 535 U.S. 137 (2002).Google Scholar
Jane Doe v. Kansas Department of Human Resources, 2004 Kan. LEXIS 262.Google Scholar
Rivera v. Nibco, 364 F.3d 1057 (9th Cir. 2004).Google Scholar
Rodriguez v. The Texan, Inc., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17379 (N.D. Ill. 2002).Google Scholar
Sanango v. 200 East 16th Street Housing Corp., 778 N.Y.S.2d 314, 15 A.D.3d 36 (2004).Google Scholar
Sanchez v. Eagle Alloy Inc., 658 N.W.2d 510, (Mich. Ct. App. 2003).Google Scholar
Ulloa v. Al's All Tree Serv., Inc., 768 N.Y.S.2d 556 (N.Y. Dist. Ct. 2003).Google Scholar
Wudson Rosa v. Partners in Progress, Inc., et al., 868 A.2d 994 (N.H. 2005).Google Scholar

Statutes Cited

Border Protection, Anti‐terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437).Google Scholar
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Pub. L. No. 75‐718, 52 Stat. 1060.Google Scholar
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99‐603, 100 Stat. 3359.Google Scholar