Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:18:35.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Constitutionalism Without Constitution: Transnational Elites Between Political Mobilization and Legal Expertise in the Making of a Constitution for Europe (1940s−1960s)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Antonin Cohen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

By exploring how early political investments in favor of a European Constitution have been turned into a legal enterprise to constitutionalize the European treaties, this article analyzes the changing role of legal elites in the genesis of a European transnational order. At first, legal activities of constitution-making were closely linked to military issues and political mobilizations; later, the legal work of constitutionalization took a different path as a result of the process of differentiation of the European field of power and of the internal and contradictory logics of a newly created legal institution, the European Court of Justice (ECJ). By reconstructing the constitutionalization process, this article highlights the various types of elites then competing for the early definition of a European transnational order and, in particular, the capitals and representations of legal agents in the making of a Constitution for Europe.

Type
Symposium: Law, Lawyers, and Transnational Politics in the Production of Europe
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , Winter 2007 , pp. 109 - 135
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2007 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, Les K., and Paterson, Thomas G. 1970. Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism, 1930's−1950's. The American Historical Review 75 (4):1046–64.Google Scholar
Aldrich, Richard J. 1995. European Integration: An American Intelligence Connection. In Building Postwar Europe: National Decision-Makers and European Institutions (1948–1963), ed. Deighton, Anne. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Aldrich, Richard J. 1997. OSS, CIA and European Unity: The American Committee on United Europe, 1948–1960. Diplomacy and Statecraft 8 (1):184–227.Google Scholar
Aldrich, Richard J. 2001. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and the Cold War Secret Intelligence. London: John Murray. Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J. 1996. The European Court's Political Power. West European Politics 19 (3):458–87.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J. 1998. Who Are the “Masters of the Treaties”? European Governments and the European Court of Justice. International Organization 52 (1):121–47.Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J. 2001. Establishing the Supremacy of European Law: The Making of an International Rule of Law in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Alter, Karen J., and Meunier-Aitsahalia, Sophie. 1994. Judicial Politics in the European Community: European Integration and the Pathbreaking Cassis de Dijon Decision. Comparative Political Studies 26 (4):535–61.Google Scholar
Autret, Florence. 1996. La Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes 1952–1964: Création d'un pouvoir juridictionnel. Mémoire de DEA. Département de science politique, Université Paris 1 Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Barnes, Trevor. 1981. The Secret Cold War: The CIA and American Foreign Policy in Europe (1946–1954), Part I. The Historical Journal 24 (2):399–415.Google Scholar
Barnes, Trevor. 1982. The Secret Cold War: The CIA and American Foreign Policy in Europe (1946–1954), Part II. The Historical Journal 25 (3):649–70.Google Scholar
Baruch, Marc Olivier. 1997. Servir l’État français: L'administration en France de 1940 à 1944. Paris: Fayard. Google Scholar
Belot, Robert. 2003. Henri Frenay: De la Résistance à l'Europe. Paris: Le Seuil. Google Scholar
Best, Heinrich, and Cotta, Maurizio, eds. 2000. Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848–2000: Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. La force du droit: Éléments pour une sociologie du champ juridique. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 64:3–19.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1989. La noblesse d’État: Grandes écoles et esprit de corps. Paris: Minuit. Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. Les règles de l'art: Genèse et structure du champ littéraire. Paris: Seuil. Google Scholar
Bowie, Robert, and Friedrich, Carl J. 1954. Studies in Federalism. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Google Scholar
Burley, Anne-Marie, and Mattli, Walter. 1993. Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration. International Organization 47 (1):41–76.Google Scholar
Charle, Christophe. 2001. La crise des sociétés impériales: Allemagne, France, Grande-Bretagne 1900–1940: Essai d'histoire sociale comparée. Paris: Le Seuil. Google Scholar
Cohen, Antonin. 1999. Histoire d'un groupe dans l'institution d'une “communauté” européenne (1940–1950). Ph.D. diss. Département de science politique, Université Paris 1 Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Cohen, Antonin. 2006a. L'Europe en Constitution. Professionnels du droit et des institutions entre champ académique international et “champ du pouvoir européen.” In Les formes de l'activité politique: Eléments d'analyse sociologique, ed. Cohen, Antonin, Lacroix, Bernard, and Riutort, Philippe. Paris: Puf.Google Scholar
Cohen, Antonin. 2006b. De congrès en assemblées: La structuration de l'espace politique transnational européen au lendemain de la guerre. Politique européenne 18:105–25.Google Scholar
Cohen, Antonin, and Weisbein, Julien. 2005. Laboratoires du constitutionnalisme européen: Expertises académiques et mobilisations politiques dans la promotion d'une Constitution européenne. Droit & Société 60:353–71.Google Scholar
Cohen, Antonin, and Madsen, Mikael R. 2007. Cold War Law: Legal Entrepreneurs and the Emergence of a European Legal Field (1945–1965). In European Ways of Law, ed. Gessner, Volkmar and Nelken, David. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. 1999. Congress of Europe, May 1948, Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.Google Scholar
Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes. 1964. Recueil de la Jurisprudence de la Cour X(2). Luxembourg: Service des publications des Communautés européennes.Google Scholar
Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes. 1986. Recueil de la Jurisprudence de la Cour. Luxembourg: Service des publications des Communautés européennes.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves. 1992. Marchands de droit. La restructuration de l'ordre juridique international par les multinationales du droit. Paris: Fayard. Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves. 1993. Multinationales de l'expertise et ‘dépérissement de l’État’. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 96–97:3–20.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves. 2004. Les courtiers de l'international. Héritiers cosmopolites, mercenaires de l'impérialisme et missionnaires de l'universel. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 151–152:5–35.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Dulong, Delphine. 2001. La science politique et l'analyse de la construction juridique de l'Europe: bilan et perspectives. Droit & Société 49:707–28.Google Scholar
Ekbladh, David. 2002. “Mr. TVA”: Grass-Roots Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933–1973. Diplomatic History 26 (3):335–74.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert. 19741975. La civilisation des moeurs & La dynamique de l'Occident. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert. 1991. Qu'est-ce que la sociologie? La Tour d'Aigues: Éditions de l'Aube. Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J., ed. 1954. Totalitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J., ed. 1954a. The Problem of Totalitarianism: An Introduction. In Totalitarianism, ed. Friedrich, Carl J. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Carl J., ed. 1954b. The Unique Character of Totalitarian Society. In Totalitarianism, ed. Friedrich, Carl J. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey. 1995. The Politics of Legal Integration in the European Union. International Organization 49 (1):171–81.Google Scholar
Gibson, James L., and Caldeira, Gregory A. 1995. The Legitimacy of Transnational Legal Institutions: Compliance, Support, and the European Court of Justice. American Journal of Political Science 39 (2):459–89.Google Scholar
Gibson, James L., and Caldeira, Gregory A. 1998. Changes in the Legitimacy of the European Court of Justice: A Post-Maastricht Analysis. British Journal of Political Science 28:63–91.Google Scholar
Golub, Jonathan. 1996. The Politics of Judicial Discretion: Rethinking the Interaction between National Courts and the European Court of Justice. West European Politics 19 (2):360–85.Google Scholar
Grémion, Pierre. 1995. Intelligence de l'anticommunisme: Le Congrès pour la liberté de la culture à Paris, 1950–1975. Paris: Fayard. Google Scholar
Griffiths, Richard T. 2000. Europe's First Constitution. The European Political Community, 1952–1954. London: Federal Trust. Google Scholar
Hanley, Sarah. 1983. The Lit de Justice of the Kings of France: Constitutional Ideology in Legend, Ritual, and Discourse. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar
Harding, Christopher. 1992. Who Goes to Court in Europe? An Analysis of Litigation against the European Community. European Law Review 17 (2):105–25.Google Scholar
Kantorowicz, Ernst. 1961. Kingship Under the Impact of Scientific Jurisprudence. In Twelfth-Century Europe and the Foundation of Modern Society, ed. Clagett, Marshall, Post, Gaines, and Reynolds, Robert. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Kennan, George. 1954. Totalitarianism in the Modern World. In Totalitarianism, ed. Friedrich, Carl J. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kenney, Sally J. 1999. The Judges of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. In Constitutional Dialogues Comparative Perspective, ed. Kenney, Sally J., Reisinger, William M., and Reitz, John C. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Kenney, Sally J. 2000. Beyond Principals and Agents: Seeing Courts as Organizations by Comparing Référendaires at the European Court of Justice and Law Clerks at the U.S. Supreme Court. Comparative Political Studies 33 (5):593–625.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Bernard. 1984. Les fonctions symboliques des constitutions: bilan et perspectives. In Le constitutionnalisme aujourd'hui, ed. Seurin, Jean-Louis. Paris: Economica.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Bernard. 1992. Le politiste et l'analyse des institutions. In Le président de la République: Usages et genèses d'une institution, ed. Lacroix, Bernard and Lagroye, Jacques. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Lagrange, Maurice. 1954. La Cour de Justice de la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier. Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et à l’étranger 70 (2):417–35.Google Scholar
Lankford, Nelson D., ed. 1991. OSS Against the Reich: The World War II Diaries of Colonel David K. E. Bruce. Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press. Google Scholar
Lecourt, Robert. 1976. L'Europe des juges. Bruxelles: Bruylant. Google Scholar
Lisagor, Nancy, and Lipsius, Franck. 1988. A Law Unto Itself: The Untold Story of the Law Firm of Sullivan and Cromwell. New York: Morrow. Google Scholar
Lovett, A. W. 1996. The United States and the Schuman Plan: A Study in French Diplomacy, 1950–1952. The Historical Journal 39 (2):425–55.Google Scholar
Mackay, Ronald W. G. 1940. Federal Europe: Being the Case for European Federation Together with a Draft Constitution of a United States of Europe. London: Michael Joseph Ltd. Google Scholar
Maddux, T. R. 1977. Red Fascism, Brown Bolchevism: The American Image of Totalitarianism in the 1930s. The Historian 40 (1):85–103.Google Scholar
Maduro, Miguel P. 1998. We the Court: The European Court of Justice and European Economic Constitution: A Critical Reading of Article 30 of the EC Treaty. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Google Scholar
Mancini, G. F. 2000. Democracy and Constitutionalism in the European Union: Collected Essays. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 1995. Law and Politics in the European Union: A Reply to Garrett. International Organization 49 (1):183–90.Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter, and Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 1998. Revisiting the European Court of Justice. International Organization 52 (1):177–209.Google Scholar
McFadzean, Andrew. 1999. Interviews with Robert Bowie: The Use of Oral Testimony in Writing the Biography of Professor Robert Richardson Bowie, Washington Policy Planner and Harvard University Professor. Oral History Review 26 (2):29–46.Google Scholar
Monnet, Jean. 1976. Mémoires. Paris: Fayard. Google Scholar
Offerlé, Michel. 1999. Professions et profession politique. In La profession politique 19e–20e siècles, ed. Offerlé, Michel. Paris: Belin.Google Scholar
Parlement Européen. 1999. Quelle charte constitutionnelle pour l'Union européenne? Stratégies et option pour renforcer le caractère constitutionnel des traités. Parlement Européen POLI 105.Google Scholar
Parlement Européen. 2000. Rapport sur la constitutionnalisation des traités, Parlement Européen A5-0289/2000.Google Scholar
Pescatore, Pierre. 1992. Une révolution juridique: le rôle de la Cour de Justice Européenne (entretien avec Hugues Calvet). Commentaire 15 (59):569–74.Google Scholar
Petersen, Neal H., ed. 1996. From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Google Scholar
Pinder, John. 1986. Federal Union 1939–1941. In Documents on the History of European Integration, vol. 2, ed. Lipgens, Walter. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Preda, Daniela. 2003. De Gasperi, Spinelli et le projet de communauté politique européenne. In Inventer l'Europe. Histoire nouvelle des groupes d'influence et des acteurs de l'unité européenne, ed. Bossuat, Gérard. Berne: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Primus, Richard. 1996. A Brooding Omnipresence: Totalitarianism in Postwar Constitutional Thought. Yale Law Journal 106 (2):423–57.Google Scholar
Pruessen, Ronald W. 1996. Cold War Threats and America's Commitment to the European Defense Community: One Corner of a Triangle. Journal of European Integration History 2 (1):51–69.Google Scholar
Ransome, Patrick, ed. 1991. Towards the United States of Europe: Studies in the Making of the European Constitution. London: Lothian Foundation Press. Google Scholar
Rawlings, Richard. 1993. The Eurolaw Game: Some Deductions from a Saga. Journal of Law and Society 20 (3):309–40.Google Scholar
Rebattet, François-Xavier. 1962. The “European Movement” 1945–1953: A Study in National and International Non-Governmental Organizations Working for European Unity. Ph.D. diss., St. Antony's College, Oxford.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. 1971. The Law in Political Integration: The Evolution and Integrative Implications of Regional Legal Processes in the European Community. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Centre for International Affairs. Google Scholar
Schepel, Harm, and Wesseling, Rein. 1997. The Legal Community: Judges, Lawyers, Officials and Clerks in the Writing of Europe. European Law Journal 3 (2):165–88.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin, and Stone, Alec. 1994. The New Constitutional Politics of Europe. Comparative Political Studies 26 (4):397–420.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric. 1955. The European Coal and Steel Community: The Beginning of Its Judicial Process. Columbia Law Review 55 (7):985–99.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric. 1965. Toward Supremacy of Treaty-Constitution by Judicial Fiat: On the Margin of the Costa Case. Michigan Law Review 63 (3):491–518.Google Scholar
Stein, Eric. 1981. Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution. American Journal of International Law 75 (1):1–27.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec. 2004. The Judicial Construction of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec, and Brunell, Thomas L. 1998. Constructing a Supranational Constitution: Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community. American Political Science Review 92 (1):63–81.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec, and Caporaso, James A. 1998. La Cour de justice et l'intégration européenne. Revue française de science politique 48 (2):195–244.Google Scholar
Stonor Saunders, Frances. 1999. Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta Books. Google Scholar
Uri, Pierre. 1989. Rue de Martignac. In Témoignages à la mémoire de Jean Monnet. Lausanne: Fondation Jean Monnet. Google Scholar
Vion, Antoine. 2002. Europe from the Bottom Up: Town Twinning in France During the Cold War. Contemporary European History 11 (4):623–40.Google Scholar
Viriglio, Véronique. 1999. Le Mouvement fédéraliste européen en Italie de Ventotene (été 1941) à la chute de la CED (août 1954): une avant-garde dans la lutte pour les États-Unis d'Europe? Relations internationales 97:55–71.Google Scholar
Wala, Michael. 1994. The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War. Providence, RI: Berghan Books. Google Scholar
Weiler, Joseph H. H. 1993. Journey to an Unknown Destination: A Retrospective and Prospective of the European Court of Justice in the Arena of Political Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (4):417–46.Google Scholar
Weiler, Joseph H. H. 1994. A Quiet Revolution: The European Court of Justice and Its Interlocutors. Comparative Political Studies 26 (4):510–34.Google Scholar
Weiler, Joseph H. H. 1999. The Constitution of Europe: “Do the New Clothes Have an Emperor?” and Other Essays on European Integration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Winand, Pascaline. 1993. Eisenhower, Kennedy and the United States of Europe. New York: St Martin's Press. Google Scholar