Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T13:56:32.911Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Process Is the Punishment: Thirty Years Later

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

This essay reviews the arguments and impacts of the classic work, The Process Is the Punishment by Malcolm Feeley, originally published in 1979 and republished with a new foreword and preface in 1992. This essay examines how the book has been used in sociolegal research since 1979 by empirically tracing its citation in published work. I also examine missed opportunities where The Process Is the Punishment could still expand its impact in the literature, as well as reviewing the major arguments and criticisms of the book.

Type
Review Essay
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2008 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, Kenneth. 1983. The Effect of Evidentiary Factors on Charge Reduction. Journal of Criminal Justice 11:525–37.Google Scholar
Albonetti, Celesta A. 1986. Criminality, Prosecutorial Screening, and Uncertainty: Toward a Theory of Discretionary Decision-Making in Felony Case Processing. Criminology 24:623–44.Google Scholar
Albonetti, Celesta A. 1999. The Avoidance of Punishment: A Legal Bureaucratic Model of Suspended Sentences in Federal White-Collar Cases Prior to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Social Forces 78:303–29.Google Scholar
Alfini, James J. 1981. Introductory Essay: The Misdemeanor Courts. Justice System Journal 6:512.Google Scholar
Alfini, James J., and Passuth, Patricia M. 1981. Case Processing in State Misdemeanor Courts: The Effect of Defense Attorney Presence. Justice System Journal 6:100–16.Google Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W. 1979. Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice. University of Chicago Law Review 46:1007–43 (book review of Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice by Charles E. Silberman).Google Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W. 1981. The Changing Plea Bargaining Debate. California Law Review 69:652730.Google Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W. 1983. Implementing the Criminal Defendant's Right to Trial: Alternatives to the Plea Bargaining System. University of Chicago Law Review 50:9311050.Google Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W. 1986. Mediation with a Mugger: The Shortage of Adjudicative Services and the Need for a Two-Tier Trial System in Civil Cases. Harvard Law Review 99:1808–59.Google Scholar
Alschuler, Albert W., and Deiss, Andrew G. 1994. A Brief History of the Criminal Jury in the United States. University of Chicago Law Review 61:867928.Google Scholar
Atkins, Burton M. 1980. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. American Political Science Review 74:820–22 (book review of the 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Austin, James, and Krisberg, Barry. 1981. Wider, Stronger, and Different Nets: The Dialectics of Criminal Justice Reform. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 18:165–96.Google Scholar
Ayres, Ian, and Waldfogel, Joel. 1994. A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting. Stanford Law Review 46:9871047.Google Scholar
Barkan, Steven. 1984. Legal Control of the Southern Civil Rights Movement. American Sociological Review 49:552–65.Google Scholar
Benson, Michael L. 1984. The Fall from Grace: Loss of Occupational Status as a Consequence of Conviction for a White-Collar Crime. Criminology 22:573–93.Google Scholar
Berg, Bruce L. 1986. Arbitrary Arbitration: Diverting Juveniles into the Justice System. Juvenile & Family Court Journal 37:3141.Google Scholar
Berman, Greg. 2004. Redefining Criminal Courts: Problem-Solving and the Meaning of Justice. American Criminal Law Review 41:1313–19.Google Scholar
Bibas, Stephanos. 2004. Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial. Harvard Law Review 117:2463–547.Google Scholar
Blanck, Peter David. 1993. Calibrating the Scales of Justice: Studying Judges’ Behavior in Bench Trials. Indiana Law Journal 68:1119–98.Google Scholar
Blanck, Peter David. 1996. The Appearance of Justice Revisited. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:887927.Google Scholar
Brannigan, Augustine, and Lynch, Michael. 1987. On Bearing False Witness: Credibility as an Interactional Accomplishment. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 16:115–46.Google Scholar
Brereton, David, and Casper, Jonathan D. 1982. Does It Pay to Plead Guilty? Differential Sentencing and the Functioning of Criminal Courts. Law & Society Review 16:4570.Google Scholar
Brigham, John, and Harrington, Christine B. 1989. Realism and Its Consequences: An Inquiry into Contemporary Sociological Research. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 17:4162.Google Scholar
Brogden, Ann. 1982. The Process Is the Punishment. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 10:337–39 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Bumiller, Kristin. 1987. Victims in the Shadow of the Law: A Critique of the Model of Legal Protection. Signs 12:421–39.Google Scholar
Burruss, George W., and Kempf-Leonard, Kimberly. 2002. The Questionable Advantage of Defense Counsel in Juvenile Court. Justice Quarterly 19:3768.Google Scholar
Choongh, Satnam. 1997. Policing as Social Discipline. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Cole, George F., Mahoney, Barry, Thornton, Marlene, and Hanson, Roger A. 1988. The Use of Fines by Trial Court Judges. Judicature 71:325–33.Google Scholar
Cooter, Robert. 1984. Prices and Sanctions. Columbia Law Review 84:1523–60.Google Scholar
Daly, Kathleen. 1987. Discrimination in the Criminal Courts: Family, Gender, and the Problem of Equal Treatment. Social Forces 66:152–75.Google Scholar
Daly, Kathleen, and Tonry, Michael. 1997. Gender, Race, and Sentencing. Crime and Justice 22:201–52.Google Scholar
Danet, Brenda. 1980. Language in the Legal Process. Law & Society Review 14:445564.Google Scholar
Daniels, Stephen. 1985. Continuity and Change in Patterns of Case Handling: A Case-Study of Two Rural Counties. Law & Society Review 19:381420.Google Scholar
Davis, Robert C. 1983. Victim Witness Noncooperation: A Second Look at a Persistent Phenomenon. Journal of Criminal Justice 11:287–99.Google Scholar
Dayok, Jennifer E. 1996. Administrative Driver's License Suspension: A Remedial Tool That Is Not in Jeopardy. American University Law Review 45:1151–84.Google Scholar
De Prez, Paula. 2000. Excuses, Excuses: The Ritual Trivialisation of Environmental Prosecutions. Journal of Environmental Law 12:6577.Google Scholar
Demuth, Stephen. 2003. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes: A Comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White Felony Arrestees. Criminology 41:873907.Google Scholar
Douglas, Roger. 1987a. Do Lawyers Make a Difference? Australian Journal of Social Issues 22:377–89.Google Scholar
Douglas, Roger. 1987b. Is Chivalry Dead? Gender and Sentence in the Victorian Magistrates Courts. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 23:343–57.Google Scholar
Douglas, Roger. 1988. Tolerated Contests? Plea and Sentence in the Victorian Magistrates Courts. Journal of Criminal Justice 16:269–90.Google Scholar
Earl, Jennifer. 2005. You Can Beat the Rap, but You Can't Beat the Ride. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 26:101–39.Google Scholar
Earl, Jennifer. 2006. Arrests, Repression, and the 2004 Republican National Convention. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Law and Society Association in Baltimore, MD, July.Google Scholar
Eisentstein, James, and Jacob, Herbert. 1977. Felony Justice: An Organizational Analysis of Criminal Courts. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.Google Scholar
Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, Lieb, John, and Zurcher, Louis. 1984. The Paradoxical Impact of Criminal Sanctions: Some Microstructural Findings. Law & Society Review 18:159–78.Google Scholar
Emerson, Robert M. 1983. Holistic Effects in Social-Control Decision-Making. Law & Society Review 17:425–55.Google Scholar
Emerson, Robert M. 1991. Case Processing and Interorganizational Knowledge: Detecting the Real Reasons for Referrals. Social Problems 38:198212.Google Scholar
Emmelman, Debra S. 1996. Trial by Plea Bargain: Case Settlement as a Product of Recursive Decisionmaking. Law & Society Review 30:335–60.Google Scholar
Engel, David M. 1999. Making Connections: Law and Society Researchers and Their Subjects. Law & Society Review 33:316.Google Scholar
Erez, Edna, and Rogers, Linda. 1999. Victim Impact Statements and Sentencing Outcomes and Processes: The Perspectives of Legal Professionals. British Journal of Criminology 39:216–39.Google Scholar
Ericson, Richard V. 1991. Mass Media, Crime, Law, and Justice: An Institutional Approach. British Journal of Criminology 31:219–49.Google Scholar
Farnworth, Margaret, and Horan, Patrick M. 1980. Separate Justice: An Analysis of Race Differences in Court Processes. Social Science Research 9:381–99.Google Scholar
Farrell, Peter G. 1990. The Day Fine Comes to America. Buffalo Law Review 38:591617.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. 1973. Two Models of the Criminal Justice System: An Organizational Perspective. Law & Society Review 7:407–26.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. 1979. Perspectives on Plea Bargaining. Law & Society Review 13:199209.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. 1982. Plea Bargaining and the Structure of the Criminal Process. Justice System Journal 7:338–54.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. 1983. Court Reform on Trial: Why Simple Solutions Fail. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. 1992 [1979]. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M. 1997. Legal Complexity and the Transformation of the Criminal Process: The Origins of Plea Bargaining. Israel Law Review 31:183222.Google Scholar
Feeley, Malcolm M., and Lester, Charles. 1994. Legal Complexity and the Transformation of the Criminal Process. In Subjektivierung des Justiziellen Beweisverfahrens, ed. Gouron, Andre, Mayali, Laurent, Schioppa, Antonio Padoa, and Simon, Dieter, 337–75. Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann.Google Scholar
Felstiner, William, , L. F. 1979. Plea Contracts in West Germany. Law & Society Review 13:309325.Google Scholar
Figueira-McDonough, Josefina. 1985. Gender Differences in Informal Processing: A Look at Charge Bargaining and Sentence Reduction in Washington, DC. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22:101–33.Google Scholar
Flemming, Roy B. 1989. If You Pay the Piper, Do You Call the Tune? Public Defenders in America's Criminal Courts. Law & Social Inquiry 14:393414.Google Scholar
Frase, Richard S. 1990. Comparative Criminal Justice as a Guide to American Law Reform: How Do the French Do It, How Can We Find Out, and Why Should We Care? California Law Review 78:539683.Google Scholar
Frase, Richard S. 2002. What Were They Thinking? Fourth Amendment Unreasonableness in Atwater v. City of Lago Vista. Fordham Law Review 71 (2): 329421.Google Scholar
Freed, Daniel J. 1973. The Imbalance Ratio. Beyond Time 1:2534.Google Scholar
Gambitta, Richard A., and Hitchings, Barry Paul. 1983. Bail Bond Forfeiture Enforcement: The Mechanism and the Mirage. American Journal of Criminal Law 11:233–92.Google Scholar
Gilboy, Janet A. 1988. Administrative Review in a System of Conflicting Values. Law & Social Inquiry 13 (3): 515–79.Google Scholar
Gilboy, Janet A. 1997. Implications of “Third-Party” Involvement in Enforcement: The INS, Illegal Travelers, and International Airlines. Law & Society Review 31:505–29.Google Scholar
Givelber, Daniel. 1997. Meaningless Acquittals, Meaningful Convictions: Do We Reliably Acquit the Innocent? Rutgers Law Review 49:1317–96.Google Scholar
Goldkamp, John S. 1981. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. Crime & Delinquency 27:428–31 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Gomme, Ian M., and Hall, Mary P. 1995. Prosecutors at Work: Role Overload and Strain. Journal of Criminal Justice 23:191200.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 1996. How to Become a Dominant American Social Scientist: The Case of Theda Skocpol. Contemporary Sociology 25:293–95.Google Scholar
Grau, Charles W. 1981. The Limits of Planned Change in Courts. Justice System Journal 6:8499.Google Scholar
Green, Donald E. 1990. Measuring Self-Reported Deviance: Cross-Sectional or Panel Data. Social Science Research 19:301–21.Google Scholar
Green, Penny A., and Allen, H. David. 1982. Severity of Societal Response to Crime: A Synthesis of Models. Law & Society Review 16:181205.Google Scholar
Grossman, Joel B., Kritzer, Herbert M., Bumiller, Kristin, Sarat, Austin, and McDougal, Stephen. 1982. Dimensions of Institutional Participation: Who Uses the Courts, and How? Journal of Politics 44:86114.Google Scholar
Gusfield, J. R. 1992. Foreword to The Process Is the Punishment, by Feeley, Malcolm F., xvxix. New York: Russell Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Hagan, John. 1992. The Poverty of a Classless Criminology. Criminology 30:119.Google Scholar
Hagan, John, and Zatz, Marjorie S. 1985. The Social Organization of Criminal Justice Processing: An Event History Analysis. Social Science Research 14:103–25.Google Scholar
Hanson, Roger A., and Chapper, Joy A. 1989. Organizing the Criminal Appeals Process: The Views of Judges, Government Attorneys and Defense Counsel. Judicature 72:239–46.Google Scholar
Harvard, Law Review. 1995. Leading Cases. Harvard Law Review 109:111353.Google Scholar
Hayden, Robert M. 1985. Who Wants Informal Courts? Paradoxical Evidence from a Yugoslav Attempt to Create Workers Courts for Labor Cases. American Bar Foundation Research Journal (now called Law & Social Inquiry) 10 (2): 293326.Google Scholar
Hemmens, Craig, and Levin, Daniel. 2000. Resistance Is Futile: The Right to Resist Unlawful Arrest in an Era of Aggressive Policing. Crime & Delinquency 46:472–96.Google Scholar
Hiday, Virginia Aldigé. 1983. Judicial Decisions in Civil Commitment: Facts, Attitudes, and Psychiatric Recommendations. Law & Society Review 17:517–30.Google Scholar
Hillsman, Sally T. 1982. Pretrial Diversion of Youthful Adults: A Decade of Reform and Research. Justice System Journal 7:361–87.Google Scholar
Hillsman, Sally T. 1988. The Growing Challenge of Fine Administration to Court Managers. Justice System Journal 13:516.Google Scholar
Hillsman, Sally T. 1990. Fines and Day Fines. Crime and Justice 12:4998.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Peter B., Beck, James L., Hardyman, Patricia L., and Scotkin, Ronnie M. 1986. Sentencing Reform, Sentencing Guidelines, and Related Issues: A Partial Bibliography. Journal of Criminal Justice 14:545–69.Google Scholar
Homel, Ross. 1983. Young Men in the Arms of the Law: An Australian Perspective on Policing and Punishing the Drinking Driver. Accident Analysis and Prevention 15:499512.Google Scholar
Homel, Ross J., and Lawrence, Jeanette A. 1992. Sentencer Orientation and Case Details: An Interactive Analysis. Law and Human Behavior 16:509–37.Google Scholar
Horan, Patrick M., Myers, Martha A., and Farnworth, Margaret. 1982. Prior Record and Court Processes: The Role of Latent Theory in Criminology Research. Sociology and Social Research 67:4058.Google Scholar
Horney, Julie, and Spohn, Cassia. 1991. Rape Law Reform and Instrumental Change in Six Urban Jurisdictions. Law & Society Review 25:117–53.Google Scholar
Jackson, Vicki C. 1994. Empiricism, Gender, and Legal Pedagogy: An Experiment in a Federal Courts Seminar at Georgetown University Law Center. Georgetown Law Journal 83:461524.Google Scholar
Jacob, Herbert. 1983. Presidential Address: Trial Courts in the United-States: The Travails of Exploration. Law & Society Review 17:407–23.Google Scholar
Johnson, David T. 1998. The Organization of Prosecution and the Possibility of Order. Law & Society Review 32:247308.Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert A. 1991. Adversarial Legalism and American Government. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 10:369406.Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert A. 1994. Do Lawyers Cause Adversarial Legalism? A Preliminary Inquiry. Law & Social Inquiry 19 (1): 162.Google Scholar
Kalman, Laura. 1996. American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science. Georgetown Law Journal 84:2245–60.Google Scholar
Katz, Jonathan. 1981. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. Justice System Journal 6:149–52 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Kempf-Leonard, Kimberly, and Sample, Lisa L. 2001. Have Federal Sentencing Guidelines Reduced Severity? An Examination of One Circuit. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17:111–44.Google Scholar
Ketcham, Orm W. 1980. Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. American Bar Association Journal 66:360+ (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Kirp, David L., and Jensen, Donald N. 1983. What Does Due Process Do? Public Interest 73:7590.Google Scholar
Kreimer, Seth F. 1988. Releases, Redress, and Police Misconduct: Reflections on Agreements to Waive Civil Rights Actions in Exchange for Dismissal of Criminal Charges. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 136:851940.Google Scholar
Kupchik, Aaron. 2003. Prosecuting Adolescents in Criminal Courts: Criminal or Juvenile Justice? Social Problems 50:439–60.Google Scholar
Laberge, Danielle, and Morin, Daphné. 1998. Evaluating the Case, Evaluating the Cost: Criteria for Constructing the Defense Strategy of Persons Suffering from Mental Illness. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 7:189209.Google Scholar
Laberge, Danielle, and Morin, Daphné. 2001. Mental Illness and Criminal Justice Processing: The Strategies and Dilemmas of Defence Lawyers. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 29:149–71.Google Scholar
Landis, Dan, Dansby, Mickey R., and Hoyle, Michael. 1997. The Effects of Race on Procedural Justice: The Case of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Armed Forces & Society 24:183220.Google Scholar
Landis, Jean M., and Goodstein, Lynne. 1986. When Is Justice Fair? An Integrated Approach to the Outcome Versus Procedure Debate. American Bar Foundation Research Journal (now Law & Social Inquiry) 11 (4): 675707.Google Scholar
Laufer, William S. 1995. The Rhetoric of Innocence. Washington Law Review 70:329421.Google Scholar
Lazarus-Black, Mindie. 1997. The Rites of Domination: Practice, Process, and Structure in Lower Courts. American Ethnologist 24:628–51.Google Scholar
Leone, Matthew C., and Kinkade, Patrick T. 1993. Bang for the Buck: California Court Processing and Budget Allocations: 1976–1986. Social Science Journal 30:99111.Google Scholar
Levine, Felice J. 1990. Goose Bumps and the “Search for Signs of Intelligent Life” in Sociolegal Studies: After Twenty-Five Years. Law & Society Review 24:733.Google Scholar
Levine, Kay, and Mellema, Virgina. 2001. Strategizing the Street: How Law Matters in the Lives of Women in the Street Level Drug Economy. Law & Social Inquiry 26 (1): 169207.Google Scholar
Livingston, Debra. 1997. Police Discretion and the Quality of Life in Public Places: Courts, Communities, and the New Policing. Columbia Law Review 97:551672.Google Scholar
Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
Lorinskas, Robert A. 1980. The Process Is the Punishment. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 71:340–42 (book review of the 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Lynch, David R., and Evans, T. David. 2002. Attributes of Highly Effective Criminal Defense Negotiators. Journal of Criminal Justice 30:387–96.Google Scholar
Mahoney, Anne Rankin. 1985. Time and Process in Juvenile Court. Justice System Journal 10:3755.Google Scholar
Mahoney, Barry, Winberry, Phillip B., and Church, Thomas W. Jr 1981. Addressing Problems of Delay in Limited Jurisdiction Courts: A Report on Research in Britain. Justice System Journal 6:4472.Google Scholar
Mann, Kenneth, Wheeler, Stanton, and Sarat, Austin. 1980. Sentencing the White-Collar Offender. American Criminal Law Review 17:479500.Google Scholar
Manning, Peter K. 1993. The Preventive Conceit. American Behavioral Scientist 36:639–50.Google Scholar
Matheny, Albert R. 1979. Bibliography on Plea Bargaining. Law & Society Review 13:661–87.Google Scholar
Maxson, Cheryl L., Little, Margaret A., and Klein, Malcolm W. 1988. Police Response to Runaway and Missing Children: A Conceptual-Framework for Research and Policy. Crime & Delinquency 34:84102.Google Scholar
Maynard, Douglas W. 1982a. Aspects of Sequential Organization in Plea Bargaining Discourse. Human Studies 5:319–44.Google Scholar
Maynard, Douglas W. 1982b. Defendant Attributes in Plea Bargaining: Notes on the Modeling of Sentencing Decisions. Social Problems 29:347–60.Google Scholar
Maynard, Douglas W. 1982c. Person Descriptions in Plea-Bargaining. Semiotica 42:195213.Google Scholar
Maynard, Douglas W. 1983. Social Order and Plea Bargaining in the Courtroom. Sociological Quarterly 24:233–51.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Belinda R. 1987. Preventive Detention and Pretrial Custody in the Juvenile-Court. Journal of Criminal Justice 15:185200.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Belinda R. 1991. Social Structure, Crime, and Social Control: An Examination of Factors Influencing Rates and Probabilities of Arrest. Journal of Criminal Justice 19:1929.Google Scholar
McConville, Michael, and Mirsky, Chester L. 1988. The State, the Legal Profession, and the Defense of the Poor. Journal of Law and Society 15:342–60.Google Scholar
McConville, Michael, and Mirsky, Chester L. 1995. Guilty Plea Courts: A Social Disciplinary Model of Criminal Justice. Social Problems 42:216–34.Google Scholar
Meehan, Albert J. 1993. Internal Police Records and the Control of Juveniles: Politics and Policing in a Suburban Town. British Journal of Criminology 33:504–24.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 1986. Everyday Understandings of the Law in Working-Class America. American Ethnologist 13:253–70.Google Scholar
Meyer, Jon'a, and Gray, Tara. 1997. Drunk Drivers in the Courts: Legal and Extra-Legal Factors Affecting Pleas and Sentences. Journal of Criminal Justice 25:155–63.Google Scholar
Meyer, Linda Ross. 2003. Burns v. Received View. Law & Social Inquiry 28 (2): 533–38.Google Scholar
Michigan, Law Review. 1980. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. Michigan Law Review 78:805–07 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Mirchandani, Rekha. 2005. What's So Special About Specialized Courts? The State and Social Change in Salt Lake City's Domestic Violence Court. Law & Society Review 39:379417.Google Scholar
Mitchell, John B. 1994. Redefining the Sixth Amendment. Southern California Law Review 67:12151319.Google Scholar
Naffine, Ngaire, and Wundersitz, Joy. 1991. Lawyers in the Children's Court: An Australian Perspective. Crime & Delinquency 37:374–92.Google Scholar
Nardulli, Peter F., Flemming, Roy B., and Eisenstein, James. 1984. Unraveling the Complexities of Decision-Making in Face-to-Face Groups: A Contextual Analysis of Plea-Bargained Sentences. American Political Science Review 78:912–28.Google Scholar
Neubauer, David W. 1983. Improving the Analysis and Presentation of Data on Case Processing Time. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:15891607.Google Scholar
Osborne, Judith A. 1983. The Prosecutors Discretion to Withdraw Criminal Cases in the Lower Courts. Canadian Journal of Criminology 25:5578.Google Scholar
Ostrow, Eleanor J. 1981. The Case for Pre-Plea Disclosure. Yale Law Journal 90:15811622.Google Scholar
Padgett, John F. 1985. The Emergent Organization of Plea Bargaining. American Journal of Sociology 90:753800.Google Scholar
Price, Albert C., Weber, Charles, and Perlman, Ellis. 1983. Judicial Discretion and Jail Overcrowding. Justice System Journal 8:222–38.Google Scholar
Pruitt, Charles R., and Wilson, James Q. 1983. A Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Race on Sentencing. Law & Society Review 17:613–35.Google Scholar
Purdum, Elizabeth D. 1985. Subculture of Deputy Court Clerks: Implications for Access and Reform. Human Organization 44:353–59.Google Scholar
Ragona, Anthony J., and Ryan, John Paul. 1983. Misdemeanor Courts and the Choice of Sanctions: A Comparative View. Justice System Journal 8:199221.Google Scholar
Roach, Kent. 1999. Four Models of the Criminal Process. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 89:671716.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 2000. The Warren Court and American Politics. Northwestern University Law Review 95:309–26.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, Bess. 2002. The Success of the Battered Woman Syndrome: An Analysis of How Cultural Arguments Succeed. Sociological Forum 17:81103.Google Scholar
Ryan, John Paul. 1981. Adjudication and Sentencing in a Misdemeanor Court: The Outcome Is the Punishment. Law & Society Review 15:79108.Google Scholar
Ryan, John Paul. 1986. Judicial Assignment, Efficiency and Politics. Judicature 70:7879.Google Scholar
Saks, Michael J. 1992. Do We Really Know Anything about the Behavior of the Tort Litigation System—and Why Not? University of Pennsylvania Law Review 140:11471292.Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J. 1986. Crime in Cities: The Effects of Formal and Informal Social-Control. Crime and Justice 8:271311.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F. 1986. Law and Strategy in the Divorce Lawyer's Office. Law & Society Review 20:93134.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F. 1989. Lawyers and Legal Consciousness: Law Talk in the Divorce Lawyer's Office. Yale Law Journal 98:1663–88.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Silbey, Susan. 1988. The Pull of the Policy Audience. Law and Policy 10:97168.Google Scholar
Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1984. Is Plea Bargaining Inevitable? Harvard Law Review 97:1037–107.Google Scholar
Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1985. No Job Too Small: Justice without Bargaining in the Lower Criminal Courts. American Bar Foundation Research Journal (now Law & Social Inquiry) 10 (3): 519–98.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Mitchell P. 2003. Compensating Victims of Police-Fabricated Confessions. University of Chicago Law Review 70:1119–39.Google Scholar
Shapiro, David L. 1984. Should a Guilty Plea Have Preclusive Effect? Iowa Law Review 70:2751.Google Scholar
Silbey, Susan S. 1981. Making Sense of the Lower Courts. Justice System Journal 6:1327.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skolnick, Jerome H. 1981. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. American Bar Foundation Research Journal (now Law & Social Inquiry) 6 (1): 283–86 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce P. 2005. Plea Bargaining and the Eclipse of the Jury. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 1:131–49.Google Scholar
Snider, D. Laureen. 1985. Legal Aid Reform and the Welfare State. Crime and Social Justice 24:210–42.Google Scholar
Snider, Laureen. 1998. Towards Safer Societies: Punishment, Masculinities and Violence Against Women. British Journal of Criminology 38:139.Google Scholar
Spohn, Cassia, Gruhl, John, and Welch, Susan. 1987. The Impact of the Ethnicity and Gender of Defendants on the Decision to Reject or Dismiss Felony Charges. Criminology 25:175–91.Google Scholar
Standen, Jeffrey. 1993. Plea Bargaining in the Shadow of the Guidelines. California Law Review 81:14711538.Google Scholar
Sutton, John R. 2000. Imprisonment and Social Classification in Five Common-Law Democracies, 1955–1985. American Journal of Sociology 106:350–86.Google Scholar
Tata, Cyrus. 1997. Conceptions and Representations of the Sentencing Decision Process. Journal of Law and Society 24:395420.Google Scholar
Taxman, Faye S., and Elis, Lori. 1999. Expediting Court Dispositions: Quick Results, Uncertain Outcomes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36:3055.Google Scholar
Toborg, Mary A. 1983. Bail Bondsmen and Criminal Courts. Justice System Journal 8:141–56.Google Scholar
Tomasic, Roman. 1980. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 13:215–17 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Tomasic, Roman. 1985. Trend Report: The Sociology of Law. Sociologie Contemporaine 33:1267.Google Scholar
Ulmer, Jeffrey T. 1994. Trial Judges in a Rural Court Community: Contexts, Organizational Relations, and Interaction Strategies. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 23:79108.Google Scholar
Uphoff, Rodney J. 2000. Who Should Control the Decision to Call a Witness: Respecting a Criminal Defendant's Tactical Choices. University of Cincinnati Law Review 68:763834.Google Scholar
Vitale, Alex S. 2005. Innovation in Institutionalization: Factors in the Development of Quality of Life Policing in New York City. Policing & Society 15:99124.Google Scholar
Vogel, Mary E. 1996. The Negotiated Guilty Plea: Vacancies as an Alternative to the Caseload Pressure Explanation. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 21:241–88.Google Scholar
Vogel, Mary E. 1999. The Social Origins of Plea Bargaining: Conflict and the Law in the Process of State Formation, 1830–1860. Law & Society Review 33:161246.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Jack B. 1981. Eyewitness Testimony. Columbia Law Review 81:441–57 (book review of Eyewitness Testimony by Elizabeth F. Loftus).Google Scholar
Weisburd, David, Waring, Elin, and Chayet, Ellen. 1995. Specific Deterrence in a Sample of Offenders Convicted of White-Collar Crimes. Criminology 33:587607.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Gerald R. 1983. The Benefits of Legal Representation Misdemeanor Court. Criminal Law Bulletin 19:221–33.Google Scholar
White, Jean Bickmore. 1980. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. Political Science Quarterly 95:337–38 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
White, Stephen R. 1981. Do We Really Understand How Caseload Pressures May Affect Criminal Justice Decision-Making? Judicature 64:387–89, 428.Google Scholar
Wiles, Paul. 1979. Process Is the Punishment. Law & Society Review 13:591–96 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Wooldredge, John D. 1989. The Impact of Jurisdiction Size on Guilty Plea Rates in 569 State Courts. Sociology and Social Research 74:2633.Google Scholar
Wright, Ronald, and Miller, Marc. 2002. The Screening/Bargaining Tradeoff. Stanford Law Review 55:29118.Google Scholar
Wu, Bohsiu S. 1997. The Effect of Race on Juvenile Justice Processing. Juvenile & Family Court Journal 48:4351.Google Scholar
Wundersitz, Joy and Naffine, Ngaire. 1990. Pre-Trial Negotiations in the Children Court. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 26:329–50.Google Scholar
Yngvesson, Barbara. 1988. Making Law at the Doorway: The Clerk, the Court, and the Construction of Community in a New-England Town. Law & Society Review 22:409–48.Google Scholar
Zatz, Marjorie S. 1985a. Los Cholos: Legal Processing of Chicano Gang Members. Social Problems 33:1330.Google Scholar
Zatz, Marjorie S. 1985b. Pleas, Priors, and Prison: Racial Ethnic-Differences in Sentencing. Social Science Research 14:169–93.Google Scholar
Zeigler, Donald H. 1987. Rights Require Remedies: A New Approach to the Enforcement of Rights in the Federal-Courts. Hastings Law Journal 38:665728.Google Scholar
Zemans, Frances Kahn. 1980. The Process Is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. Judicature 64:4447 (book review of 1979 publication).Google Scholar
Zemans, Frances Kahn. 1983. Legal Mobilization: The Neglected Role of the Law in the Political System. American Political Science Review 77:690703.Google Scholar