Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T13:13:21.735Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Using Wearable Technology to Increase Police Legitimacy in Uruguay: The Case of Body-Worn Cameras

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2019

Barak Ariel ,
Renée J. Mitchell ,
Justice Tankebe ,
Maria Emilia Firpo ,
Ricardo Fraiman  and
Jordan M. Hyatt
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

What are the effects of wearable police cameras on perceptions of the police? In this study, we report causal estimates from a crossover randomized controlled trial in Uruguay on the effects of use of body-worn cameras by traffic police on the perceptions of legitimacy and satisfaction by drivers ticketed for traffic violations. We pay particular attention to the effects on procedural justice—that is, perceptions of the fairness of the interactions between officers and drivers—without neglecting other features of legitimacy (i.e., effectiveness, distributive justice, and lawfulness). With the exception of lawfulness, wearable surveillance apparatuses showed improvements across all dimensions of legitimacy compared to control conditions, with medium to large effect sizes. The overall satisfaction from the police-public interaction was significantly higher when officers used body-worn cameras. These findings suggest that wearable surveillance technology can lead to enhanced perceptions of legitimacy across multiple dimensions, not just increased efficiency, as well as the perceived overall quality of police-public interaction.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , February 2020 , pp. 52 - 80
Copyright
© 2019 American Bar Foundation 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adler, Paul S., and Borys, Bryan. “Two Types of Bureaucracy: Enabling and Coercive.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 no. 1, (1996): 61–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak “Deterrence and moral persuasion effects on corporate tax compliance: findings from a randomized controlled trial.” Criminology 50, no. 1 (2012): 27–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, and Sutherland, Alex. “Cameras, Complaints and Cops: Body-Worn Cameras Reduce Complaints by 93%.” Police Science 2, no. 1 (2017): 13–15.Google Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Farrar, William A., and Sutherland, Alex. “The Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens’ Complaints Against the Police: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31, no. 3 (2015): 509–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Lawes, David, Weinborn, Cristobal, Henry, Ron, Chen, Kevin, and Brants, Hagit Sabo. “The ‘Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Effect’—Introducing TASERs to Routine Police Operations in England and Wales: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 2 (2019): 280–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Newton, Mark, McEwan, Lorna, Ashbridge, Garry A., Weinborn, Cristobal, and Brants, Hagit Sabo. “Reducing Assaults Against Staff Using Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) in Railway Stations.” Criminal Justice Review 44, no.1 (2019): 76–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Sutherland, Alex, Henstock, Darren, Young, Josh, and Sosinski, Gabriela. “The Deterrence Spectrum: Explaining Why Police Body-Worn Cameras ‘Work’ or ‘Backfire’ in Aggressive Police–Public Encounters.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 12, no. 1 (2017): 6–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Sutherland, Alex, Henstock, Darren, Young, Josh, Drover, Paul, Sykes, Jayne, Megicks, Simon, and Henderson, Ryan. “Report: Increases in Police Use of Force in the Presence of Body-Worn Cameras Are Driven by Officer Discretion: A Protocol-Based Subgroup Analysis of Ten Randomized Experiments.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 12, no. 3 (2016): 453–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Sutherland, Alex, and Sherman, Lawrence W.. “Preventing Treatment Spillover Contamination in Criminological Field Experiments: The Case of Body-Worn Police Cameras.” Journal of Experimental Criminology (2018): 1–23. doi: 10.1007/s11292-018-9344-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, Sutherland, Alex, and Sherman, Lawrence W.. “‘Contagious Accountability’: A Global Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Citizens’ Complaints Against the Police.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 2 (2017): 293–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Barak, et al. “Paradoxical Effects of Self-Awareness of Being Observed: Testing the Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Assaults and Aggression Against Officers.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 14, no. 1 (2018): 19–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayley, David H. “US Aid for Foreign Justice and Police.” Orbis 50, no. 3 (2006): 469–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beetham, D. The legitimation of power. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanuties Fress International.Google Scholar
Bottoms, Anthony E. “Understanding Compliance with Laws and Regulations: A Mechanism-Based Approach”. In Financial Compliance: Issues, Concerns and Future Directions. Edited by Krambia-Kapardis, Maria, 1–45. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.Google Scholar
Bottoms, Anthony E., and Tankebe, Justice. “Police Legitimacy and the Authority of the State”. In Criminal Law and the Authority of the State. Edited by Du Bois-Pedain, Antje, Ulväng, Magnus, and Asp, Petter, 47–88. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2017 Google Scholar
Bottoms, Anthony E., and Tankebe, Justice. “Beyond Procedural Justice: A Dialogic Approach to Legitimacy in Criminal Justice.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102, no. 1 (2012): 119–70.Google Scholar
Bradford, Ben. “Policing and Social Identity: Procedural Justice, Inclusion and Cooperation Between Police and Public.” Policing and Society 24, no. 1 (2014): 22–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, Anthony, Coldren, James, Sousa, William, Rodriguez, Dario, and Alper, Omer. “The Benefits of Body-Worn Cameras: New Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department.” CNA Analysis & Solutions. https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/LV-BWC-RIB-2017.pdf. (2017).Google Scholar
Braga, Anthony A., Christopher Winship, Tom R. Tyler, Jeffrey Fagan, and Meares, Tracey L.. “The Salience of Social Contextual Factors in Appraisals of Police Interactions with Citizens: A Randomized Factorial Experiment.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30, no. 4 (2014): 599–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buquet, Daniel, and Rafael, Piñeiro. “Uruguay’s Shift from Clientelism.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1 (2014): 139–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabella, Wanda, and Porzecanski, Rafael. “The Growth of Ethnic Minorities in Uruguay: Ethnic Renewal or Measurement Problems?.” In Social Statistics and Ethnic Diversity: Cross-National Perspectives in Classifications and Identity Politics. Edited by Simon, Patrick, Piché, Victor, and Amélie, A. Gagnon, 175–89. New York: Springer, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canache, Damarys, and Allison, Michael E.. “Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies.” Latin American Politics and Society 47, no. 3 (2005): 91–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canton, Robert, and Eadie, Tina. “Accountability, Legitimacy, and Discretion: Applying Criminology in Professional Practice.” Applied Criminology (2008): 86–102.Google Scholar
CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html, 2016.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum Associates, 1988.Google Scholar
Coicaud, Jean-Marc. Legitimacy and Politics: A Contribution to the Study of Political Right and Political Responsibility. Translated and edited by David Ames Curtis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Thomas D., and Campbell, Donald T.. “The Design and Conduct of True Experiments and Quasi-experiments in Field Settings.” InReproduced in Part in Research in Organizations: Issues and Controversies. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing Company, 1979.Google Scholar
Crow, Matthew S., Snyder, Jamie A., Crichlow, Vaughn J., and Smykla, John Ortiz. “Community Perceptions of Police Body-Worn Cameras: The Impact of Views on Fairness, Fear, Performance, and Privacy.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 44, no. 4 (2017): 589–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cubitt, Timothy IC, Lesic, Rebecca, Myers, Gemma L., and Corry, Robert. “Body-Worn Video: A Systematic Review of Literature.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 50, no. 3 (2017): 379–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, Mustafa, Apel, Robert, Braga, Anthony A., Brunson, Rod K., and Ariel, Barak. “Body-Worn Cameras, Procedural Justice, and Police Legitimacy: A Controlled Experimental Evaluation of Traffic Stops.” Justice Quarterly (2018): 1–32. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2018.1495751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drover, Paul, and Ariel, Barak. “Leading an Experiment in Police Body-Worn Video Cameras.” International Criminal Justice Review 25, no. 1 (2015): 80–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duval, Shelley, and Wicklund, Robert A.. A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness. Oxford: Academic Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Engel, Robin Shepard., Sobol, J. J., and Worden, R. E. “Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: The interaction effects of suspects' characteristics and demeanor on police behavior.” Justice Quarterly 17, no. 2 (2000): 235–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, Robin Shepard. “Citizens’ Perceptions of Distributive and Procedural Injustice During Traffic Stops with Police.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 42, no. 4 (2005): 445–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallik, Seth Wyatt, Deuchar, Ross, and Crichlow, Vaughn J.. “Body-Worn Cameras in the Post-Ferguson Era: An Exploration of Law Enforcement Perspectives.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (2018): 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrar, William, and Ariel, Barak. “Self-Awareness to Being Watched and Socially-Desirable Behavior: A Field Experiment on the Effect of Body-Worn Cameras on Police Use-of-Force.” Washington, DC: Police Foundation (2013).Google Scholar
Farrington, David P., Gottfredson, Denise C., Sherman, Lawrence W., and Welsh, Brandon C.. “The Maryland Scientific Methods Scale.” Evidence-Based crime Prevention (2002): 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feys, Yinthe, Verhage, Antoinette, and Boels, Dominique. “A State-of-the-Art Review on Police Accountability: What Do We Know from Empirical Studies?.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 20, no. 3 (2018): 225–39.Google Scholar
Finkelstien, Marcia A. “Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivational Orientations and the Volunteer Process.” Personality and Individual Differences 46, nos. 5–6 (2009): 653–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, Jeff. “Why Nudging Is Not Enough.” Journal of Social Marketing 1, no. 2 (2011): 154–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gau, Jacinta M., and Brunson, Rod K.. “Procedural Injustice, Lost Legitimacy, and Self-Help: Young Males’ Adaptations to Perceived Unfairness in Urban Policing Tactics.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 31, no. 2 (2015): 132–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geller, Valerie, and Shaver, Phillip. “Cognitive Consequences of Self-Awareness.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 12, no. 1 (1976): 99–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Adam M. “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity.” Journal of Applied Psychology 93, no. 1 (2008): 48–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmith, Lynne, Owens, Catherine, Finn, Will, Mann, David, Davies, Tom, and Baika, Laura. “Police, Camera, Evidence: London’s Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial of Body Worn Video.” London, UK: College of Policing and the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) (2015).Google Scholar
Hasisi, Badi, and Weisburd, David. “Going beyond Ascribed Identities: The Importance of Procedural Justice in Airport Security Screening in Israel.” Law & Society Review 45, no. 4 (2011): 867–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedberg, Eric C., Katz, Charles M., and Choate, David E.. “Body-Worn Cameras and Citizen Interactions with Police Officers: Estimating Plausible Effects Given Varying Compliance Levels.” Justice Quarterly 34, no. 4 (2017): 627–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henstock, Darren, and Ariel, Barak. “Testing the Effects of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force During Arrests: A Randomised Controlled Trial in a Large British Police Force. European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 6 (2017): 720–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, Steve. “Police Subculture Reconsidered.” Criminology 36, no. 2 (1998): 343–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hine, K. A., Porter, L. E., Westera, N. J. and Alpert, G. P.. “The understated ugly side of police–citizen encounters: situation, suspect, officer, decision-making, and force predictors of officer injuries.” Policing and Society 28, no. 6 (2018): 665–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinds, Lyn, and Murphy, Kristina. “Public Satisfaction with Police: Using Procedural Justice to Improve Police Legitimacy.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 40, no. 1 (2007): 27–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hough, Mike, Jackson, Jon, and Bradford, Ben. “Policing, Procedural Justice and Prevention.” In Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 2nd ed. Edited by Tilley, Nick and Sidebottom, Aiden, 274–93. New York, Routledge, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hough, Mike, Jackson, Jonathan, Bradford, Ben, Myhill, Andy, and Quinton, Paul. “Procedural Justice, Trust, and Institutional Legitimacy.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 4, no. 3 (2010): 203–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyatt, Jordan M., Mitchell, Renee J., and Ariel, Barak. “The Effects of a Mandatory Body-Worn Camera, Policy on Officer Perceptions of Accountability, Oversight, and Departmental Culture.” Villanova Law Review 62, no. 5 (2017): 1005–35.Google Scholar
IPS (Israel Police Service). “Israeli Police Body Worn Cameras: Research Report.” Available through the Israel Freedom of Information Request No. 127/18 (2017) [report available upon request; in Hebrew].Google Scholar
Jennings, Wesley G., Lynch, Mathew D., and Fridell, Lorie A.. “Evaluating the Impact of Police Officer Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) on Response-to-Resistance and Serious External Complaints: Evidence from the Orlando Police Department (OPD) Experience Utilizing a Randomized Controlled Experiment.” Journal of Criminal Justice 43, no. 6 (2015): 480–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, David. A Brief History of Justice. Vol. 10. Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jervis, R., Lebow, R. N., and Stein, J. G.. “Psychology and deterrence.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (1989).Google Scholar
Joinson, Adam N. “Self-disclosure in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Role of Self-Awareness and Visual Anonymity.” European Journal of Social Psychology 31, no. 2 (2001): 177–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonathan-Zamir, Tal, and Harpaz, Amikam. “Predicting Support for Procedurally Just Treatment: The Case of the Israel National Police.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 6 (2018): 840–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Charles M., Kurtenbach, Mike, Choate, David E., and White, Michael D.. “Phoenix, Arizona, Smart Policing Initiative: Evaluating the Impact of Police Officer Body-Worn Cameras.” Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, US Department of Justice (2015).Google Scholar
Lawrence, Daniel, Peterson, Bryce, and Thompson, Paige. “Community Views of Milwaukee’s Police Body-Worn Camera Program.” The Urban Institute: Justice Policy Center. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/98922/mpd_bwc_community_attitudes_brief_1.pdf (2018).Google Scholar
Langley, B., and Ariel, B.. “The effect of procedural justice training: a state of art review of randomised controlled trials in policing.” Presented at West Midlands Police Fairness Team (2018) (05 January 2019, West Midlands).Google Scholar
Lee, Murray, Taylor, Emmeline, and Willis, Matthew. “Being Held to Account: Detainees’ Perceptions of Police Body-Worn Cameras.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, no. 2 (2018): 174–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, E. Allan, and Tyler, Tom R.. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipsey, Mark W., and Wilson, David. Practical Meta-Analysis (Applied Social Research Methods). London: Sage Publications, 2000.Google Scholar
Loader, Ian. “Policing, Recognition, and Belonging.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605, no. 1 (2006): 201–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lum, Cynthia M., Koper, Christopher S., Merola, Linda M., Scherer, Amber, and Reioux, Amanda. “Existing and Ongoing Body Worn Camera Research: Knowledge Gaps and Opportunities.” Report for the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University (2015).Google Scholar
Lowrey-Kinberg, B. V., and Sullivan Buker, G. “I'm Giving You a Lawful Order”: Dialogic Legitimacy in Sandra Bland's Traffic Stop.” Law & Society Review 51, no. 2 (2017): 379–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lum, C., Stoltz, M., Koper, C. S., and Scherer, J. A.. “Research on body-worn cameras: What we know, what we need to know.” Criminology & Public Policy 18, no. 1 (2019): 93–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacQueen, Sarah, and Bradford, Ben. “Enhancing Public Trust and Police Legitimacy During Road Traffic Encounters: Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial in Scotland.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 11, no. 3 (2015): 419–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacQueen, Sarah, and Bradford, Ben. “Where Did It All Go Wrong? Implementation Failure—and More—in a Field Experiment of Procedural Justice Policing.” Journal Of Experimental Criminology 13, no. 3 (2017): 321–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskaly, Jon, Donner, C. M.. A theoretical integration of social learning theory with terror management theory: Towards an explanation of police shootings of unarmed suspects.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 40, no. 2 (2015): 205–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maskaly, Jon, Donner, Christopher, Jennings, Wesley G., Ariel, Barak, and Sutherland, Alex. “The Effects of Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) on Police and Citizen Outcomes: A State-of-the-Art Review.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 4 (2017): 672–88.Google Scholar
Mastrofski, Stephen D., Jonathan-Zamir, Tal, Moyal, Shomron, Willis, James J.. Predicting Procedural Justice in Police–Citizen Encounters. Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 1 (2016): 119–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mastrofski, Stephen D., Snipes, Jeffrey B., and Supina, Anne E.. “Compliance on Demand: The Public’s Response to Specific Police Requests.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33, no. 3 (1996): 269–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazerolle, Lorraine, Antrobus, Emma, Bennett, Sarah, and Tyler, Tom R.. “Shaping Citizen Perceptions of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial of Procedural Justice.” Criminology 51, no. 1 (2013): 33–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazerolle, Lorraine, Antrobus, Emma, Bennett, Sarah, and Tyler, Tom R.. “Shaping Citizen Perceptions of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial of Procedural Justice.” Criminology 51, no. 1 (2013): 33–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesa Police Department. On-officer body camera system: Program evaluation and recommendations (2013). Mesa: Mesa Police Department.Google Scholar
McCall, George J. “Systematic Field Observation.” Annual Review of Sociology 10, no. 1 (1984): 263–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClure, Dave, La Vigne, Nancy, Lynch, Mathew, Golian, Laura, Lawrence, Daniel, and Malm, Aili. “How Body Cameras Affect Community Members’ Perceptions of Police: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial of One Agency’s Pilot.” Washington, DC: Urban Institute (2017).Google Scholar
McCluskey, John D., Uchida, Craig D., Solomon, Shellie E., Wooditch, Alese, Connor, Christine, and Revier, Lauren. “Assessing the Effects of Body Worn Cameras on Procedural Justice in the Los Angeles Police Department.” Criminology 57, no. 2 (2017): 208–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Renée J., Ariel, Barak, Firpo, Maria Emilia, Fraiman, Ricardo, del Castillo, Federico, Hyatt, Jordan M., Weinborn, Cristobal, and Sabo, Hagit Brants. “Measuring the Effect of Body-Worn Cameras on Complaints in Latin America: The Case of Traffic Police in Uruguay.” Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 4 (2018): 510–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morin, Alain. “Self-Awareness Part 1: Definition, Measures, Effects, Functions, and Antecedents.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5, no. 10 (2011): 807–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morlino, Leonardo, and Montero, José Ramón. “Legitimacy and Democracy in Southern Europe.” The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (1995): 231–60.Google Scholar
Murphy, Kristina, and Cherney, Adrian. “Understanding Cooperation with Police in a Diverse Society.” The British Journal of Criminology 52, no. 1 (2011): 181–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Kristina, Hinds, Lyn, and Fleming, Jenny. “Encouraging Cooperation and Public Support for Police.” Policing and Society 18, no. 2 (2008): 138–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S. “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century.” Crime and Justice 42, no. 1 (2013): 199–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., and Telep, Cody W.. “Procedural Justice and Legal Compliance.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13 (2017): 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl Lero, eds. “Deterrence, Choice, and Crime: Contemporary Perspectives.” Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 23. New York: Routledge, 2018.Google Scholar
Natapoff, Alexandra. “Underenforcement.” Fordham Law Review 75, no. 3 (2006): 1715–76.Google Scholar
Nottinghamshire Police. “The Cost of Recruiting and Training a Police Officer.” 2012. https://goo.gl/JJPJj8.Google Scholar
Orrick, W. Dwayne. “Calculating the Cost of Police Turnover.” Police chief 69, no. 10 (2002): 100–03.Google Scholar
Owens, Catherine, Mann, David, and Mckenna, Rory. “The Essex Body Worn Video Trial: The Impact of Body Worn Video on Criminal Justice Outcomes of Domestic Abuse Incidents.” College of Policing (2014).Google Scholar
Paternoster, Ray, Brame, Bobby, Bachman, Ronet, and Sherman, Lawrence W.. “Do Fair Procedures Matter? Procedural Justice in the Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment.” Law and Society Review 31 (1997): 163–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piza, E. L. “The History, Policy Implications, and Knowledge Gaps of the CCTV Literature: Insights for the Development of Body-Worn Video Camera Research.” International Criminal Justice Review 41, no. 1 (2018a): 14–30.Google Scholar
Piza, E. L.“The crime prevention effect of CCTV in public places: a propensity score analysis.” Journal of Crime and Justice, 41, no. 1 (2018b): 14–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogarsky, Greg, Piquero, Alex R., and Paternoster, Ray. “Modeling Change in Perceptions About Sanction Threats: The Neglected Linkage in Deterrence Theory.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20, no. 4 (2004): 343–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. “Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing.” Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (2015).Google Scholar
Punch, Maurice. “Police Corruption and Its Prevention.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8, no. 3 (2000): 301–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (2009).Google Scholar
Ready, Justin T., and Young, Jacob TN. “The Impact of On-Officer Video Cameras on Police–Citizen Contacts: Findings from a Controlled Experiment in Mesa, AZ.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 11, no. 3 (2015): 445–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisig, Michael D., McCluskey, J. D., Mastrofski, S. D., and Terrill, W. “Suspect disrespect toward the police.” Justice Quarterly 21, no. 2 (2004): 241–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisig, Michael D. “Continuing the Discussion on Community Policing, Issue 2 Procedural Justice and Community Policing—What Shapes Residents’ Willingness to Participate in Crime Prevention Programs?.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 1, no. 3 (2007): 356–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahin, Nusret, Braga, Anthony A., Apel, Robert, and Brunson, Rod K.. “The Impact of Procedurally-Just Policing on Citizen Perceptions of Police During Traffic Stops: The Adana Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 33, no. 4 (2017): 701–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparks, J. R., and Bottoms, A. E. “Legitimacy and order in prisons.” British Journal of Sociology (1995): 45–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogan, Wesley G. “Asymmetry in the Impact of Encounters with Police.” Policing & Society 16, no. 02 (2006): 99–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogan, Wesley G., Van Craen, Maarten, and Hennessy, Cari. “Training Police for Procedural Justice.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 11, no. 3 (2015): 319–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skolnick, Jerome H., and Bayley, David H.. The New Blue Line: Police Innovation in Six American Cities. New York: The Free Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Skolnick, Jerome H., and Fyfe, James J.. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. New York: Free Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Sunshine, Jason, and Tyler, Tom R.. “The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing.” Law & Society Review 37, no. 3 (2003): 513–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, Alex, Ariel, Barak, Farrar, William, and De Anda, Randy. “Post-experimental Follow-Ups—Fade-Out Versus Persistence Effects: The Rialto Police body-Worn Camera Experiment Four Years On.” Journal of Criminal Justice 53 (2017): 110–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankebe, Justice. “Public Cooperation with the Police in Ghana: Does Procedural Fairness Matter?.” Criminology 47, no. 4 (2009): 1265–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankebe, Justice. “Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions of Public Perceptions of Police Legitimacy.” Criminology 51, no. 1 (2013): 103–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telep, Cody W., and Weisburd, David. “Policing.” In What Works in Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation: Lessons from Systematic Reviews. Edited by Weisburd, David, Farrington, David P., and Gill, Charlotte, 137–68. New York: Springer, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrill, W., and Mastrofski, S. D..“Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion.” Justice Quarterly 19, no. 2 (2002): 215–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trinkner, Rick, Jackson, Jonathan, and Tyler, Tom. “Expanding ‘Appropriate’ Police Behavior Beyond Procedural Justice: Bounded Authority & Legal Legitimation.” Law and Human Behavior 42, no. 3 (2017): 280–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. “Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law.” Crime and Justice 30 (2003): 283–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. Why people obey the law (2003). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. “Can the Police Enhance Their Popular Legitimacy through Their Conduct: Using Empirical Research to Inform Law.” University of Illinois Law Review (2017a): 1971–2008.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. “Value-Driven Behavior and the Law.” In The Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics: Volume 1: Methodology and Concepts. Edited by Parisi, Francesco, 402–21. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017b.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., and Bies, Robert J.. “Beyond Formal Procedures: The Interpersonal Context of Procedural Justice.” In Applied Social Psychology and Organizational Settings. Edited by John, S. Carroll, 98. London: Psychology Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., and Fagan, Jeffrey. “Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities.” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6 (2008): 231–75.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., and Wakslak, Cheryl J.. “Profiling and Police Legitimacy: Procedural Justice, Attributions of Motive, and Acceptance of Police Authority.” Criminology 42, no. 2 (2004): 253–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., Fagan, Jeffrey, and Geller, Amanda. “Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men’s Legal Socialization.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 11, no. 4 (2014): 751–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., Schulhofer, Stephen, and Huq, Aziz Z.. “Legitimacy and Deterrence Effects in Counterterrorism Policing: A Study of Muslim Americans.” Law & Society Review 44, no. 2 (2010): 365–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Bommel, Marco, van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, Elffers, Henk, and Van Lange, Paul AM. “Be Aware to Care: Public Self-Awareness Leads to a Reversal of the Bystander Effect.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 4 (2012): 926–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max, Runciman, Walter Garrison, and Matthews, Eric. Max Weber: Selections in Translation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisburd, D., Lum, C. M., and S. M., Yang“When can we conclude that treatments or programs “don’t work”?.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 587, no. 1 (2003): 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Michael D. “Police Officer Body-Worn Cameras: Assessing the Evidence.” Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (2014).Google Scholar
White, Michael D., Todak, Natalie, and Gaub, Janne E.. “Assessing Citizen Perceptions of Body-Worn Cameras After Encounters with Police.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 4 (2017): 689–703.Google Scholar
Willis, Justin. “‘Peace and Order Are in the Interests of Every Citizen’: Elections, Violence and State Legitimacy in Kenya, 1957–74.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 48, no. 1 (2015): 99–116.Google Scholar
Yao, Mike Z., and Flanagin, Andrew J.. “A Self-Awareness Approach to Computer-Mediated Communication.” Computers in Human Behavior 22, no. 3 (2006): 518–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Ariel et al. supplementary material

Ariel et al. supplementary material
Download Ariel et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 88.4 KB