Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:49:44.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dignity Takings and Dispossession in Israel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Alexandre (Sandy) Kedar
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the concept of dignity takings, as developed by Bernadette Atuahene, and its applicability to the Israeli situation, focusing on takings from the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel. Although I find dignity takings a valuable concept, as it emphasizes the interconnections between land dispossession and the denial of human dignity, I offer some qualifications and suggestions. I then examine the applicability of the concept to the dispossession of Arabs/Palestinians in Israel through two case studies: one, a close reading of the (in)famous Ikrit villagers' dispossession; the other, an examination of the dispossession of Negev (southern Israel) Bedouin citizens of Israel, which takes place, not unlike terra nullius, simultaneously with a denial of this very taking. The article concludes that with some modifications, the concept of dignity taking applies to the situation of Arab/Palestinian citizens of Israel.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 41 , Issue 4 , Fall 2016 , pp. 866 - 887
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abu Hussein, Hussein, and McKay, Fiona. 2003. Access Denied: Palestinian Land Rights in Israel. New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Atuahene, Bernadette. 2014. We Want What's Ours: Learning from South Africa's Land Restitution Program. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Benvenisti, Eyal, and Zamir, Eyal. 1995. Private Claims to Property Rights in the Future Israel‐Palestinian Settlement. American Journal of International Law 89:295–340.Google Scholar
Bisharat, George E. 1993. Land, Law, and Legitimacy in Israel and the Occupied Territories. American University Law Review 43:467–561.Google Scholar
Blomley, Nicholas. 2003. Law, Property, and the Spaces of Violence: The Frontier, the Survey, and the Grid. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 (1): 121–41.Google Scholar
Bokae'e, Nihad. 2003. Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons Inside Israel: Challenging the Solid Structures. Bethlehem: Badil Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights.Google Scholar
Cohen, Hillel. 2000. The Present Absentees: The Palestinian Refugees in Israel Since 1948. Jerusalem: Van Leer Jerusalem Institute [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Daes, E. A. 1999. Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous People and Their Relationship to Land (Second Progress Report). Special Rapporteur, U.N. ESCOR, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/18 (June 3). On file with the author.Google Scholar
Delaney, David. 2009. Law and Law Enforcement. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, ed. Thrift, Nigel and Kitchin, Rob, 165–71. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
DellaPegrola, Sergio. 2001. Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications. Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry. http://www.islamicpopulation.com/pdf/Palestineterritory_demography.pdf (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Fischbach, Michael R. 2003. Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab‐Israeli Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Andrew. 2014. Sovereignty, Property and Empire, 1500–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Forman, Geremy, and Kedar, Alexandre. 2004. From Arab Land to “Israel Lands”: The Legal Dispossession of the Palestinians Displaced by Israel in the Wake of 1948. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22 (6): 809–30.Google Scholar
Gelber, Yoav. 2004. Independence and Nakba. Jerusalem: Dvir [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Golan, Arnon. 2001. Wartime Spatial Changes: Former Arab Territories Within the State of Israel, 1948–1950. Sde Boker: Ben Gurion Heritage Center [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Goldberg Committee for Proposing Policy for Regulating Bedouin Settlement in the Negev. 2008. http://www.moch.gov.il/SiteCollectionDocuments/odot/doch_goldberg/Doch_Vaada_Shofet_Goldberg.pdf [Hebrew] (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Hofnung, Menachem. 1991. Israel—Security Needs vs. The Rule of Law: 1948–1991. Jerusalem: Nevo [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Holzman‐Gazit, Yifat. 2007. Land Expropriation in Israel: Law, Culture and Society. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Israel CBS. 2007. The Demographic Situation in Israel 2005. http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/demographic_report.pdf [Hebrew] (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Land Administration. 1965. Report for the Year 1964–65. Jerusalem: Israel Land Administration [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Israel Lands Administration. n.d. Bedouin Information. http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Jiryis, Sabri. 1973. The Legal Structure for the Expropriation and Absorption of Arab Lands in Israel. Journal of Palestine Studies 2 (4): 82–104.Google Scholar
Kedar, Alexandre. 1998. Minority Time, Majority Time: Land, Nation, and the Law of Adverse Possession in Israel. Tel Aviv University Law Review 21 (3): 665–746 [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Kedar, Alexandre. 2001. The Legal Transformation of Ethnic Geography: Israeli Law and the Palestinian Landholder 1948–1967. NYU Journal of International Law and Politics 33 (4): 923–1000.Google Scholar
Kedar, Alexandre. 2003. On the Legal Geography of Ethnocratic Settler States: Notes Towards a Research Agenda. Current Legal Issues 5:404–41.Google Scholar
Kedar, Alexandre. 2014. Expanding Legal Geographies: A Call for a Critical Comparative Approach, in The Expanding Spaces of Law: A Timely Legal Geography, ed. Braverman, Irus et al., 95–119. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kedar, Alexandre, and Yiftachel, Oren. 2006. Land Regime and Social Relations in Israel. In Swiss Human Rights Book, ed. de Soto and Francis Cheneval, Henrando, 127–44. Zurich: Ruffer and Rub.Google Scholar
Kemp, Adriana. 1997. Talking Borders: The Construction of a Political Territory in Israel, 1949–1957. PhD diss., Tel Aviv University [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Kretzmer, David. 1990. The Legal Status of the Arabs in Israel. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Levy, Gideon, and Levac, Alex. 2015. Coming Home from Kindergarten to Discover Israel Demolished Your Home. Haaretz, February 28. http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/twilight-zone/.premium-1.644372 (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Locke, John. 1948. The Second Treatise on Civil Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. Gough, J. W. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian. 1980. Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's Control of a National Minority. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Masalha, Nur. 2003. The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Mennen, Tieman, and Morel, Cynthia. 2012. From M'Intosh to Endorois: Creation of an International Indigenous Right to Land. Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law 21:37–86.Google Scholar
Metzer, Jacob. 2004. Jewish Land—Israel Lands: Ethno‐Nationality and Land Regime in Zionism and in Israel 1897–1967. In Land Rights, Ethno‐Nationality and Sovereignty in History, ed. Engerman, Stanley L. and Metzer, Jacob, 87–110. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Miller, Robert J., Ruru, Jacinta, Behrendt, Larissa, and Lindberg, Tracey. 2010. Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Benny. 2004. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Or Commission of Inquiry into the Clashes Between Security Forces and Israeli Citizens in October 2000. 2003. Report. http://elyon1.court.gov.il/heb/veadot/or/inside_index.htm [Hebrew] (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Ostzky‐Lazar, Sarah. 1993. Ikrit and Baraam: The Full Story. Givaat Haviva, Reviews on Arabs in Israel 10, February [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Pitts, Jennifer. 2010. Political Theory of Empire and Imperialism. Political Science 13:211–35.Google Scholar
Rose, Carol M. 2000. Property and Expropriation: Themes and Variations in American Law. Utah Law Review 1:1–38.Google Scholar
Rose, Carol M. 2016. Racially Restrictive Covenants–Were They Dignity Takings? Law & Social Inquiry 41 (4): 939–55.Google Scholar
Ryan, Joseph L. 1973. Refugees Within Israel: The Case of the Villagers of Kafr Bir'Im and Iqrit. Journal of Palestine Studies 2 (4): 55–81.Google Scholar
Seipp, David J. 1994. The Concept of Property in the Early Common Law. Law and History Review 12 (1): 29–91.Google Scholar
Shafir, Gershon, and Peled, Yoav. 2002. Being Israeli: The Dynamic of Multiple Citizenships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shamir, Ronen. 1996. Suspended in Space: Bedouins Under the Law of Israel. Law & Society Review 30 (2): 231–57.Google Scholar
Sheehan, John. 2012 . Applying an Australian Native Title Framework to Bedouin Property. In Indigenous (In)Justice: Human Rights Law and Bedouin Arabs in the Naqab/Negev, ed. Amara, Ahmad, Abu‐Saad, Ismael, and Yiftachel, Oren. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shinar‐Levanon, Ofer. 2010. The Israeli Civil Society Enquiry Commission. Unpublished document, on file with the author.Google Scholar
Shinar‐Levanon, Ofer. 2015. The Ethos of the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict as Reflected by the Judgments of the Israeli Supreme Court 1948–2006. PhD diss. (submitted). Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Tully, James. 2007. An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Veracini, Lorenzo. 2006. Terra Nullius and the “History Wars.” Online Opinion: Australia's e‐Journal of Social and Political Debate. http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=4141 (accessed May 26, 2016).Google Scholar
Weinberg, Haim, and Nuttman‐Shwartz, Orit. 2006. Group Work and Therapy in Israel: Mirroring a Regressed‐Traumatized Society. Organisational and Social Dynamics 6 (1): 95–110.Google Scholar
Weitz, Yosef. 1950. The Struggle for the Land. Tel Aviv: Lion the Printer [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Yaar, Aharon Leshno. 2011. Re: Communication from Special Procedures Allegation Letter AL Indigenous (2001‐8) ISR 2/2001. On file with author.Google Scholar
Yahel, Havatzelet. 2006. Land Disputes Between the Negev Bedouin and Israel. Israel Studies 11 (2): 1–22.Google Scholar
Yahel, Havatzelet, Kark, Ruth, and Frantzman, Seth. 2012. Fabricating Palestinian History: Are the Negev Bedouin an Indigenous People? Middle East Quarterly 4:3–14.Google Scholar
Yiftachel, Oren. 2006. Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Yiftachel, Oren, and Kedar, Alexandre (Sandy). 2000. On Property and Power: Israeli Land Regime. Teoria U Bikoret 16:67–100 [Hebrew].Google Scholar
Yiftachel, Oren, Kedar, Alexandre (Sandy), and Amara, Ahmad. 2012. Re‐Examining the “Dead Negev Doctrine”: Property Rights in Arab Bedouin Regions. Law and Government 14:7–147 [Hebrew].Google Scholar
C.A. 218/74, Al‐Hawashleh v. State of Israel, 38(3) P.D. 141 (1984).Google Scholar
C.A. 4220/12, Al‐Uqbi et al. v. State of Israel, unpublished (2015).Google Scholar
HCJ 64/51, Daoud v. Defense Minister and others, P.D. 5 1117 (1951) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 141/81, Committee of the Ikrit Evacuees and Others v. State of Israel and Others, P.D. 36(1) 129 (1981).Google Scholar
HCJ 225/53, El‐Yoseph v. Military Governor, P.D. 8 341 (1954) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 238/51, Daoud v. Defense Minister and Others, P.D. 5 1658 (1951) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 239/51, Daoud v. Appeal Committee for Security Zones, P.D. 6 229, 230 (1952) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 840/797, Sbeit v. Government of Israel, P.D.75(4) 803 (2003).Google Scholar
HCJ 4067/07, Jabareen v. State of Israel, unpublished (2010).Google Scholar
Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat) 543 (1823).Google Scholar
Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).Google Scholar
Absentees' Property Law, 37 Sefer Hachukim (Laws of the State of Israel), 86 (1950).Google Scholar
British Defense (Emergency) Regulations (1945).Google Scholar
Draft Bill for the Arrangement of Bedouin Settlement in the Negev, 5773‐2013. HH 316, First Appendix [Hebrew] (2013).Google Scholar
Emergency Regulations (Security Zones) (Extension of Validity) (No. 2), 3 S.H. 56 (1949).Google Scholar
Knesset Record, 12:2202 (1952).Google Scholar
Land Acquisition (Validation of Acts and Compensation) Law, 122 Sefer Hachukim, 58 (1953).Google Scholar
Security Regulations (Security Areas), 11 K.T. 169 (1948).Google Scholar
C.A. 218/74, Al‐Hawashleh v. State of Israel, 38(3) P.D. 141 (1984).Google Scholar
C.A. 4220/12, Al‐Uqbi et al. v. State of Israel, unpublished (2015).Google Scholar
HCJ 64/51, Daoud v. Defense Minister and others, P.D. 5 1117 (1951) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 141/81, Committee of the Ikrit Evacuees and Others v. State of Israel and Others, P.D. 36(1) 129 (1981).Google Scholar
HCJ 225/53, El‐Yoseph v. Military Governor, P.D. 8 341 (1954) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 238/51, Daoud v. Defense Minister and Others, P.D. 5 1658 (1951) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 239/51, Daoud v. Appeal Committee for Security Zones, P.D. 6 229, 230 (1952) [Hebrew].Google Scholar
HCJ 840/797, Sbeit v. Government of Israel, P.D.75(4) 803 (2003).Google Scholar
HCJ 4067/07, Jabareen v. State of Israel, unpublished (2010).Google Scholar
Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat) 543 (1823).Google Scholar
Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).Google Scholar
Absentees' Property Law, 37 Sefer Hachukim (Laws of the State of Israel), 86 (1950).Google Scholar
British Defense (Emergency) Regulations (1945).Google Scholar
Draft Bill for the Arrangement of Bedouin Settlement in the Negev, 5773‐2013. HH 316, First Appendix [Hebrew] (2013).Google Scholar
Emergency Regulations (Security Zones) (Extension of Validity) (No. 2), 3 S.H. 56 (1949).Google Scholar
Knesset Record, 12:2202 (1952).Google Scholar
Land Acquisition (Validation of Acts and Compensation) Law, 122 Sefer Hachukim, 58 (1953).Google Scholar
Security Regulations (Security Areas), 11 K.T. 169 (1948).Google Scholar