1. A German McCarthy-type witch-hunt of political dissenters. Applicants for public jobs are not admitted if they are or have been members or even “sympathizers” of political groups considered “radical” by federal or local authorities. The terms “sympathizer” and “radical” are open to arbitrary definition. “Berufsverbot” is an expression used by the opponents to such a policy, emphasizing its consequences for young people, especially for the students: in some cases lifelong exclusion from a profession chosen before the political sinfall.

2. The term refers to the need of any power group for permanent “reproduction” of its political basis.