Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T01:02:03.893Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Research in the Political Economy of Afro-Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

Pierre-Michel Fontaine*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Ideally, the study of the political economy of Afro-Latin America should be part and parcel of that of the political economy of Latin America as a whole. Unfortunately, true to the tendency toward fragmentation and specialization in the human as well as in the physical sciences, that has not generally been the case. The problem has been made worse by the low salience of the nonwhite races in the Americas, due to their low socioeconomic and political status. It is further compounded by the ambiguity and evasiveness of the Latin American racial ideology, especially in its Brazilian form, which leads both local and foreign observers and social scientists to conclude first that there is no racial problem (though such a position is no longer seriously held by scholars) and then that race is irrelevant to the study of the region's political economy.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1980 by Latin American Research Review

Footnotes

*

This article was written as part of the work done in preparation for the Symposium on the Political Economy of the Black World held at the UCLA Center for Afro-American Studies on 10–12 May 1979, with the support of the National Endowment for the Humanities. It also developed in the context of a research project on career mobility of Afro-Brazilians supported by the UCLA Committee on International and Comparative Studies (Ford Foundation), UCLA Institute of American Cultures, and the Center for Afro-American Studies. Summer research support was provided by the UCLA Faculty Development Program. I am grateful for all these contributions. I also wish to thank Michael Mitchell for important advice and suggestions; Zé Maria Nunes Pereira for letting me use the library of the Centro de Estudos Afro-Asiático (Rio de Janeiro); Clotilde Blake for valuable research assistance; and the three anonymous reviewers from the LARR. None of these persons or institutions is responsible, however, for any errors in this article.

References

Aguirre, Benigno E.Differential Migration of Cuban Social Races.” LARR 11, no. 1 (1976):103–25.Google Scholar
Aguirre BeltrÁN, Gonzalo. La población negra de México, 1519–1810. México, 1974.Google Scholar
Anderson, Charles W. Politics and Economic Change in Latin America: The Governing of Restless Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1967.Google Scholar
Anderson, Charles W. “The Concepts of Race and Class in the Explanation of Latin American Politics.” In Race and Class in Latin America, Magnus Mörner, ed., pp. 231–55. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Arcaya, Pedro M. Insurrección de los negros de la Serranía del Coro. Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, 1949.Google Scholar
Arredondo, Alberto. El negro cubano socio-economicamente considerado. La Habana, 1958.Google Scholar
Azevedo, Thales De. Les élites de couleur dans une ville brésilienne. Paris: UNESCO, 1953.Google Scholar
Azevedo, Thales De. Cultura e Situação Racial no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, 1966.Google Scholar
Bastide, Roger. “The Present Status of Afro-American Research in Latin America.” Daedalus 103, no. 2 (Spring 1974):112–23.Google Scholar
BASTIDE, ROGER AND FLORESTAN FERNANDES. Brancos e Negros em São Paulo. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1959.Google Scholar
Beckford, George. “The Plantation System and the Penetration of International Capitalism.” In Methodology and Change, Louis Lindsay, ed., pp. 2327. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1978.Google Scholar
Betancourt, Juan RenÉ. El negro: ciudadano del futuro. La Habana, 1959.Google Scholar
Blanksten, George I. Ecuador: Constitutions and Caudillos. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.Google Scholar
Bojunga, Claudio. “O Brasileiro Negro, 90 Anos Depois.” Encontros com a Civilização Brasileiro, no. 1 (July 1978):175204.Google Scholar
Brown, Diana B.Umbanda: Politics of an Urban Religious Movement.” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1974.Google Scholar
Bryce-Laporte, Roy. “On the Presence, Migrations, and Cultures of Blacks in the Americas: Some Imperatives for Afro-Hispanic American Studies.” Caribe 4, pp. 1018.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. “Os Brancos e a Ascensão Social dos Negros em Pôrto Alegre.” Revista Anhembi 39, no. 17 (Aug. 1960):583–96.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. Capitalismo e Escravidão no Brasil Meridional: O Negro na Sociedade Escravocrata do Rio Grande do Sul. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1962.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. “Colour Prejudice in Brazil.” Présence Africaine 25, no. 53 (1965):120–28.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo. Dependencia e Desenvolvimento na América Latina. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1970.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Ianni, Octavio. Côr e Mobilidade Social em Florianópolis. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1960.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Hamilton Bernardes. “Em Defesa do Marxismo.” Versus, no. 33 (Aug. 1979):3738.Google Scholar
Carvalho-Neto, Paulo De. “Folklore of the Black Struggle in Latin America.” Latin American Perspectives 5, no. 2 (Spring 1978):5388.Google Scholar
Casal, Lourdes. “Race Relations in Contemporary Cuba.” Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1979.Google Scholar
Clytus, John. Black Man in Red Cuba. Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Costa Pinto, L. A. O Negro no Rio de Janeiro. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1953.Google Scholar
Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Davis, David Brion. “A Comparison of British America and Latin America.” In Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History, Laura Foner and Eugene D. Genovese, eds. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969.Google Scholar
Degler, Carl N. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. New York: Macmillan, 1971.Google Scholar
DÉPESTRE, RENÉ. “Carta de Cuba sobre el imperialismo de la mala fé.” Casa de las Americas, no. 34 (feb. 1966):3261.Google Scholar
Dix, Robert H. Colombia: The Political Dimensions of Change. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
DomÍNguez, Jorge I.The Cuban Operation in Angola: Costs and Benefits for the Armed Forces.” Cuban Studies/Estudios Cubanos 8, no. 1 (Jan. 1978a):1021.Google Scholar
DomÍNguez, Jorge I. Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1978b.Google Scholar
Donnici, VirgÍLio Luiz. “Criminalidade e Estado de Direito.” Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira, no. 5 (Nov. 1978):201–35.Google Scholar
Duncan, W. Raymond. Latin American Politics: A Developmental Approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.Google Scholar
Dzidzienyo, Anani. The Position of Blacks in Brazilian Society. London: Minority Rights Group, 1971.Google Scholar
Ebel, Roland H.Political Change in Guatemalan Indian Communities.” Journal of Inter-American Studies 6 (1964):91104.Google Scholar
Elkins, Stanley. Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago, 1959.Google Scholar
Entralgo, Elias JosÉ. “Un forum sobre los prejuicios étnicos en Cuba.” Nuestra Tiempo (May-June 1959).Google Scholar
Escalante, Aquiles. El negro en Colombia. Bogotá, 1964.Google Scholar
Fermoselle-LÓPez, Rafael. “Black Politics in Cuba: The Race War of 1912.” Ph.D. dissertation, The American University, 1972.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. “Religious Mass Movements and Social Change in Brazil.” In New Perspectives of Brazil, Eric N. Baklanoff, ed., pp. 205–32. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. “Beyond Poverty: The Negro and Mulatto in Brazil.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 58 (1969a):121–33.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. The Negro in Brazilian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969b.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. O Negro no Mundo dos Brancos. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1972.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. A Revolução Burguesa no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1975.Google Scholar
Fitzgibbon, Russell. “The Pathology of Democracy in Latin America: A Symposium.” American Political Science Review 44 (1950):124ff.Google Scholar
Foner, Philip. “A Tribute to Antonio Maceo.” Journal of Negro History 55, no. 1 (Jan. 1970):6571.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre-Michel.The Dynamics of Black Powerlessness in São Paulo.” Annual Meeting of the African Heritage Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 1975a.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre-Michel.Multinational Corporations and Relations of Race and Color in Brazil: The Case of São Paulo.” International Studies Notes 2 (Winter 1975b):110.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre-Michel.Aspects of Afro-Brazilian Career Mobility in the Corporate World.” Symposium on Popular Dimensions of Brazil, UCLA, 2 February 1979a.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre-Michel.The Brazilian ‘Model’ and Afro-Brazilian Identity, Mobility, and Mobilization.” Annual Meeting, American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., 1979b.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre-Michel. “Transnational Relations and Racial Mobilization: Emerging Black Movements in Brazil.” In Ethnic Identities in a Transnational World, John F. Stack, Jr., ed. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Freyre, Gilberto. Brazil: An Interpretation. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1945.Google Scholar
Freyre, Gilberto. New World in the Tropics: The Culture of Modern Brazil. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1959.Google Scholar
Freyre, Gilberto. The Mansions and the Shanties. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1963.Google Scholar
Freyre, Gilberto. The Masters and the Slaves. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1965.Google Scholar
Freyre, Gilberto. The Racial Factor in Contemporary Politics. University of Sussex, England, 1966.Google Scholar
GASTON-MARTIN. L'Ere des Négriers, 1714–1774. Paris, 1931.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene. “Materialism and Idealism in the History of Negro Slavery in the Americas.” In Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History, Laura Foner and Eugene Genovese, eds. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969a.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene. “The Treatment of Slavery in Different Countries: Problems in the Application of the Comparative Method.” In Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History, Laura Foner and Eugene Genovese, eds. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969b.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene. The World the Slaveholders Made. New York: Vintage Books, 1969c.Google Scholar
Girvan, Norman. Aspects of the Political Economy of Race in the Caribbean and in the Americas. Working Paper No. 7, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, 1975.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin. Patterns of Race in the Americas. New York: Walker and Co., 1964.Google Scholar
Hasenbalg, Carlos A. Discriminação e Desigualdades Raciais no Brasil, trans. Patrick Burglin. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal Ltda., 1979.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J.The Negro in the New World: The Statement of a Problem.” American Anthropologist 32 (1930):145–55.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J.The Negro in Bahia, Brazil: A Problem in Method.” American Sociological Review 8 (1943a):394402.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J.The Negroes of Brazil.” Yale Review 32 (1943b):263–79.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J.Problem, Method and Theory in Afro-American Studies.” Afro-American 1 (1945):524; also in Phylon 7, pp. 337–54.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J.The Contribution of Afro-American Studies to Africanist Research.” American Anthropologist 50 (1948):110.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J.The Ahistorical Approach to Afro-American Studies.” American Anthropologist 62 (1960):559–68.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J., ED. The New World Negro. Bloomington, Ind.: University of Indiana Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Hoetink, Harry. Caribbean Race Relations: A Study of Two Variants. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Hoetink, Harry. Slavery and Race Relations in the Americas. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Irving Louis, ED. Masses in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, Harry W. Village and Plantation Life in Northeastern Brazil. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Ianni, Octavio. As Metamorfoses do Escravo. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1962.Google Scholar
Ianni, Octavio. “Research on Race Relations in Brazil.” In Race and Class in Latin America, Magnus Mórner, ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Ianni, Octavio. Raças e Classes no Brasil, 2d ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Civilização Brasileira, 1972.Google Scholar
Ianni, Octavio. Escravidão e Racismo. São Paulo: Editora HUCITEC, 1978.Google Scholar
Klein, Herbert S. Slavery in the Americas: A Comparison of Virginia and Cuba. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Knight, Franklin. Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Knight, Franklin. The African Dimension in Latin American Societies. New York: Macmillan, 1974.Google Scholar
Kronus, Sidney and SolaÚN., Mauricio “Racial Adaptation in the Modernization of Cartagena, Colombia.” In Latin American Modernization Problems: Case Studies in the Crises of Change, Robert E. Scott, ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Lamounier, Bolivar. “Raça e Classe na Política Brasileira.” Cadernos Brasileiros 8, no. 3 (May–June 1968):3450.Google Scholar
Langoni, C. G. Distribuição da Renda no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Fondo de Cultura, 1973.Google Scholar
Leeds, Anthony and Leeds, Elizabeth. “Brazil and the Myth of Urban Rurality.” In City and Country in the Third World, Arthur J. Field, ed., pp. 229–85. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1970.Google Scholar
LÉONS, MADELINE BARBARA and Rothstein, Frances. “Introduction.” In New Directions in Political Economy: An Approach from Anthropology, M. B. Léons and F. Rothstein, eds. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Levine, Robert M.The First Afro-Brazilian Congress: Opportunities for the Study of Race in the Brazilian Northeast.” Race 15, no. 2 (1973):185–93.Google Scholar
MartÍNez-Alier, Verena. Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba. London and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masferrer, Marianne and Mesa-Lago., Carmelo “The Gradual Integration of the Black in Cuba.” In Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America, Robert B. Toplin, ed., pp. 348–84. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Masini, JosÉ Luis. La esclavitud negra en Mendoza. Mendoza: Época Independiente, n.d.Google Scholar
Mauro, FrÉDÉRic. “Le rôle des indiens et des noirs dans la conscience europeánisante des blancs: le cas du Brésil au XIXe siecle.” Cahier des Amériques Latines, no. 9–10 (1974):195211.Google Scholar
Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Michael. Racial Consciousness and the Political Attitudes and Behavior of Blacks in São Paulo, Brazil. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
More, Carlos. “Le peuple noir, a-t-il sa place dans la révolution cubaine?” Présence Africaine, no. 52 (1964):199230.Google Scholar
Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. “Aportes culturales y deculturación.” In Africa en América Latina, pp. 1333. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1977.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS. Race Mixture in the History of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1967.Google Scholar
Nascimento, Abdias Do. Dramas para Negros e Prólogo para Brancos: Antologia de Teatro Negro-Brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Edições do Teatro Nacional do Negro, 1961.Google Scholar
Nascimento, Abdias Do. O Genocídio do Negro Brasileiro: Processo de um Racismo Mascarado. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1978.Google Scholar
Nascimento, Abdias Do. Mixture or Massacre? Essays in the Genocide of a Black People, trans. E. L. Nascimento. Buffalo, N.Y.: Afrodiáspora, 1979.Google Scholar
Nascimento, Abdias Do., ED. O Negro Revoltado. Rio de Janeiro: Edições GRD, 1968.Google Scholar
Needler, Martin C. “Race, Class and Political Development.” In Latin American Politics in Perspective, pp. 1622. New York: Van Nostrand, 1963.Google Scholar
Needler, Martin C. “Social Structure, ‘Race’, and Politics. In Political Development in Latin America, pp. 98116. New York: Random House, 1968.Google Scholar
Nogueira, Oracy. “Preconceito Racial de Marca e Preconceito Racial de Origem.” Annais do XXXVI Congresso Internacional de Americanistas, pp. 409–34. São Paulo, 1955.Google Scholar
Nogueira, Oracy. “Skin Color and Social Classes.” In Plantation Systems of the New World. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Union, 1959.Google Scholar
North, J. “Negro and White in Cuba.” Political Affairs (July 1963):3445.Google Scholar
Oliveira E Oliveira, Eduardo De. “O Mulato, um Obstáculo Epistemológico.” Argumento 1, no. 3 (Feb. 1974):6573.Google Scholar
Pereda-Valdes, Ildefonso. El negro en el Uruguay: pasado y presente. Montevideo, 1965.Google Scholar
Pereira, JoÃO Batista Borges. Côr, Profissão e Mobilidade: O Negro e o Radio de São Paulo. São Paulo: Livraria Pioneira Editora, 1967.Google Scholar
Perlman, Janice. The Myth of Marginality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Pescatello, Ann M., ED. The African in Latin America. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975.Google Scholar
Pierson, Donald. Negroes in Brazil: A Study of Race Contact at Bahia. Carbondale/Edwardsville: Illinois University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Pitt-Rivers, Julian. “Race, Color and Class in Central America and the Andes.” Daedalus 96, no. 2 (1967):542–59.Google Scholar
Ramos, Guerreiro. “O Problema do Negro na Sociologia Brasileira.” Cadernos de Nosso Tempo 6, no. 2 (1954):188220.Google Scholar
Rout, Leslie B. The African Experience in Spanish America: 1502 to the Present Day. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Saignes, Acosta. Vida de los esclavos negros en Venezuela. Caracas, 1975.Google Scholar
Santos, Juana Elbein Dos. Os Nagô e a Morte. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 1975.Google Scholar
Segal, Aaron. “Cubans in Africa.” Caribbean Review 7, no. 3 (July-Sept. 1978):3843.Google Scholar
Silva, Nelson Do Valle. “Black-White Income Differentials: Brazil, 1960.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1978.Google Scholar
Silvert, Kalman H. Guatemala: An Area Study in Government. New Orleans, 1954.Google Scholar
Silvert, Kalman H. The Conflict Society: Reaction and Revolution in Latin America. New Orleans, 1961.Google Scholar
Sio, Arnold A.Interpretations of Slavery: The Slave Status in the Americas.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 7 (1964–65):289308.Google Scholar
Sio, Arnold A.Society, Slavery, and the State.” Social and Economic Studies 16 (1967):330–44.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. Brazilian Intellectuals and the Problem of Race, 1870–1930. Occasional Paper No. 6, Graduate Center for Latin American Studies, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., 1969.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Smith, T. Lynn. “The Racial Composition of the Population of Colombia.” In Studies of Latin American Societies. New York, 1970.Google Scholar
SolaÚN, Mauricio and Kronus, Sidney. Discrimination without Violence: Miscegenation and Racial Conflict in Latin America. New York: John Wiley, 1973.Google Scholar
Souza, Amaury De. “Raça e Política no Brasil Urbano.” Revista de Administração de Empresas 11, no. 4 (Oct.–Dec. 1971):6170.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred, ED. Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Stearns, Lewis. “White Man's Revolution in Cuba.” National Review, 12 Jan. 1971, pp. 4344.Google Scholar
Tannenbaum, Frank. Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas. New York: Vintage Books, 1946.Google Scholar
Toplin, Robert Brent. “From Slavery to Fettered Freedom.” Luso-Brazilian Review 7, no. 1 (Summer 1970).Google Scholar
Toplin, Robert Brent. “Reinterpreting Comparative Race Relations: The United States and Brazil.” Journal of Black Studies 2, no. 2 (Dec. 1971):135–55.Google Scholar
Toplin, Robert Brent. The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil. New York: Atheneum, 1972.Google Scholar
Toplin, Robert Brent., ED. Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Valladares, Licia. “Favela, Política e Conjunto Residencial.” Dados, 12 Nov. 1976, pp. 7485.Google Scholar
Van Den Berghe, Pierre L. Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective. New York: Wiley, 1967.Google Scholar
Wagley, Charles, ED. Race and Class in Rural Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Warren, Jr., Donald, . “The Negro and Religion in Brazil.” Race 6, no. 3 (Jan. 1965).Google Scholar
West, Robert C. Colonial Placer Mining in Colombia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952.Google Scholar
West, Robert C. The Pacific Lowlands of Colombia: A Negroid Area of the American Tropics. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Whitten, Jr., Norman, E. Class, Kinship and Power in an Ecuadorian Town: The Negroes of San Lorenzo. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Whitten, Jr., Norman, E.The Ecology of Race Relations in Northwest Ecuador.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 58 (1969a):223–33.Google Scholar
Whitten, Jr., Norman, E.Strategies of Adaptive Mobility in the Colombian-Ecuadorean Littoral.” American Anthropologist 71 (1969b):228–42.Google Scholar
Whitten, Jr., Norman, E. Black Frontiersmen: A South American Case. New York: Halsted Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Whitten, Jr., Norman, E. and Szwed, John F., EDS. Afro-American Anthropology. New York: The Free Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Williams, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966. Reprint of 1944 edition.Google Scholar
Williams, Eric. “Race Relations in Caribbean Society.” Caribbean Studies: A Symposium. Mona, Jamaica, 1957.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Maurice. “Race Relations and Politics.” In Revolutionary Politics and the Cuban Working Class, pp. 6688. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967.Google Scholar