Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T02:39:14.248Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tunisia's “Revolutionary” Lawyers: From Professional Autonomy to Political Mobilization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

On January 14, 2011, after twenty‐three years in power and one month of popular protest demanding his resignation, President Ben Ali fled Tunisia. Lawyers, wearing their official robes, had marched frequently in the uprising's demonstrations. By engaging with and supporting the uprising, lawyers—both the profession in general and the bar's leadership—gained considerable symbolic influence over the post‐uprising government that replaced Ben Ali's regime. This article outlines the various forms of political lawyering undertaken by Tunisian lawyers and their professional associations from Tunisia's independence to post‐uprising transitions. We demonstrate that economic concerns, professional objectives, and civic professionalism contributed to the collective action of Tunisian lawyers before and after the uprising. Tunisian lawyers moved beyond the realm of their profession to adopt a role as overseers of the post‐uprising government.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Andrew. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abdelkefi, Mohamed. 1990. Abdelwaheb el Béhi: al‐Iḍrāb muḥāwala l‐radd al‐ʿitibār ilá al‐muḥāmīn [Abdelwaheb el Béhi: la grève est une tentative pour que l'on prenne en considération l'avocat]. al‐Ṣabāḥ al‐usbūʿī, November 5.Google Scholar
Abel, Richard L. 1985. Comparative Sociology of Legal Professions: An Exploratory Essay. Law & Social Inquiry 10 (1): 579.Google Scholar
Agrama, Hussein Ali. 2012. Islamist Lawyers in the Egyptian Emergency State: A Different Language of Justice? In Questioning Secularism: Islam, Sovereignty, and the Rule of Law in Modern Egypt, 188223. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Akkari, Yosr Guerfel. 2011. “Un projet de loi tronqué” Corps de métier—Huissiers notaires, experts comptables, comptables, conseillers fiscaux et agents immobiliers en rangs serrés contre les avocats. Le Temps, March 13. http://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/53990 (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
al‐Sharīf, Jamāl. 2012. Interview with L. S. Tunis, September 16.Google Scholar
AMT, l'Association des magistrats tunisiens. 2014a. Lāʾiḥat al‐majlis al‐waṭanī al‐ṭāriʿ [Motion du conseil national extraordinaire] June 26. Tunis: Association of Tunisian Magistrates.Google Scholar
AMT, l'Association des magistrats tunisiens. 2014b. Lāʾiḥat al‐majlis al‐waṭanī al‐ṭāriʿ [Motion du conseil national extraordinaire] February 28. Tunis: Association of Tunisian Magistrates.Google Scholar
Awlād ʿAlī, Anwār. 2012. Why Cite Islamic Law in the Constitution? [video on Facebook page]. Tunis: Groupe parlementaire d'Ennahdha à l'Assemblée Nationale Constituante. http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=3549775867161 (accessed February 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Ayari, Michaël Béchir, Vincent, Geisser, and Krefa, Abir. 2011. Chronique d'une révolution [presque] annoncée. In L'Année du Maghreb 2011, 359–87. Paris: CNRS Éditions.Google Scholar
Baduel, Pierre‐Robert. 2013. Le temps insurrectionnel comme moment politique. Tunisie 2011. Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 20 (2): 3361.Google Scholar
Ben M'barek, Khaled. 2003. L’élan brisé du mouvement démocratique. In Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord 2000–2001, ed. Eberhart, Kienle, 409. Paris: CNRS Editions.Google Scholar
Ben Saleh, Lotfi. 2011a. Ākhir hadhā al‐shahr mawʿid al‐muwājahah bayna al‐qudāh. Jalsah ʿāmmah li tanqīḥ al‐qānūn al‐asāsī li al‐jamʿiyyah. al‐Ṣarīḥ, May 18.Google Scholar
Ben Saleh, Lotfi. 2011b. Lūbī min al‐muḥāmīn yahtakir sulṭatayn tanfīdhīyyah wa tashrīʿīyyah. al‐Ṣarīḥ, June 30.Google Scholar
Bouallègue, Koutheïr. 2011. Shayʾ min al‐haqīqah ʿan al‐muḥāmah wa istiḥqāqhihā. al‐Ṣabāḥ, February 13.Google Scholar
Bouallègue, Koutheïr. 2013. Interview with E. G. Tunis, April 23.Google Scholar
Bourguiba, Habib. 1973. al‐Muḥāmī fī khidmat al‐qiyam al‐akhlāqīyah. Tunis: Kitābat al‐Dawlah lil‐Ikhbār.Google Scholar
Brody‐Barre, Andrea G. 2012. The Impact of Political Parties and Coalition Building on Tunisia's Democratic Future. Journal of North African Studies 18(2): 211–30.Google Scholar
Byrne, Eileen. 2011. Tunisia's Combative Lawyers. The Laws of Rule: Law, Politics, Accountability, January 27. http://www.lawsofrule.net/2011/01/27/tunisias-combative-lawyers/(accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Champy, Florent, and Israël, Liora. 2009. Professions et engagement public. Sociétés Contemporaines 73:719.Google Scholar
Chayes, Sarah. 2014. How a Leftist Labor Union Helped Force Tunisia's Political Settlement. http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/03/27/how-leftist-labor-union-helped-force-tunisia-s-political-settlement (accessed September 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Chérif, Ezzeddine Ben, Mahmoud‐Chérif Khédija. 1990. Memoires d'un beldi. Tunis: Cérès Productions.Google Scholar
Chouikha, Larbi. 2004. Pluralisme politique et presse d'opposition sous Bourguiba. In Habib Bourguiba, la trace et l'héritage, ed. Camau, Michel and Geisser, Vincent, 341–55. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Dermech, A. 2011. Tunisie: Décret‐loi sur la profession d'avocat—Un butin de guerre pour services rendus. La Presse, June 29. http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201106290453.html (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Dobry, Michel. 2009. Sociologie des crises politiques la dynamique des mobilisations multisectorielles. Paris: Presses de Science Po.Google Scholar
Endicott, Timothy A. O. 1999. The Impossibility of the Rule of Law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 19 (1): 118.Google Scholar
Facebook, TBA. 2014a. Official Facebook Page. http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ordre-National-des-Avocats-de-Tunisie/120082911395157 (accessed January 4, 2014).Google Scholar
Gaigi, Youssef. 2012. Second Suspect in US Embassy Attack Dies. Tunisialive, November 17. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/11/17/second-suspect-in-us-embassy-attack-dies/(accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Gherib, Mohamed Ali. 2011. Interview with E. G. Court of Cassation, Tunis, April 20.Google Scholar
Ghias, Shoaib A. 2010. Miscarriage of Chief Justice: Judicial Power and the Legal Complex in Pakistan Under Musharraf. Law & Social Inquiry 35 (4): 9851022.Google Scholar
Ghribi, Mongi. 2013a. E‐mail to E. G. Tunis, May 12.Google Scholar
Ghribi, Mongi. 2013b. interview with E. G. Court of Cassation, Tunis 19 April.Google Scholar
GNet. 2011. Le batônnier: “Nous faisons partie du sit‐in de la Kasbah.” Global Net, February 22, 2011. http://www.gnet.tn/temps-fort/le-batonnier-nous-faisons-partie-du-sit-in-de-la-kasbah/id-menu-325.html (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric. 2006 . Corporatismes, syndicalisme et dépolitisation. In La Politique dans le Monde Arabe, ed. Picard, Elizabeth, 71192. Paris: A. Colin.Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric. 2010. The Tunisian Bar to the Test of Authoritarianism: Professional and Political Movements in Ben Ali's Tunisia (1990–2007). Journal of North African Studies 15 (3): 333–47.Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric. 2012. La structure sociale du barreau tunisien dans les années 2000. SociologieS. http://sociologies.revues.org/4044 (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric. 2013a. Les avocats en Tunisie de la colonisation à la révolution (1883–2011): sociohistoire d'une profession politique. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric. 2013b. Of Lawyers and Samsars: The Legal Services Market and the Authoritarian State in Ben ‘Ali's Tunisia (1987–2011). Middle East Journal 67 (1): 4462.Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric, and Ayari, Michaël Bechir. 2007. Les avocats dans la Tunisie de Ben Ali: Une profession politisée? L'Année du Maghreb 3:105–32.Google Scholar
Gobe, Éric, and Khlif, Wafa. 2015. Batailles professionnelles et enjeux politiques. Avocats et experts comptables dans la Tunisie pré et post‐révolutionnaire. Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 137 (1): 193210.Google Scholar
Hajbi, Nizar. 2013. Les hommes de robe en guerre larvée. La Presse de Tunisie, June 2.Google Scholar
Hajjar, Lisa. 2001. From the Fight for Legal Rights to the Promotion of Human Rights: Israeli and Palestinian Cause Lawyers in the Trenches of Globalization. In Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Sarat, A. and Scheingold, S. A., 6895. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C. 1987. Beyond Monopoly: Lawyers, State Crises, and Professional Empowerment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 1997a. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North America from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 1997b. Politics Matter: A Comparative Theory of Lawyers in the Making of Political Liberalism. In Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North America from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries, ed. Halliday, Terence C. and Karpik, Lucien, 1564. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 2012. Political Liberalism in the British Post‐Colony: A Theme with Three Variations. In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post‐Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, ed. Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M., 358. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 2015. Political Lawyering. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Baltes, Neil J. and Smelser, Paul B. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., Lucien, Karpik, and Feeley, Malcolm. 2007. Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., Lucien, Karpik, and Feeley, Malcolm. 2012. Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post‐Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamida, Hichem Belhadj. 2011. Interview with E G. Court of Cassation, Tunis, April 20.Google Scholar
Hamza, A. 2011. Me Abderrazek Kilani prix des “Droits de l'homme” 2011 du Conseil des Barreaux Européens. DirectInfo, Oct. 4. http://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2011/10/04/me-abderrazek-kilani-prix-des-droits-de-lhomme-2011-du-conseil-des-barreaux-europeens/(accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Hélin, Elise. 1994. La profession d'avocat en Tunisie. Master's thesis. Institut d’études politiques, Aix‐en‐Provence.Google Scholar
Hilbink, Thomas. 2006 . The Profession, the Grassroots and the Elite: Cause Lawyering for Civil Rights and Freedom in the Direct Action Era. In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 6083. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hmed, Choukri. 2012. Abeyance Networks, Contingency and Structures. Revue Française de Science Politique (English) 62 (5): 31.Google Scholar
Ibn al‐Aṣfar, Muḥammad. 1998. Tārīkh al‐muḥāmāh fī tūnis. Tunis: al‐Hayʾah al‐Waṭanīyah lil‐Muḥāmīn, Nawāfidh.Google Scholar
Israël, Liora. 2001. Usages militants du droit dans l'arène judiciaire: Le Cause Lawyering. Droit et Société 49:793824.Google Scholar
Israël, Liora. 2003. Dossier—La justice comme espace politique. Trois etudes de cas: Israel, Inde, Argentine. Droit et Société 55:600.Google Scholar
Jallali, Mokhtar. 2013. E‐mail to E. G. Tunis, May 12.Google Scholar
Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne (JORT). 1958. Loi N° 37, Règlementant la profession d'avocat. Tunis, Tunisia.Google Scholar
Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne (JORT). 1961. Décret n° 61‐266 du 8 août 1961 portant dissolution des conseils de l'ordre des avocats près les cours d'appel de Tunis, de Sfax et de Sousse. Tunis, Tunisia.Google Scholar
Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne (JORT). 1967. Loi n° 67‐29 du 14 juillet 1967, Relative à l'organisation judiciaire, au conseil supérieur de la magistrature et au statut de la magistrature. Tunis, Tunisia.Google Scholar
Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne (JORT). 1989. Loi n° 89‐87 du 7 septembre 1989, portant organisation de la profession d'avocat. Tunis, Tunisia.Google Scholar
Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne (JORT). 2011. Décret‐loi n° 2011‐79 du 20 août 2011 portant organisation de la profession d'avocat. Tunis, Tunisia.Google Scholar
Kaboub, Fadhel. 2013a. The End of Neoliberalism? An Institutional Analysis of the Arab Uprisings. Journal of Economic Issues 47 (2): 533–44.Google Scholar
Kaboub, Fadhel. 2013b. The Making of the Tunisian Revolution. Middle East Development Journal 5 (1): 121.Google Scholar
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. 1991. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, rev. ed. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society.Google Scholar
Kapinga, Wilbert B. L. 1992. The Legal Profession and Social Action in the Third World: Reflections on Tanzania and Kenya. African Journal of International and Comparative Law 4:874–91.Google Scholar
Kapitalis. 2013. Abderrazek Kilani ambassadeur auprès de la missions des Nations‐Unies à Genève. Kapitalis. http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/18643-tunisie-politique-abderrazek-kilani-ambassadeur-aupres-de-la-missions-des-nations-unies-a-geneve.html (accessed May 8, 2014).Google Scholar
Karpik, Lucien. 1988. Lawyers and Politics in France, 1814–1950: The State, the Market, and the Public. Law & Social Inquiry 13 (4): 707–36.Google Scholar
Karpik, Lucien. 1995. Les avocats: entre l’État, le public et le marché, XIIIe‐XXe siècle. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Karpik, Lucien. 2008. Les professions libérales sont‐elles solubles dans le marché. In Action publique et légitimités professionnelles, ed. Bianic, Thomas le and Vion, Antoine, 279–88. Paris: LGDJ‐Lextenso éd.Google Scholar
Kilani, Abderrazak. 2011. Experts Comptables—Avocats: Chacun sa profession. gnet, May 11. http://www.gnet.tn/temps-fort/parole-au-batonnier-experts-comptables/avocats-chacun-sa-profession/id-menu-325.html (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Lagroye, Jacques. 2003. La politisation. Paris: Belin.Google Scholar
Massad, Joseph. 2012. The “Arab Spring” and Other American Seasons. Aljazeera, August 29.Google Scholar
McEvoy, Kieran, and Rachel, Rebouché. 2007. Mobilizing the Professions: Lawyers, Politics, and the Collective Legal Conscience. In Judges, Transition, and Human Rights, ed. Morison, John, McEvoy, Kieran, and Anthony, Gordon, 275314. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mīlādī, al‐Ṭayyib Muḥammad. 2000. al‐Muḥāmī al‐ʿamīd, al‐Ṭayyib al‐Mīlādī: dhikrayāt wa‐wathāʾiq. Tunis: al‐Sharikah al‐Tūnisīyah lil‐Nashr wa‐Tanmiyat Funūn al‐Rasm.Google Scholar
Munir, Daud. 2009. Struggling for the Rule of Law: The Pakistani Lawyers’ Movement. Middle East Report 251:3741.Google Scholar
Nasraoui, Radhia. 2003. Bi‐munāsabat iftitāh al‐sana al‐qadaʾiyyah: iḍrāb ʿan al‐ṭaʿām difāʿan ʿan al‐karāmah [À l'occasion de l'ouverture de l'année judiciaire: une grève de la faim pour défendre la dignité]. Tunis, October 4.Google Scholar
Oko, Okechukwu C. 2000. Consolidating Democracy on a Troubled Continent: A Challenge for Lawyers in Africa. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 333:573644.Google Scholar
Perdomo, Rogelio Perez. 2007. Lawyers and Political Liberalism in Venezuela. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm, 345–60. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Rajah, Jothie. 2012. Authoritarian Rule of Law: Legislation, Discourse, and Legitimacy in Singapore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rayman, Noah. 2012. Tunisian Suspect in U.S. Embassy Attack Dies After Hunger Strike. Tunisialive, November 16. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/11/16/suspect-in-us-embassy-attack-dies-after-hunger-strike/(accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Reid, Donald M. 1981. Lawyers and Politics in the Arab World, 1880–1960. Minneapolis, MN: Bibliotheca Islamica.Google Scholar
Salaymeh, Lena. 2014. Analysis of TBA documents, 2000–2012. Unpublished database.Google Scholar
Salaymeh, Lena. 2015a. Islamic Law. In The International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Wright, James D., 746–53. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Salaymeh, Lena. 2015b. Middle Eastern and North African Legal Traditions. In The International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Wright, James D., 360–68. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart A. 2001. Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart A. 2005. The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe C. 1974. Still the Century of Corporatism? Review of Politics 36 (01): 85131.Google Scholar
Spaulding, Norman W. 2003. The Myth of Civic Republicanism: Interrogating the Ideology of Antebellum Legal Ethics. Fordham Law Review 71 (4): 13971459.Google Scholar
Surrency, Erwin C. 1964. The Lawyer and the Revolution. American Journal of Legal History 8 (2): 125–35.Google Scholar
Syndicat des magistrats tunisien (SMT). 2014. Announcement (balāgh) February 4. Tunis: Tunisian Magistrates’ Union.Google Scholar
Tabib, Chawki. 1988. Prochaine réforme dans le barreau tunisien. Avocats: La mutation désirée. Info‐Soir, November 24.Google Scholar
Tabib, Chawki. 2015. Avocats et politique en Tunisie(1887–2011). Tunis: Sotera.Google Scholar
Tabib, Chawki. 2011. E‐mail to E. G. June 7.Google Scholar
Tanit, Sara. 2012. Tunisie—Film “Le Professeur”: Quand le cœur a ses raisons que le Parti ne tolère point! Tekiano, September 17. http://www.tekiano.com/kult/actu/6033-tunisie-film-l-le-professeur-r-quand-le-cur-a-ses-raisons-que-le-parti-ne-tolere-point-.html (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
TBA. 2010a. Announcement (balāgh) December 29. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA. 2010b. Lāʾiḥat al‐waqfah al‐iḥtijājiyyah li‐yawm 31 december 2010 [Protest Motion of December 31, 2010]. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2011a. al‐Taqrīr al‐adabī li‐l‐sanah al‐qaḍaʾiyyah 2010–2011. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2011b. Announcement (balāgh) January 6. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2011c. Announcement (balāgh) January 12. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2011d. Announcement (balāgh) January 18. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2011e. News of the Legal Profession (Ākhbār al‐muḥāmāh). Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2011f. Official Statement (bayān) January 29. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2013a. Official Statement (bayān) Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2013b. Official Statement (bayān) bi‐khūṣūs qānūn al‐hayʾah al‐waqtiyyah li al‐qaḍāʾ al‐ʿadlī. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
TBA 2014. Lāʾiḥat al‐jalsah al‐ʿāmah [General Motion of March 2, 2014]. Tunis: Tunisian Bar Association.Google Scholar
Temps, Le. 2011a. La où il y a un avocat libre, il y a un pays libre (entretien avec Abderrazak Kilani). April 20. http://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/55207 (accessed July 14, 2015).Google Scholar
Temps, Le. 2011b. Projet de loi organisant la profession d'avocat: ‘c'est dans l'esprit de la Révolution’ (entretien du bâtonnier Me Abderrazak Kilani). March 16.Google Scholar
Thebti, Wiem. 2014. Tunis: Les avocats et les magistrats à couteaux tirés. AfricanManager, February 24.Google Scholar
Tunisian National Assembly Debates. 1963. Taqrīr hawla mashrūʿ bi‐tanqīḥ al‐qānūn ʿadad 37 li‐sanat 1958 al‐muʾarrakh fī 15 māris 1958 al‐ḍābiṭ li‐mihnat al‐muḥāmāh [Débats de l'assemblée nationale, Rapport sur le projet de loi modifiant la loi n° 37 de l'année 1958, daté du 15 mars 1958 et réglementant la profession d'avocat]. al‐Rāʾid al‐rasmī lil‐Jumhūrīyah al‐Tūnisīyah [Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne], Mudāwalāt Majlis al‐Ummah 14.Google Scholar
Tunisian National Constituent Assembly. 2014. Constitution of the Tunisian Republic. January 26.Google Scholar
Turki, Azza. 2011. Avocats‐magistrats. La guerre des robes noires? Réalités, July 14.Google Scholar
ʿUthmān, Ḥasan bin. 1990. Maʿ ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān al‐Hīlah fī shuʾūn al‐dīn wa‐al‐dunyā. Tunis: Dār Sirās lil‐Nashr.Google Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter. 2012. Legal Complexes and the Fight for Political Liberalism in New African Democracies: Comparative Insights from Malawi, Zambia, and Namibia. In Fates of Political Liberalism in the British Post‐Colony: The Politics of the Legal Complex, ed. Terence C, Halliday, Lucien, Karpik, and Malcolm M, Feeley, 455–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar