Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T20:01:58.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Employment Discrimination Law and Industrial Psychology: Social Science as Social Authority and the Co-Production of Law and Science

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Robin Stryker ,
Danielle Docka-Filipek  and
Pamela Wald
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article combines Monahan and Walker's classification of social facts, social authority, and social frameworks with political-institutionalism's view of law and science as competing institutional logics to explain how, and with what consequences, employment discrimination law and industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology became co-produced. When social science is incorporated into enforcement of legislative law as social authority—rationale for judicial rule making—law's institutional logic of relying on precedent and reasoning by analogy ensures that social science will have ongoing influence on law's development. By helping set research agendas and providing new professional opportunities, institutionalized legal doctrine shapes social science knowledge. But because of differences in institutional logic, wherein legal cumulation is backward looking whereas scientific cumulation is forward looking, co-production of law and science may produce institutional mismatch between legal doctrine and scientific knowledge.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , Fall 2012 , pp. 777 - 814
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

American Psychological Association (APA) 1966. Standards for Educational Tests and Psychological Tests and Manuals. Washington, DC: APA, jointly with American Educational Research Association (AERA) and National Council on Measurement Used in Education.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (APA) 1974. Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests. Washington, DC: APA, jointly with AERA and National Council on Measurement Used in Education (CME).Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (APA) 1985. Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: APA, jointly with AERA and CME.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (APA) 1999. Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: APA, jointly with AERA and CME.Google Scholar
APA Task Force on Employment Testing of Minority Groups. 1969. “Job Testing and the Disadvantaged. American Psychologist 24:637–642.Google Scholar
Ash, Philip. 1966. Implications of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for Psychological Assessment in Industry. American Psychologist 21 (8): 797–803.Google Scholar
Ash, Philip. 1969. Psychological Testing. Columbia Law Review 69:615–18.Google Scholar
Bagenstos, Samuel. 2007. Implicit Bias, “Science” and Antidiscrimination Law. Harvard Law and Policy Review 1: 477–93.Google Scholar
Barrett, Richard. 1998. Challenging the Myths of Fair Employment Practices. Westport, CT: Quorum.Google Scholar
Belton, Robert. 2005. The 40th Anniversary of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Hofstra Labor & Employment Law Journal 22:431–72.Google Scholar
Berdie, Ralph. 1965. The Ad Hoc Committee on the Social Impact of Psychologist Assessment. American Psychologist 20:143–46.Google Scholar
Bielby, William. 2003. Can I Get a Witness? Challenges of Using Expert Testimony on Cognitive Bias in Employment Discrimination Litigation. Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 7:377–400.Google Scholar
Blumrosen, Alfred. 2004. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, New York, November 30.Google Scholar
Blumrosen, Alfred. 2005. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Bonita Springs, FL, January 27.Google Scholar
Bobko, Philip, Roth, Philip, and Buster, Maury. 2005. Work Sample Tests and Expected Reduction in Adverse Impact: A Cautionary Note. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 13:1–10.Google Scholar
Borgida, Eugene, and Fiske, Susan. 2008. Introduction. In Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom, ed. Borgida, Eugene and Fiske, Susan, xix–xl. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field. Hastings Law Review 38:805–53.Google Scholar
Bureau of National Affairs (BNA) 1964. Text, Analysis, Legislative History. The Civil Rights Act of 1964. Washington, DC: BNA.Google Scholar
Brodsky, Stanley. 1991. Testifying in Court: Guidelines and Maxims for the Expert Witness. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Camara, Wayne. 1996. Fairness and Public Policy in Employment Testing: Influences from a Professional Association. In Fair Employment Strategies in Human Resource Management, ed. Barrett, Richard, 3–11. Westport, CT: Quorum.Google Scholar
Cashdan, David. 2008. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Washington, DC, June 4.Google Scholar
Chesler, Mark, Sanders, Joseph, and Kalmuss, Debra. 1988. Social Science in Court: Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Civil Service Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Department of Justice, and Department of Labor. 1977. Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures: Notice of Proposed Rule Making. Federal Register 42 (December 30): 65442–552.Google Scholar
Civil Service Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Department of Justice, and Department of Labor. 1978. Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures. Federal Register 43 (August 25): 38289–307.Google Scholar
Collins, Sharon. 1978. The Use of Social Research in the Courts. In Knowledge and Policy: The Uncertain Connection, ed. Lynn, L., 145–83. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Conference Board. 1965. Trends in Employee Testing. Conference Board Record 1965 (December): 46–47.Google Scholar
Cooper, George, and Sobel, Richard. 1969. Seniority and Testing Under Fair Employment Laws: A General Approach to Objective Criteria of Hiring and Promotion. Harvard Law Review 82:1598–1679.Google Scholar
Copus, David. 2006. Validation of Cognitive Ability Tests. Memorandum to Charles James, Director, Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. March 27, 2006. Provided by David Copus.Google Scholar
Copus, David. 2008. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Morristown, NJ, June 6.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant. 2002. Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 1975. Principles for Validation and Use of Personnel Selection Procedures. Bowling Green, OH: Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.Google Scholar
Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 1980. Principles for Validation and Use of Personnel Selection Procedures, 2nd ed. Bowling Green, OH: Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren, and Stryker, Robin. 2005. A Sociological Approach to Law and the Economy. In Handbook of Economic Sociology, 2nd ed., ed. Smelser, Neil and Swedberg, Richard, 527–51. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.Google Scholar
Edelman, Lauren, Uggen, Christopher, and Erlanger, Howard. 1999. The Endogeneity of Law: Grievance Procedures as Rational Myth. American Journal of Sociology 105:404–64.Google Scholar
Edmond, Gary. 2003. After Objectivity: Expert Evidence and Procedural Reform. Sydney Law Review 25:132–88.Google Scholar
Edmond, Gary, and Mercer, David. 1998. Representing the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Law. Science Communication 19: 304–27.Google Scholar
Enneis, William. 1967. Statement before House Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee. In U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Personnel Promotion System of the Post Office Department. 99th Cong., 1st Sess. 1967, 44–47.Google Scholar
Enneis, William. 1969. Personnel Testing and Equal Employment Opportunity. Presented at Pennsylvania Psychological Association, Mt. Pocono, PA, June 7.Google Scholar
Enneis, William. 1971. Foreword. In The Law and Personnel Testing, eds. Byham, William C. and Spitzer, Morton E., ix–xi. American Management Association.Google Scholar
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 1966. EEOC Testing Guidelines, August 24. Reprinted in National Association of Manufacturers. 1969. Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance and Affirmative Action, ed. Powers, T., app. F. New York: NAM.Google Scholar
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 1970. EEOC Testing Guidelines. 35 Federal Register, August 1.Google Scholar
Faigman, David. 1999. Legal Alchemy: Use and Misuse of Science in the Law. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.Google Scholar
Faigman, David. 2008. “The Limits of Science in the Courtroom.” In Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom, ed. Borgida, Eugene and Fiske, Susan, 303–14. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Faigman, David, and Monahan, John. 2005. Psychological Evidence at the Dawn of the Law's Scientific Age. Annual Review of Psychology 56:631–59.Google Scholar
Farr, James, and Levy, Paul. 2007. Performance Appraisal. In Historical Perspectives in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. Koppes, Laura, 311–27. Mawwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan, and Borgida, Eugene. 2008. Providing Expert Knowledge in an Adversarial Context: Social Cognitive Science in Employment Discrimination Cases. Annual Review of Law & Social Science 4:123–48.Google Scholar
Fourcade, Marion. 2009. Economists and Societies: Discipline and Profession in the United States, Britain and France, 1890s-1990s. Princeton NJ: Princeton University.Google Scholar
Friedrichs, David. 2006. Law in Our Lives: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Roxbury.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Stephan, and Ward, Steven. 1994. What Is Deconstruction and Where Does It Take Place? Making Facts in Science, Building Cases in Law. American Sociological Review 59:481–500.Google Scholar
Ghiselli, Edwin 1955. Personnel and Industrial Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ghiselli, Edwin. 1959. “Generalization of Validity. Personnel Psychology 12:397–402.Google Scholar
Ghiselli, Edwin. 1966. The Validity of Occupational Aptitude Tests. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Gieryn, Thomas, Bevins, George, and Zehr, Steven. 1985. Professionalization of American Scientists: Public Science in the Creation/Evolution Trials. American Sociological Review 50:392–409.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Steven. 1994. Culture Clash: Law and Science in America. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Golub, Al. 2005. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Silver Springs, MD, March 18.Google Scholar
Golub, Al. 2008. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Washington, DC, June 4.Google Scholar
Gordon, Michael, and Burt, Robert. 1981. A History of Industrial Psychology's Relationship with American Unions: Lessons from the Past and Directions for the Future. International Review of Applied Psychology 30:137–56.Google Scholar
Graham, Hugh Davis. 1990. The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guion, Robert. 1966. Employment Tests and Discriminatory Hiring. Industrial Relations 5:20–37.Google Scholar
Guion, Robert. 1976. Recruiting, Selection and Job Placement. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. Dunnette, Marvin, 777–828. Chicago: Rand-McNally.Google Scholar
Guion, Robert. 1997. Assessment, Measurement and Prediction for Personnel Decisions. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gutman, Arthur. 2005. Adverse Impact: Judicial, Regulatory and Statutory Authority. In Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative and Legal Perspectives, ed. Landy, Frank, 20–46. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Hackel, Milton. 1986. Personnel Selection and Placement. Annual Review of Psychology 1986:351–380.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1996. The Disunities of the Sciences. In The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power, ed. Galison, Peter and Stump, David J., 37–74. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.Google Scholar
Hale, Mathew. 1982. History of Employment Testing. In Ability Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Controversies. Part II, ed. Wigdor, Alexandra K. and Garner, Wendell R., 3–37. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Hart, Melissa, and Secunda, Paul. 2009. A Matter of Context: Social Framework Evidence in Employment Discrimination Class Actions. Fordham Law Review 78:37–70.Google Scholar
Hartigan, John, and Wigdor, Alexandra, eds. 1989. Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity Generalization, Minority Issues and the General Aptitude Test Battery. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Heilman, Madeline, and Haynes, Michelle. 2008. Subjectivity in the Appraisal Process: A Facilitator of Gender Bias in Work Settings. In Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom, ed. Borgida, Eugene and Fiske, Susan, 127–55. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hunt, Jennifer, Borgida, Eugene, Kelly, Kristina, and Burgess, Diana. 2002. Gender Stereotyping, Scientific Issues. In Science in the Law: Social and Behavioral Science Issues, ed. Faigman, David, Kaye, David, Saks, Michael, and Sanders, Joseph, 538–79. St. Paul, MN: West Group.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila. 1995. Science at the Bar: Law, Science and Technology in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila. 2004. The Idiom of Co-Production. In States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order, ed. Jasanoff, Sheila, 1–12. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jeanneret, Richard. 2005. Professional and Technical Authorities and Guidelines. In Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative and Legal Perspectives, ed. Landy, Frank, 47–100. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Google Scholar
Katzell, Raymond A., and Austin, James T. 1992. From Then to Now: Development of Industrial-Organizational Psychology in the United States. Journal of Applied Psychology 77:803–35.Google Scholar
Kehoe, Jerard, and Olson, Angela. 2005. Cut Scores and Employment Discrimination Litigation. In Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative and Legal Perspectives, ed. Landy, Frank, 410–49. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, James, and Tenopyr, Mary. 1967. Race and Socioeconomic Status as Moderators in Predicting Machine-Shop Training Success. Presented at APA Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, James, Richard Barrett, R. Ewen, and Katzell, Raymond. 1968. Testing and Fair Employment: Fairness and Validity of Personnel Tests for Different Ethnic Groups. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Koppes, Laura 2003. Industrial-Organizational Psychology. In Handbook of Psychology, vol. 1., ed. Freedheim, Donald K., 367–389. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Krandal, Myron. 1968. Employment Testing: Guide Signs not Stop Signs. Clearinghouse Publication 10. Washington, DC: US Commission on Civil Rights.Google Scholar
Krieger, Linda Hamilton. 2004. The Intuitive Psychologist behind the Bench: Models of Gender Bias in Social Psychology and Employment Discrimination Law. Journal of Social Issues 60:835–48.Google Scholar
Krieger, Linda, and Fiske, Susan. 2006. Behavioral Realism in Employment Discrimination Law: Implicit Bias and Disparate Treatment. California Law Review 94:97–1062.Google Scholar
Krug, Robert. 1966. Some Suggested Approaches for Test Development and Measurement. Personnel Psychology 19:24–35.Google Scholar
Landy, Frank. 2003. Validity Generalization Then and Now. In Validity Generalization: A Critical Review, ed. Murphy, Kevin, 155–95, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Legal Implications. 1968. Note, Legal Implications of Use of Standardized Ability Tests in Employment & Education. Columbia Law Review 68:691–744.Google Scholar
Lockwood, Howard. 1965. Testing Minority Applicants for Employment. Personnel Journal 44:356–60.Google Scholar
Loevinger, Lee. 1966. Law and Science as Rival Systems. Jurimetrics Journal 8:63–82.Google Scholar
Lowenberg, Guela, and Conrad, Kelley A. 1998. Current Perspectives in Industrial/Organizational Psychology. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. 1985. A Sociological Theory of Law, trans. E. King-Utz and M. Albrow, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Lynch, Michael. 2004. Circumscribing Expertise: Membership Categories in Courtroom Testimony. States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order , ed. Jasanoff, Sheila, 161–80, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James, and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas. In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, ed. Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 3–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mercer, David. 2002. The Intersection of Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) and Law: Some Themes and Policy Reflections. Law, Text, Culture 6 (1). http://ro.now.edu.au/ltc/vol6/iss1/9 (accessed January 15, 2011).Google Scholar
Mitchell, Gregory, and Tetlock, Philip. 2009. Facts Do Matter: A Reply to Bagenstos. Hofstra Law Review 53:1–27.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Gregory, Walker, Laurens, and Monahan, John. 2011. Beyond Context: Social Facts as Case Specific Evidence. Emory Law Journal 60:1109–55.Google Scholar
Moore, Kelly. 2008. Disrupting Science: Social Movements, American Scientists and the Politics of the Military, 1945–1975. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Monahan, John, and Walker, Laurens. 1986. Social Authority: Obtaining, Evaluating and Establishing Social Science in Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 134:477–517.Google Scholar
Monahan, John, and Walker, Laurens. 2010. Social Science in Law: Cases and Materials, 9th ed. Mineola, NY: Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Monahan, John, and Walker, Laurens. 2011. Twenty Five Years of Social Science in Law. Law and Human Behavior 35 (1): 72–82.Google Scholar
Monahan, John, Walker, Laurens, and Mitchell, Gregory. 2008. Contextual Evidence of Gender Discrimination: The Ascendance of “Social Frameworks.” Virginia Law Review 94:1715–48.Google Scholar
Monahan, John, Walker, Laurens, and Mitchell, Gregory. 2009. The Limits of Social Framework Evidence” Law, Probability and Risk 8:307–21.Google Scholar
Murphy, Kevin. 2000. The Impact of Assessments of Validity Generalization and Situational Specificity on the Science and Practice of Personnel Selection. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 8:194–206.Google Scholar
Murphy, Kevin. 2003. The Logic of Validity Generalization. In Validity Generalization: A Critical Review , ed. Murphy, Kevin, 1–30. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. 1997. Political Culture Wars 1960s Style: Equal Employment Opportunity, Affirmative Action and the Philadelphia Plan. American Journal of Sociology 103:633–91.Google Scholar
Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. 2004. The Strength of a Weak Agency: Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971. American Journal of Sociology 110:709–60.Google Scholar
Player, Mack. 1988. Employment Discrimination Law. St. Paul, MN: West Group.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Michael. 1962. The Republic of Science. Minerva 1:54–73.Google Scholar
Prentice-Hall Research Staff and American Society for Personnel Administration. 1966. Title VII: One Year Later. Berea, OH: American Society for Personnel Administration.Google Scholar
Rose, David. 1988. Subjective Employment Practices: Does the Discriminatory Impact Analysis Apply? San Diego Law Review 25:63–93.Google Scholar
Rose, David. 1989. Twenty-Five Years Later: Where Do We Stand on EEO Law Enforcement? Vanderbilt Law Review 42:1121–82.Google Scholar
Rose, David. 2005. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Washington, DC, March 17.Google Scholar
Rothstein, Hannah 2003. Progress Is Our Most Important Product: Contribution of Validity Generalization and Meta-Analysis to Development and Communication of Knowledge in I-O Psychology. In Validity Generalization: A Critical Review, ed. Murphy, Kevin, 115–154. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ruda, Edward, and Albright, Lewis. 1968. Racial Differences on Selection Instruments Related to Subsequent Job Performance. Personnel Psychology 21:31–41.Google Scholar
Sackett, Paul. 2003. The Status of Validity Generalization Research: Key Issues in Drawing Inferences from Cumulative Research Findings. In Validity Generalization: A Critical Review, ed. Murphy, Kevin, 91–114, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Saks, Michael. 1980. The Uses/Misuses/Nonuse of Applied Social Science in the Courts. Cambridge, MA: Abt.Google Scholar
Savelsberg, Joachim. 1994. Knowledge, Domination and Criminal Punishment. American Journal of Sociology 90:911–43.Google Scholar
Savelsberg, Joachim, King, Ryan, and Cleveland, Lara. 2002. Politicized Scholarship? Science on Crime and the State. Social Problems 49:327–48.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Frank. 1992. What Do Data Really Mean? Research Findings, Meta-Analysis and Cumulative Knowledge in Psychology. American Psychologist 47:1173–81.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Frank. 2007. Interview conducted by Robin Stryker, Iowa City, IA, May 13.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Frank, and Hunter, John. 1977. “Development of a General Solution to the Problem of Validity Generalization. Journal of Applied Psychology 62:643–61.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Frank, and Hunter, John. 1981. Employment Testing: Old Theories and New Research Findings. American Psychologist 36:1128–37.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Frank, and Hunter, John. 1998. The Validity and Utility of Selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of Research Findings. Psychological Bulletin 124:262–74.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Frank, and Hunter, John. 2003. History, Development, Evolution and Impact of Validity Generalization and Meta-analysis Methods, 1975–2001. In Validity Generalization: A Critical Review, ed. Murphy, Kevin, 31–65, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Schneider, Benjamin. 1985. US Congress, House, Committee on Education and Labor. In Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities. Oversight Hearings on EEOC's Enforcement Policies. 99th Cong., 1st Sess., July 18.Google Scholar
Schuck, Peter. 1993. Multi-culturalism Redux: Law, Science and Politics. Yale Law & Policy Review 11:1126–37.Google Scholar
Seymour, Richard. 1988. Why Plaintiffs' Counsel Challenge Tests and How They Can Successfully Challenge the Theory of “Validity Generalization.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 33:331–64.Google Scholar
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). 1987. Principles for Validation and Use of Personnel Selection Procedures, 3rd ed. Bowling Green, OH: SIOP.Google Scholar
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). 2003. Principles for Validation and Use of Personnel Selection Procedures, 4th ed. Bowling Green, OH: SIOP.Google Scholar
Sohn, Joshua. 2005. Employment Discrimination Lawyers, the Doctor Will See You Now. In Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative and Legal Perspectives, ed. Frank Landy, 491–502. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec. 2002. Path Dependence, Precedent and Judicial Power. In On Law, Politics and Judicialization, ed. Shapiro, Martin and Sweet, Alec Stone, 112–35. Oxford: Oxford University.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 1989. Limits on Technocratization of the Law: Elimination of the National Labor Relations Board's Division of Economic Research. American Sociological Review 54:341–35.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 1994. Rules, Resources and Legitimacy Processes: Some Implications for Social Conflict, Order and Change. American Journal of Sociology 99:847–910.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 1996. Beyond History vs. Theory: Strategic Narrative and Sociological Explanation. Sociological Methods and Research 24:304–52.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 2000. Legitimacy Processes as Institutional Politics: Implications for Theory and Research in the Sociology of Organizations. Research in the Sociology of Organizations 17:179–223.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 2001. Disparate Impact and the Quota Debates: Law, Labor Market Sociology and Equal Employment Policies. Sociological Quarterly 42:13–46.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 2003. Mind the Gap: Law, Institutional Analysis and Socio-Economics. Socio-Economic Review 1:335–67.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. 2007. Half Empty, Half Full or Neither: Law, Inequality and Social Change in Capitalist Democracies. Annual Review of Law & Social Science 3:69–98.Google Scholar
Stryker, Robin. Forthcoming. L'Intermédiation Scientifique dans la Mise en Oeuvre des Lois Anti-discrimination Américaines [The Scientific Mediation of American Anti-Discrimination Law]. In Droit et Régulation d'Activités Économiques [Law and the Regulation of Economic Activity], ed. Pelisse, Jérôme, Delpeuch, Thierry, and Bessy, Christian. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Tanford, James Alexander. 1990. The Limits of a Scientific Jurisprudence: The Supreme Court and Psychology. Indiana Law Journal 66:137–73.Google Scholar
Thornton, George C. III, and Wingate, Peter. 2005. Industrial and Organizational Psychologists as Expert Witnesses: Affecting Employment Discrimination Litigation Post Daubert . In Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative and Legal Perspectives, ed. Landy, Frank, 167–98. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Ugelow, Richard 2005. I-O Psychology and the Department of Justice. In Employment Discrimination Litigation: Behavioral, Quantitative and Legal Perspectives, ed. Landy, Frank, 463–90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
US Commission on Civil Rights. 1993. The Validity of Testing in Education and Employment. Washington, DC: US Commission on Civil Rights.Google Scholar
US Congress. 1964. Congressional Record. 88th Cong., 1st Sess., vol. 110. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Vinchur, Andrew. 2007. A History of Psychology Applied to Employee Selection. In Historical Perspectives in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. Koppes, Laura, 193–218. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Viteles, Morris. 1964. Experimental Foundation for Applied Psychology. Bulletin of the International Association of Applied Psychology 13:31–38.Google Scholar
Walker, Laurens, and Monahan, John. 1987. Social Frameworks: A New Use of Social Science in Law. Virginia Law Review 73:559–98.Google Scholar
Wallace, Phyllis, Kissinger, Beverly, and Reynolds, Betty. 196667. Testing of Minority Group Applicants for Employment. EEOC Research Report 1966–67. Washington, DC: EEOC.Google Scholar
Zedeck, Sheldon, and Cascio, Wayne F. 1984. Psychological Issues in Personnel Decisions. Annual Review of Psychology 35:461–518.Google Scholar
Zickar, Michael, and Gibby, Robert. 2007. Four Persistent Themes throughout the History of I-O Psychology in the United States. In Historical Perspectives in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. Koppes, Laura, 61–80. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Albemarle v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405 (1975).Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).Google Scholar
EEOC v. Atlas Paper Co., 868 F.2d 1487 (6th Cir. 1989).Google Scholar
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993).Google Scholar
Griggs v. Duke Power, 292 F. Supp. 243 (M.D.N.C. 1968).Google Scholar
Griggs v. Duke Power, 420 F.2d 1225 (4th Cir. 1970); Reply Brief for Petitioners, December 5, 1970 WL 122450; Appellate Brief for Respondent, Oct. 13, 1970 WL 112546.Google Scholar
Griggs v. Duke Power, 401 U.S. 42 (1971).Google Scholar
New York Transit Authority v. Beazer, 440 U.S. 568 (1979).Google Scholar
Pegues v. Mississippi State Employment Service, 488 F. Supp 239 (N.D. Miss. 1980), rev'd in part 699 F.2d 760 (5th Cir.), reh'g denied, 705 F. 2d 450 (5th Cir. 1983), cert denied, 464 U.S. 1991 (1984), on remand, 698 F. Supp. 116 (N.D. Miss. 1988).Google Scholar
Taylor v. James River Corp., 51 Fair Emp. Prac. 893 (1989).Google Scholar
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989).Google Scholar
Wal-Mart Stores v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541 (2011).Google Scholar
Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976).Google Scholar

Statute List

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 78 Stat. 241.Google Scholar
Civil Rights Act of 1991, 105 Stat. 1071.Google Scholar
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 86 Stat. 103.Google Scholar