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Of “Masculine Tyranny” and the “Women's Jury”: The Gender Politics of Jury Service in Third Republic France

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2019

Sara L. Kimble
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Abstract

In belle époque France, criminal juries were criticized as too tolerant of crime and too lenient to effectively punish criminals. While the French institution of the jury was under attack by magistrates and other elites, mixed sex juries provided an alternative model. Jury reformers advocated the introduction of mixed-sex criminal juries in France in order to render better verdicts and reduce crime, especially in the areas of infanticide and abortion. The French National Assembly debates over proposed legislation, however, stalled over political concerns with women's truncated citizenship rights. Historical analysis of the types of arguments deployed in this jury reform debate (including archival documents, parliamentary records, and press sources) reveals that reform proponents argued that gender difference-especially in terms of morality and psychology-justified women's admission to juries, particularly in cases of infanticide and abortion. The operation of an unofficial “women's jury” (jury féminin) between 1905 and 1910 in Paris demonstrated women's judicial decision-making capacity. Analysis of this citizens' jury documents the development of a feminist critique of the legal treatment of domestic violence, reproductive freedom, and marriage law publicized in the early twentieth century. This research contribution posits grounds for the re-periodization of feminist legal history as viewed through this case study of women's claims to jury service in Third Republic France.

Type
Original Article
Information
Law and History Review , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , November 2019 , pp. 867 - 902
Copyright
Copyright © the American Society for Legal History, Inc. 2019 

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Footnotes

She would like to thank Gautham Rao, the journal editors, and anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and support in this process. She is also grateful for the questions from her co-panelists Linda Clark, Karen Offen, and Jean Pedersen, and the audience at the 2018 Society for French Historical Studies conference where this research was initially presented.

References

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112. Auclert, Le Vote des femmes, 108.

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124. Union française pour le suffrage des femmes debate by lawyers: M. Crémieux, [Suzanne] Grinberg, M. Gide [law professor], M. Nolent, “Réunions et avis divers,” La Lanterne, December 11, 1913, 4; and Musée social event: Witt-Schlumberger, [Marguerite] De, “France,” Jus suffragii 8 (1914): 62Google Scholar.

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126. See Schnapper, Bernard, “Le Jury français aux XIXe et XXème siècle,” in The Trial Jury in England, France, Germany, 1700–1900, ed. Schioppa, Antonio (Berlin: Duncker u Humbolt, 1987), 219–20Google Scholar. See Donovan, Juries and the Transformation, on evolving attitudes of magistrates and jurists toward juries.

127. See Henri Coulon in Schnapper, “Le Jury français,” 224.

128. Eugène Le Bréton, “L'Idée fait son chemin,” L'Ouest-Éclair, October 12, 1927, 1.

129. Documents parlementaires. Chambre des députés (Paris: Journaux officiels, 1927). Annex no. 4395 and 4963. Baranton's proposal would have changed the Law of  November 21, 1872 to admit women to the jury. It was sent to the commission on criminal and civil legislation.

130. Rennes, Juliette, Le Mérite et la nature. Une controverse républicaine: l'accès des femmes aux professions de prestige, 1880–1940 (Paris: Fayard, 2007), 383Google Scholar.

131. Clément Vautel, “Mon film,” Le Journal, November 23, 1927, 1.

132. Fishman, Sarah, The Battle for Children: World War II, Youth Crime, and Juvenile Justice in Twentieth-Century France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Google Scholar; and Kimble, Sara, “‘For the Family, France, and Humanity’: Authority and Maternity in the Tribunaux pour enfants,” Proceedings of the Western Society for French History 31 (2003): 212–29Google Scholar.

133. Geo London, “Les Femmes siègeront-elles dans les jurys criminels?” Le Journal, January 14, 1929, 1.

134. Jaures's statement made in 1898 in the context of the Zola Affair. 2e séance du décembre 1, 1927 in Journal officiel de la république Française. Débats parlementaires. Chambre des députés: compte rendu in-extenso, no. 101 (Paris: Impr. du Journal official, 1927), 3446–47.

135. December 1, 1927, Débats parlementaires. Chambre des députés, no. 101, 3454–55.

136. Read, The Republic of Men, 180–213; and Sowerwine, Charles, Sisters or Citizens? Women and Socialism in France since 1876 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 108–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

137. Savy, Suzette, “Les Femmes et la réforme du jury,” International Women's News: jus suffragii 22 (1927): 48Google Scholar. Savy argued cases in Rochefort and Poitiers.

138. Ibid.

139. Suzette Savy, “Congrès de l'U.F.S.F. Les femmes et les carrières féminines,” La Française, June 30, 1928, 4.

140. London, “Les Femmes siègeront-elles?”

141. See Offen, Karen, “Ernest Legouvé and the Doctrine of ‘Equality in Difference’ for Women: A Case Study of Male Feminism in Nineteenth-Century French Thought,” The Journal of Modern History 58 (1986): 452–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

142. Conseil national des femmes françaises, États généraux du féminisme: 14–15–16 février 1929 (Paris: Le Conseil, 1929), 141.

143. Odette Simon, “Les Femmes dans le jury,” La Française, January 26, 1929, 1; “Les Femmes dans le jury,” Le Radical, January 20, 1929, 7.

144. See André Hesse and Suzanne Grinberg debate in Le Mercure de France, January 15, 1922, March 1, 1922. Hesse (1874–1940) was affiliated with républicain radical and radical-socialiste groups.

145. Maria Vérone, “Réformer le jury? Oui! Le Supprimer? Non!” L'Oeuvre, January 30, 1929, 5.

146. “Justice (services judiciaires),” Journal officiel de la république française. Débats parlementaires. Chambre des députés: compte rendu in-extenso, December 18, 1929 (Paris: Journal official, 1929), 4439–42.

147. Débats parlementaires (December 18, 1929), 4439–42.

148. Ibid.

149. Ibid., 4455; and “La chambre achève le budget de la guerre et aborde celui de la justice,” L'Ouest-Éclair, December 19, 1929, 2.

150. Maria Vérone, “Le Bilan féministe de 1929,” L'Oeuvre, January 1, 1930, 2.

151. Martine, “Les Femmes au jury,” Les Dimanches de la femme 361 (February 3, 1929), 2. This newspaper was targeted to working-class female readers, filled mostly with advertisements and consumer culture, sewing patterns, personal and family advice, and celebrity news, according to Newman, Sarah and Houlbrook, Matt, eds., The Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe (New York: Routledge, 2014), 81–83Google Scholar.

152. Martine, “La Femme chez Thémis,” Les Dimanches de la femme 412 (January 26, 1930), 4.

153. Ibid.

154. Ibid.

155. Maria Vérone, “Les Femmes dans la magistrature dans le monde entier,” Le Droit des femmes, February 1929, 46–47; “Mlle Dourne” spoke on women's access to judiciary and jury at “Le Congrès de la Ligue française pour le droit des femmes,” Le Temps, November 17, 1930, 2.

156. Schnapper, “Le Jury français,” 213–23, 239.

157. November 17, 1944 ordonance changed Article 381 of the Code d'instruction criminelle.

158. Donovan, Juries and the Transformation, 168.