Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:09:04.016Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Women and Welfare: The Politics of Coping with New Social Risks in Chile and Uruguay

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

Jennifer Pribble
Jennifer Pribble*
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Women make upadisproportionate shareoftheworld's poor, andLatin America is noexception to this trend. Nevertheless, veryfew studiesofsocial policy intheregion haveinvestigated whythegendered character ofwelfare provisionvariesacrosscountries. Thisarticleaddresses thatquestion throughacomparativehistoricalanalysisofChileandUruguayandconcludes thatvariation in thegendered natureofeach state's social policy regime resultedfromatwo-step process. Inthefirst stage,female laborforce participation, themobilizing capacityofwomen, andpolicy legacies differentiated thet7.UO countries, placing Chile onaless equitable trajectory thanUruguay. These differences were thenmagnifiedduringeach state's experience underauthoritarian rule.

Resumen

Resumen

Las mujeres constituyen en cantidad desproporcionada la mayor parte de las personas pobres en el mundo y América Latina no es la excepción a este desafío. A pesar de esto, muy pocos estudios de política social en la región han investigado por qué la provisión de ayuda basada en el género varía entre los distintos países. Este artículo analiza esta pregunta a través de una mirada histórica, comparando Chile y Uruguay y concluye que la variación en la política social de género de los dos Estados es el resultado de un proceso de dos etapas. Inicialmente, la diferencia de género entre Chile y Uruguay está radicada en factores históricos que incluyen la participación de la fuerza laboral femenina, la capacidad de movilización de las mujeres, las características del sistema de partidos políticos, y la retroalimentación de políticas. Estas diferencias se ampliaron entre ambos países cuando se encontraron cada uno bajo regímenes autoritarios. Mientras el régimen militar de Pinochet decretó reformas económicas regresivas desde el punto de vista de género e institucionalizó el poder de la derecha y de la iglesia, el régimen uruguayo fue más neutral desde el punto de vista de género en la aplicación de sus políticas.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , June 2006 , pp. 84 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © 2006 by the University of Texas Press

References

Abramo, Laís 2002 “Costos laborales de hombres y mujeres en países de América Latina: Mitos y realidad.” International Labour Organisation. www.oit.org.pe/gpe/documentos/doc_costos_comut_abramo_18mar03.pdfGoogle Scholar
ANEP–CODICEN 2002 “Serie Estadística Educativa: Gerencia General de Planeamiento y Gestión Educativa.” http://www.anep.edu.uy/gerenciagrl/ger_gral/estad2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Arenas de, Alberto, and Montecinos, Verónica. 1999 “The Privatization of Social Security and Women's Welfare: Gender Effects of the Chilean Reform.” Latin American Research Review 34 (3): 7–37.Google Scholar
Baldez, Lisa 2002 Why Women Protest. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blofield, Merike H. 2006 Moral Politics in Catholic Countries: Policy Reform on Abortion and Divorce in Chile, Argentina and Spain. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blofield, Merike H., and Haas, Liesl 2005 “Defining a Democracy: Reforming the Laws on Women's Rights in Chile, 1990–2002.” Latin American Politics and Society 47 (3): 35–68.Google Scholar
Brown, David S., and Hunter, Wendy 1999 “Democracy and Social Spending in Latin America, 1980–92.” American Political Science Review 93 (4): 779–790.Google Scholar
Carey, John 1997 “Chile: Latin American Proportionality or Majoritarianism?” In The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design, edited by Reynolds, Andrew and Reilly, Ben, 93–94. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Google Scholar
Castiglioni, Rossana 2005 The Politics of Social Policy Change in Chile and Uruguay: Retrenchment Versus Maintenance, 1973–1998. New York: Routledge Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CLADEM (Comité de América Latina y el Caribe Para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer) n.d. “Monitoring Compliance with the United Nations Convention on The Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women.” http://www.cladem.org/espanol/regionales/monitoreo%5Fconvenios/cedaw_uruguay.aspGoogle Scholar
Clert, Carine, and Wodon, Quentin 2001 “The Targeting of Government Programs in Chile.” In Measurement and Meaning Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for the Analysis of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Latin America, World Bank Technical Paper No. 518, edited by Estanislao Gacitúa Marió and Wodon, Quentin, 43–68. Washington D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
Contreras, Victoria 2003 “Medición del Sector Informal.” In Políticas de Empleo en Chile y America Latina: Seminario en Honor de Víctor E. Tokman, edited by the Oficina Internacional del Trabajo. Santiago: International Labor Organization.Google Scholar
De la Luz Trautmann, María 2002 “Comercio y género: Las políticas de liberalización y sus impactos en Chile.” Working Paper: International Gender and Trade Network. www.generoycomercio.org/docs/publicaciones/investigaciones/sintesis.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dion, Michelle 2001 “Trade Liberalization, Political Regime Type, Participation and Social Spending in Latin America, 1980–1994.” Unpublished paper presented at: Centro de Investigación y Docencias Económicas (CIDE). Mexico City, Mexico.Google Scholar
ECLAC (Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean) Various Years Statistical Yearbook for Latin American and Caribbean. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Publications.Google Scholar
ECLAC (Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean) 2000 Las mujeres chilenas en los noventa: Hablan las cifras. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Publications.Google Scholar
ECLAC (Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean) 2002 Social Panorama of Latin America. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Publications.Google Scholar
ECLAC (Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean) 2004 Social Panorama of Latin America. Santiago, Chile: United Nations Publications.Google Scholar
Ehrick, Christine 2001 “Affectionate Mothers and the Colossa Machine: Feminism, Social Assistance, and the State in Uruguay, 1910–1932.” The Americas 58 (1): 121–139.Google Scholar
Progresista, Encuentro 1999 El otro programa. Montevideo: Encuentro Progresista—Frente Amplio.Google Scholar
Ensignia, Jaime, and Yáñez, Sonia 1999 Inserción laboral femenina: Sindicalismo, género, y flexibilización en el Mercosur y Chile. Santiago: Centro de Estudios de la Mujer.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G⊘sta 1999 Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espino, Alma, and Azar, Paola 2005 “Changes in Economic Policies in Uruguay from a Gender Perspective (1930–2000).” UNRISD Mimeo.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy 1996 “Gender Equity and the Welfare State: A Postindustrial Thought Experiment.” In Democracy and Difference, edited by Benhabib, Seyla, 218–241. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garrido, Lucy 2000 “Uruguay.” In Guía de las Mujeres 2000, edited by Gobbi, Carina, 149–152. Montevideo: Instituto del Tercer Mundo.Google Scholar
Hite, Amy Bellone, and Viterna, Jocelyn S. 2005 “Gendering Class in Latin America: How Women Effect and Experience Change in the Class Structure.” Latin American Research Review 40 (2): 50–82.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala 2003 Sex and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Jones, Mark 2002 “Engendering the Right to Participate in Decisionmaking: Electoral Quotas and Women's Leadership in Latin America.” In Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, edited by Craske, Nikki and Molyneux, Maxine, 32–56. London: Palgrave Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne 1996 “Options for Social Policy in Latin America: Neoliberal versus Social Democratic Models.” In Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies, edited by G⊘sta Esping-Andersen, 141–191. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, Mustillo, Tom, Pribble, Jennifer, and Stephens, John 2006 “Social Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean Data Set,” Department of Political Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, Ragin, Charles, and Stephens, John 1993 “Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure, and the Welfare State.” The American Journal of Sociology 99 (3): 711–749.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Solt, Fred 2004 “Successes and Failures of Neoliberalism.” Latin American Research Review 39 (3): 150–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Stephens, John 2001 Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huneeus, Carlos 2003 “A Highly Institutionalized Political Party.” In Christian Democracy in Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R., 121–161. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Robert, and Segura, Alex 2001 “Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending in Latin America.” World Politics 53 (July): 553–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurnaga, Maria Elena 2001 Análisis de las campañas electorales: Uruguay. Montevideo: Mujeres del Sur Publications.Google Scholar
Lavrin, Asunción 1995 Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890–1940. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Luna, Juan Pablo 2005 “Chile and Uruguay: The Evolution of Programmatic and Non-Programmatic Party-Voter Linkages in Two Institutionalized Party Systems.” PhD Diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Madrid, Raúl 2003 Retiring the State. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy R. 2003 “The Diversity of Christian Democracy in Latin America.” In Christian Democracy in Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R., 30–63. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Martínez Barahona, Elena 2001 “Uruguay.” In Partidos políticos de América Latina, edited by Alcantara, Manuel and Freidenberg, Flavia, 425–557. Salamanca: University of Salamanca Press.Google Scholar
Midaglia, Carmen 2000 Alternativa de protección a la infancia carenciada. Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales.Google Scholar
Mideplan 2001 “Focalización e impacto distributivo de los subsidios monetarios.” Documento de trabajo #3. Santiago: Government of Chile.Google Scholar
Mizala, Alejandra, with Romanguera, Pilar, and Henriquez, Paulo n.d. “Female Labor Supply in Chile.” University of Chile, Working Paper, Center for Applied Economics. http://ideas.repec.org/p/edj/ceauch/58.htm/.Google Scholar
Montecinos, Verónica 1998 Economists, Politics and the State: Chile 1958–1994. Amsterdam: CEDLA.Google Scholar
Murrugarra, Edmundo 2000 “Social Protection in Uruguay.” World Bank Social Risk Management Background Readings. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/socialprotection/Africa/readings.html.Google Scholar
O'Connor, Julia S., Orloff, Ann Shola, and Shaver, Sheila 1999 States, Markets, Families. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Orloff, Ann Shola 1993 “Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States.” American Sociological Review 58 (June): 303–328.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, and Schauffler, Richard 1993 “The Informal Economy in Latin America: Definition, Measurement, and Policies.” In Work Without Protections: Case Studies of the Informal Sector in Developing Countries, edited by Schoepfle, Gregory K. and Jorge F. Perez-Lopez, chap. 1. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor.Google Scholar
Uruguay, Presidencia de la República 2004 Extensión de la prestación del beneficio de asignación familiar. ley n° 17.758. http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/ley/2004050401.htm (accessed January 1, 2006).Google Scholar
Ríos Tobar, Marcela 2004 “Feminism and the Transition to Democracy in Chile.” In Promises of Empowerment, edited by Smith, Peter H., Troutner, Jennifer L., and Hünefeldt, Christine, 103–124. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Sainsbury, Diane 1996 Gender, Equality, and Welfare States. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schild, Verónica 2002 “Engendering the New Social Citizenship in Chile: NGOs and Social Provisioning under Neo-liberalism” in Gender Justice, Development, and Rights, edited by Molyneux, Maxine and Razavi, Shahra, 170–203. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servicio Nacional de la Mujer (Sernam) n.d. “Base de Datos.” http://www.sernam.gob.cl/basemujer (accessed February 2003).Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 2004 “Human Development Report.” http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/Google Scholar
U.S. Social Security Administration 1999 Social Security Programs Throughout the World. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government.Google Scholar
Van Kerbergen, Kees 1995 Social Capitalism. New York: Routledge Press.Google Scholar