Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T19:24:25.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transnational Peasant Politics in Central America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

Marc Edelman
Marc Edelman*
Affiliation:
Hunter College and the Graduate Center City University of New York
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Since the late 1980s, peasants throughout Central America have begun to coordinate political and economic strategy. Agriculturalists from the five republics that constituted “la patria grande” of Spanish Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica) as well as representatives from Panama and Belize have founded regional organizations that meet to compare experiences with free-market policies, share new technologies, develop sources of finance, and create channels for marketing their products abroad. They have also established a presence in the increasingly distant arenas where decisions are made that affect their livelihood. Small-farmer organizations now lobby at the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, and regional summit meetings. Central American campesinos have attended numerous regional gatherings of agriculture ministers and presidents, as well as events like the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the 1995 Western Hemisphere Presidents' Summit in Miami, the 1995 World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, and the 1996 Food Security Summit in Rome.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , 1998 , pp. 49 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

I gratefully acknowledge grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9319905), the National Endowment for the Humanities (FA-32493), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (5627), and the PSC-CUNY Research Program (668480). An earlier version of this article was presented at a 1995 seminar of the Yale Program in Agrarian Studies and at the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 28–30 September 1995. I greatly appreciate the comments of Anthony Bebbington, Kees Biekart, Michael Dorsey, Charles Hale, James Scott, and LARR's anonymous reviewers. I am also indebted to León Arredondo, Mauricio Claudio, Alcira Forero-Peña, Néstor Hincapié, and Víctor Ortiz, who helped transcribe taped interviews. This project benefited immensely from the friendship, trust, and support of peasant activists, secretaries, and técnicos in organizations throughout Central America. A todos, muchas gracias.

References

AcuÑA Ortega, Victor Hugo 1993 “Clases subalternas y movimientos sociales en Centroamérica (1870-1930).” In Historia general de Centroamérica, Vol. 4, Las repúblicas agroexportadoras (1870-1945), edited by Ortega, V. H. AcuÑA, 255–323. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario and FLACSO.Google Scholar
Alger, Chadwick F. 1988 “Perceiving, Analysing, and Coping with the Local-Global Nexus.” International Social Science Journal 40:321–40.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun 1990 “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Public Culture 2, no. 2 (Spring):1–24.Google Scholar
Arias PeÑAte, Salvador 1989 Seguridad o inseguridad alimentaria: Un reto para la región centroamericana, perspectivas para el año 2000. San Salvador: UCA Editores.Google Scholar
Arias PeÑAte, Salvador 1990 Biotecnología: Amenazas y perspectivas para el desarrollo de América Central. San José: Departamento Ecuménico de Investigaciones.Google Scholar
Arias PeÑAte, Salvador, Jovane, Juan, AND Luis, Ng 1993 Centro América, obstáculos y perspectivas del desarrollo: Un marco cuantitativo, MOCECA, modelo de coherencia económica del istmo centroamericano. San José: Departmento Ecuménico de Investigaciones.Google Scholar
Arita, Carlos 1994 “El movimiento campesino: Situación actual.” Boletín Informativo de Honduras, número especial 68 (July):1–14.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1991a “Estrategia productiva de los pequeños y medianos productores del istmo centroamericano, Agosto 1991.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1991b “Memoria [Primer Congreso ASOCODE], 4, 5 y 6 de diciembre de 1991. Managua.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1992 “Informe congreso constitutivo.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1993a “Plan trabajo operativo 1993.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1993b “Propuesta para una estrategia de cooperación entre ASOCODE y la cooperación solidaria con Centroamérica: Síntesis de las áreas temáticas priorizadas por ASOCODE.” Proposal for the Primera Conferencia Regional Campesina sobre Cooperación Solidaria, Panamá, 17–19 March. In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1993c “Informe general: Gira a Europa.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1993d Memoria II: Congreso General de ASOCODE. Guatemala City: ASOCODE.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1994a “Documento base de trabajo para el taller de seguimiento a la I Conferencia Regional Campesina sobre Cooperación Solidaria, Managua, marzo de 1994.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1994b “Memoria del primer Consejo Regional Campesino celebrado en Belize (borrador), Septiembre.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1994c “Memoria: Taller regional de comercialización, Managua, Nicaragua, 09 y 10 de diciembre 1994.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1995a “Valoración del trabajo de incidencia de ASOCODE, Octubre 1995.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1995b “Síntesis de conclusiones: Encuentro ‘Mujer y movimiento campesino,‘ San Salvador, El Salvador, 11 y 12 diciembre de 1995.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1997a “Propuesta de ASOCODE al Consejo Agropecuario Centroamericano: III Consejo Regional Campesino, San José, abril 1997.” In-house document.Google Scholar
ASOCODE (ASOCIACION DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS CENTROAMERICANAS PARA LA COOPERACION Y EL DESARROLLO) 1997b “Trabajando una plataforma común contra la pobreza. III Consejo Regional Campesino, II Conferencia la Cooperación y el Campesinado, 7 al 10 de abril de 1997.” In-house document.Google Scholar
Biekart, Kees 1996 “Strengthening Intermediary Roles in Civil Society: Experiences from Central America.” In NGOs, Civil Society, and the State: Building Democracy in Transitional Societies, edited by Andrew Clayton, 141–56. Oxford: International NGO Training and Research Centre (INTRAC).Google Scholar
Biekart, Kees, AND Jelsma, Martin 1994 “Introduction.” In Peasants beyond Protest in Central America: Challenges for ASOCODE, Strategies toward Europe, edited by Biekart, Kees and Jelsma, Martin, 7–23. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.Google Scholar
Black, George 1988 The Good Neighbor: How the United States Wrote the History of Central America and the Caribbean. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Bourgois, Philippe 1989 Ethnicity at Work: Divided Labor on a Central American Banana Plantation. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Brecher, Jeremy 1993 “The Hierarchs' New World Order—and Ours.” In Global Visions: Beyond the New World Order, edited by Jeremy Brecher, John Brown Childs, and Cutler, Jill, 3–12. Boston: South End.Google Scholar
Brysk, Alison 1996 “Turning Weakness into Strength: The Internationalization of Indian Rights.” Latin American Perspectives, no. 23:38–57.Google Scholar
Bunch, Roland 1982 Two Ears of Corn: A Guide to People-Centered Agricultural Improvement. Oklahoma City: World Neighbors.Google Scholar
Bustelo, Eduardo S., Cornia, Andrea, Jolly, Richard, AND Stewart, Frances 1987 “Hacia un enfoque más amplio en la política de ajuste: Ajuste con crecimiento y una dimensión humana.” In Políticas de ajuste y grupos más vulnerables en América Latina: Hacia un enfoque alternativa, edited by Bustelo, Eduardo S., 126–56. Bogotá: Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia.Google Scholar
CADESCA (COMITE DE ACCION DE APOYO AL DESARROLLO ECONOMICO Y SOCIAL DE CENTRO-AMERICA) 1990 Los efectos de la política macroeconómica en la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria. Panama: CADESCA.Google Scholar
Calderon, Vilma De, AND Sebastian, Clemente San 1991 Caracterización de los productores de granos básicos en El Salvador. Panama: CADESCA and the Comisión de la Comunidades Europeas, Gobierno de Francia.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig 1993 “‘New Social Movements’ of the Early Nineteenth Century.” Social Science History 17, no. 3 (Fall):385–427.Google Scholar
Candanedo, Diana, AND Madrigal, Victor Julio 1994 “Informe final: Evaluación externa de ASOCODE, período julio 91-diciembre 93, agosto 1994.” In-house document, ASOCODE.Google Scholar
CCOD (CONCERTACION CENTROAMERICANA DE ORGANISMOS DE DESARROLLO) 1990 Cooperación externa y desarrollo en Centroamérica: Documentos de la II Consulta Internacional de Cooperación Externa para Centroamérica. San José: Centro de Capacitación para el Desarrollo (CECADE).Google Scholar
Clark, Ann Marie 1995 “Non-Governmental Organizations and Their Influence on International Society.” Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (Winter):507–25.Google Scholar
COCICA (CONFEDERACION CAMPESINA DEL ISTMO CENTROAMERICANO) 1993a “Acta de Constitución de la Confederación Campesina del Istmo Centroamericano.” In-house document, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
COCICA (CONFEDERACION CAMPESINA DEL ISTMO CENTROAMERICANO) 1993b “Organizaciones que integran la Federación Campesina del Istmo Centroamericana COCICA.” In-house document.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jean, AND Arato, Andrew 1992 Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
COMISION CENTROAMERICANA (COMISION CENTROAMERICANA DE PEQUEÑOS Y MEDIANOS PRODUCTORES) 1991 “Posición ante el programa de ajuste estructural, las relaciones con las ONGs locales y la cooperación internacional solidaria.” In-house document.Google Scholar
CONSEJO NACIONAL (CONSEJO NACIONAL DE PEQUEÑOS Y MEDIANOS PRODUCTORES JUSTICIA Y DESARROLLO) 1991 “La urgencia del desarrollo exige concertar: Posición de las organizaciones de los pequeños y medianos productores del istmo centroamericano ante la cumbre presidencial agropecuaria de Centroamérica y Panamá.” In-house document, San José.Google Scholar
Cuenca, Breny 1992 El poder intangible: La AID y el estado salvadoreño en los años ochenta. Managua: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (CRIES).Google Scholar
Deve, Frederic 1989 “Los productores de granos básicos en el istmo centroamericano: Ensayo de síntesis, logros y perspectivas.” In-house document, Programa de Seguridad Alimentaria CADESCA/CEE, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan, ED. 1989 Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Edelman, Marc 1991 “Shifting Legitimacies and Economic Change: The State and Contemporary Costa Rican Peasant Movements.” Peasant Studies 18, no. 4:221–49.Google Scholar
Edelman, Marc 1994 “Three Campesino Activists.” Interviews with Leoncia Solórzano, Wilson Campos, and Sinforiano Cáceres. NACLA Report on the Americas 28, no. 3 (Nov.–Dec): 30–33.Google Scholar
Elshtain, Jean B. 1995 “Exporting Feminism.” Journal of International Affairs, no. 48:541–58.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo 1992 “Culture, Practice, and Politics: Anthropology and the Study of Social Movements.” Critique of Anthropology 12, no. 4: 395–432.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo 1995 Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Escobar, Arturo, AND Alvarez, Sonia E., EDS. 1992 The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Falk, Richard 1987 “The Global Promise of Social Movements: Explorations at the Edge of Time.” Alternatives 12, no. 2:173–96.Google Scholar
Fallas, Helio 1993 Centroamérica: Pobreza y desarrollo rural ante la liberalización económica. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA).Google Scholar
Feierman, Steven 1990 Peasant Intellectuals: Anthropology and History in Tanzania. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
FONDAD (FORO SOBRE LA DEUDA Y EL DESARROLLO) 1993 Campesinos y ajustes estructurales: Informe encuentro campesino; pequeños y medianos productores de Panamá. Panama City: FONDAD.Google Scholar
Garst, Rachel, AND Barry, Tom 1990 Feeding the Crisis: U.S. Food Aid and Farm Policy in Central America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Goitia, Alfonso 1994 “Acceso a la tierra en Centroamérica.” In TANGERMANN AND RIOS VALDES 1994, 159–88.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Vinicio 1978 “La insurrección Salvadoreña de 1932 y la gran huelga hondureña de 1954.” Revista Mexicana de Sociología 60, no. 2 (Apr.–June):563-606Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio 1967 La formación de los intelectuales. Mexico City: Grijalbo.Google Scholar
Hellman, Judith Adler 1995 “The Riddle of New Social Movements: Who They Are and What They Do.” In Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America, edited by Halebsky, Sandor and Harris, Richard L., 165–83. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Hernandez Cascante, Jorge Luis 1992 “Para la evaluación del Congreso Constitutivo de ASOCODE, 6 de enero de 1992.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Hernandez Cascante, Jorge Luis 1994 “ASOCODE: Los retos y perspectivas del movimiento campesino centroamericano.” In TANGERMANN AND RIOS VALDES 1994, 243–66.Google Scholar
Hernandez Cascante, Jorge Luis 1995 “ASOCODE: Nuestra herramienta de coordinación y desarrollo campesino centroamericano. (Nuestro machete para el desarrollo sostenible centroamericano).” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Holt-Gimenez, Eric 1996 The Campesino a Campesino Movement: Farmer-Led Sustainable Agriculture in Central America and Mexico. Food First Development Report, no. 10. Oakland, Calif.: Institute for Food and Development Policy.Google Scholar
HONDURAS PODER LEGISLATIVO 1992 Decreto número 31–92: Ley para la modernización y el desarrollo del sector agrícola.” In-house document, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
IDB (INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK) 1989 Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 1989 Report. Washington: IDB.Google Scholar
Jelin, Elizabeth 1990 “Citizenship and Identity: Final Reflections.” In Women and Social Change in Latin America, edited by Jelin, E., 184–207. London: Zed.Google Scholar
Kearney, Michael 1995 “The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 24:547–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearney, Michael 1996 Reconceptualizing the Peasantry: Anthropology in Global Perspective. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret E. 1995 “Parks, People, and Power: The Shifting Terrain of Environmentalism.” NACLA Report on the Americas 28, no. 5 (Mar.–Apr.):36–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., AND Sikkink, Kathryn 1998 Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kidder, Thalia, AND Mcginn, Mary 1995 “In the Wake of NAFTA: Transnational Workers Networks.” Social Policy 25, no. 4 (Summer):14–21.Google Scholar
Kruijt, Dirk 1992 “Monopolios de filantropía: El caso de las llamadas ‘organizaciones no gubernamentales’ en América Latina.” Polémica, no. 16 (Jan.–Apr.):41–47.Google Scholar
Landsberger, Henry A., AND Hewitt, Cynthia N. 1970 “Ten Sources of Weakness and Cleavage in Latin American Peasant Movements.” In Agrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America, edited by Rodolfo Stavenhagen, 559–83. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor-Doubleday.Google Scholar
LaraÑA, Enrique, Johnston, Hank, AND Gusfield, Joseph R., EDS. 1994 New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Laxer, Gordon 1995 “Social Solidarity, Democracy, and Global Capitalism.” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 32 (Aug.):288–313.Google Scholar
Leeds, Anthony 1977 “Mythos and Pathos: Some Unpleasantries on Peasantries.” In Peasant Livelihood: Studies in Economic Anthropology and Cultural Ecology, edited by Rhoda Halperin and James Dow, 227–56. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Leis, Raul 1994 “Panamá: Movimientos campesinos, transitismo y democracia.” In TANGERMANN AND RIOS VALDES 1994, 95–116.Google Scholar
Lichbach, Mark I. 1994 “What Makes Rational Peasants Revolutionary? Dilemma, Paradox, and Irony in Peasant Collective Action.” World Politics 46, no. 3:383–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LombraÑA, Martiniano 1989 “Historia de las organizaciones campesinas de Honduras.” Manuscript, La Ceiba.Google Scholar
Martinez, Alberto 1990 Costa Rica: Política y regulación de precios en granos básicos. Panama City: CADESCA, Comisión de la Comunidades Europeas, and Gobierno de Francia.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto 1989 Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. London: Hutchinson Radius.Google Scholar
Menjivar, Rafael, Kam, Sui Moy Li, AND Portuguez, Virginia 1985 “El movimiento campesino en Honduras.” In Movimientos populares en Centroamérica, edited by Camacho, D. and MenjÍVar, R., 373–408. San José: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana.Google Scholar
Ministros De Agricultura De Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras Y 1993 “Resolución sobre el sistema de bandas de precios de importación.” Cuadernos de Investigación 4, no. 17:30–40. Published by the Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas y Científicas, Dirección de Investigaciones Económicas in El Salvador.Google Scholar
Morales G., Abelardo, AND Cranshaw, Martha Isabel 1997 Regionalismo emergente: Redes de la sociedad civil e integración centroamericana. San José: FLACSO and IBIS.Google Scholar
Morris, Aldon D., AND Mueller, Carol Mcclurg, EDS. 1992 Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Diane M. 1996 “Maya Hackers and the Cyberspatialized Nation-State: Modernity, Ethnostalgia, and a Lizard Queen in Guatemala.” Cultural Anthropology 11, no. 3: 287–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Kane, Trish 1992 “Movimiento campesino: Sembrando futuro.” Pensamiento Propio 10, no. 87 (Jan.–Feb.):2–4.Google Scholar
Olofsson, Gunnar 1988 “After the Working-Class Movement? An Essay on What's ‘New’ and What's ‘Social’ in the New Social Movements.” Acta Sociologica 31, no. 1:15–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, Emiliano 1992 “Evolution of the Rural Dimension in Latin America and the Caribbean.” CEPAL Review, no. 47:115–36.Google Scholar
Palley, Marian L. 1991 “Women's Rights as Human Rights: An International Perspective.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, no. 515 (May):163–78.Google Scholar
Pelupessy, Wim 1993 El mercado mundial del café. San José: Departamento Ecuménico de Investigaciones.Google Scholar
Pino, Hugo Noe, AND Thorpe, Andrew, EDS. 1992 Honduras: El ajuste estructural y la reforma agraria. Tegucigalpa: Centro de Documentación de Honduras.Google Scholar
Posas, Mario 1985 “El movimiento campesino hondureño: Un panorama general (siglo XX).” In Historia política de los campesinos latinoamericanos, edited by Casanova, Pablo GonzÁLez, 2:28–76. Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno.Google Scholar
Posas, Mario 1996 “El sector reformado y la política agraria del estado.” In El agro hondureño y su futuro, edited by Baumeister, Eduardo, 131–66. Tegucigalpa: Guaymuras.Google Scholar
PRESIDENTES CENTROAMERICANOS 1991 “Plan de Acción para la Agricultura Centroamericana PAC, 15 y 16 de julio.” In-house document, San Salvador.Google Scholar
PRESIDENTES CENTROAMERICANOS 1992 “El Compromiso Agropecuario de Panamá.” In-house document, San Salvador.Google Scholar
Risse-Kappen, Thomas 1995 “Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Introduction.” In Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures, and International Institutions, edited by Risse-Kappen, Thomas, 3–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roman Vega, Isabel 1994 “Costa Rica: Los campesinos también quieren futuro.” In TA NGERMANN AND RIOSVALDES 1994, 71–94.Google Scholar
Rosa, Herman 1993 AID y las transformaciones globales en El Salvador. Managua: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (CRIES).Google Scholar
Roseberry, William 1993 “Beyond the Agrarian Question in Latin America.” In Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America, edited by Frederick Cooper, Florencia E. Mallon, Allen F. Isaacman, William Roseberry, and Stern, Steve J., 318–68. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Saldomando, Angel 1992 El retorno de la AID: El caso de Nicaragua. Managua: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (CRIES).Google Scholar
Sanahuja, Jose Antonio 1994 Relaciones Europa Centroamérica: Continuidad o cambio? Cuaderno de Ciencias Sociales, no. 70. San José: FLACSO.Google Scholar
Santos, Eduardo A. 1988 “La seguridad alimentaria mundial y el proteccionismo agrícola.” Comercio Exterior 38, no. 7 (July):635–44 (published in Mexico City).Google Scholar
Schiller, Nina Glick, Bacsh, Linda, AND Szanton, Cristina Blanc 1992 “Transnationalism, a New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, no. 645:1–24.Google Scholar
Segovia, Alexander 1993 “Mercado de alimentos y sistema de banda de precios en Centroamérica.” Cuadernos de Investigación 4, no. 17:1–20 (published by the Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas y Científicas, Dirección de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, San Salvador).Google Scholar
Shanin, Teodor 1972 The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society, Russia, 1910–1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shanin, Teodor 1990 Defining Peasants: Essays concerning Rural Societies, Expolary Economies, and Learning from Them in the Contemporary World. London: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sierra Mejia, Marcio, AND Mejia, Manuel Ramirez 1994 “El papel del estado en el desarrollo del sector rural de Honduras hacia el año 2000.” In ¿Estado o mercado? Perspectivas para el desarrollo agrícola centroamericano hacia el año 2000, edited by Hugo Noé Pino, Pedro Jiménez, and Andy Thorpe, 53–76. Tegucigalpa: Postgrado Centroamericano en Economía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (POSCAE-UNAH).Google Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryn 1993 “Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America.” International Organization, no. 47 (Summer):411–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, Minor, ED. 1995 The New Politics of Survival: Grassroots Movements in Central America. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Alistair n.d. “Moving beyond Banana Trade Wars, 1993–1996.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Sojo, Carlos 1992 La mano visible del mercado: La asistencia de Estados Unidos al sector privado costarricense en la década de los ochenta. Managua: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (CRIES).Google Scholar
Solorzano, Orlando 1994 El impacto del Sistema Arancelario Centroamericano (SAC) sobre el sector agropecuario: Una aproximación. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA).Google Scholar
Stahler-Sholk, Richard 1990 “Ajuste y el sector agropecuario en Nicaragua en los 80: Una evaluación preliminar.” In Mario Araña, Richard Stahler-Sholk, and Carlos Vilas, Políticas de ajuste en Nicaragua, 63–94. Managua: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (CRIES).Google Scholar
STICHTING MAX HAVELAAR 1992 “Max Havelaar, un modelo exitoso de comercio justo.” In-house document, Utrecht, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
STICHTING PAULO FREIRE 1993 “La vía campesina.” In-house document, Doetinchem, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Tangermann, Klaus-Dieter, AND Valdes, Ivana Rios, EDS. 1994 Alternativas campesinas: Modernización en el agro y movimiento campesino en Centroamérica. Managua: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (CRIES).Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney 1995 “The Europeanisation of Conflict: Reflections from a Social Movement Perspective.” West European Politics 18:223–51.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney n.d. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Thorpe, Andy, ET AL. 1995 Impacto del ajuste en el agro hondureño. Tegucigalpa: Postgrado Centroamericano en Economía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (POSCAEUNAH).Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles 1984 “Social Movements and National Politics.” In Statemaking and Social Movements, edited by Bright, Charles and Harding, Susan, 297–317. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Torres, Oscar, AND Alvarado, Hernan 1990 Política macroeconómica y sus efectos en la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria: Caso, Costa Rica. Panama City: CADESCA.Google Scholar
VIA CAMPESINA 1996 Proceedings from the II International Conference of the Vía Campesina, Tlaxcala, Mexico, April 18–21, 1996. Brussels: NCOS Publications.Google Scholar
VOZ CAMPESINA 1995 “La Mesa Nacional Campesina.” Voz Campesina, no. 4 (Jan.–Feb.): 15.Google Scholar
Warman, Arturo 1988 “Los estudios campesinos: Veinte años después.” Comercio Exterior 38, no. 7 (July): 653–58 (published in Mexico City).Google Scholar