Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T13:20:31.259Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

HIV/AIDS and Sexual Minorities in Mexico: A Globalized Struggle for the Protection of Human Rights

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Antonio Torres-Ruiz*
Affiliation:
York University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The fight against HIV/AIDS is an example of a global struggle for the promotion of sexual health and the protection of human rights for all, including sexual minorities. It represents a challenge for the understanding of its impact on political, social, and economic processes. My central goal in this piece is twofold. First, I underline the importance of a political and human rights perspective to the analysis of the global response to the pandemic, and I introduce the concept of policy networks for a better understanding of these dynamics. Second, I argue that, in the case of Mexico, the constitution of HIV/AIDS policy networks, which incorporate civil society and state actors, such as sexual minority activists and public officials, and their actions—both domestic and international—have resulted in a more inclusive HIV/AIDS policy-making process. However, serious human rights violations of HIV/AIDS patients and sexual minorities still remain.

Resumen

Resumen

El combate al VIH/SIDA representa un esfuerzo global a favor de la salud sexual y la protección de los derechos humanos, incluyendo a las minorías sexuales, así como un reto en términos del análisis de su impacto político, social y económico. En este trabajo son dos mis objetivos centrales. Primero, quiero enfatizar la importancia de una perspectiva de derechos humanos en el estudio de la respuesta global a la pandemia e introducir el concepto de redes de políticas públicas para la mejor comprensión de esta última. En segundo lugar, sostengo que la formación de redes de políticas públicas con trabajo en VIH/SIDA en México, las cuales incorporan servidores públicos y activistas gays, y las acciones emprendidas por estas —tanto a nivel doméstico como internacional— han dado como resultado un proceso de hechura de políticas públicas más incluyente. Sin embargo, se observan persistentes violaciones a los derechos humanos de pacientes con VIH/SIDA y de minorías sexuales en general.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright ©2011 by the Latin American Studies Association

Footnotes

I thank LARR's editors and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful critiques and suggestions. Special thanks to the interviewees and all who generously shared their time and knowledge with me. An early version of this article was first presented at the Latin American Studies Association conference in Montreal, as part of a stimulating panel organized by Juan Marsiaj, at which I received generous comments for the improvement of this piece from the rest of the panel, and especially from Elisabeth Friedman. All remaining errors are mine.

References

Allen, Betania, Valdez, Aurelio Cruz, Rivera, Leonor Rivera, and Ávila, Mauricio Hernández 2003Afecto, besos y condones: El ABC de las prácticas sexuales de las trabajadoras sexuales de la Ciudad de México.” Salud Pública 45 (5): 594607.Google Scholar
Altman, Dennis 2001 Global Sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, Sonia E., Dagnino, Evelina, and Escobar, Arturo 1998 Cultures of Politics, Politics of Cultures: Re-Visioning Latin American Social Movements. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Asher, Judith 2004The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for NGOs.” London: Commonwealth Medical Trust.Google Scholar
Barclay, Eliza 2008Mexican Migrant Communities May Be on Verge of HIV/AIDS Epidemic.” Population Reference Bureau, http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/MexicanMigrantCommunitiesMayBeonVergeofHIVAIDSEpidemic.aspx?p=1.Google Scholar
Cáceres, Carlos 1999Dimensiones sociales relevantes para la prevención del VIH/SIDA en América Latina y el Caribe.” In El SIDA en América Latina y el Caribe, una visión multidisciplinaria, edited by Izazola, Jose Antonio, 150184. Mexico City: FUNSALUD.Google Scholar
Castells, M. 1996 The Rise of the Network Society. London: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Douglas A., and Piester, Kerianne 1996Non-governmental Organizations and the Changing Structure of Mexican Politics.” In Changing Structure of Mexico: Political, Social, and Economic Prospects, edited by Randall, Laura, 235262. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Chen, Lincoln, Leaning, Jennifer, and Narasimhan, Vasant, eds. 2003 Global Health Challenges for Human Security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Child, Raquel 1999VIH/SIDA y la organización de las respuestas.” In El SIDA en América Latina y el Caribe, una visión multidisciplinaria, edited by Izazola, Jose Antonio, 217246. Mexico City: FUNSALUD.Google Scholar
Coleman, W. D., and Perl, A. 1999Internationalized Policy Environments and Policy Network Analysis.” Political Studies 47:691709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, N., Kennedy, B. P., and Kawachi, I. 1999Why Justice Is Good for Our Health: The Social Determinants of Health Inequalities.” Daedalus 128 (4): 99134.Google ScholarPubMed
De la Dehesa, Rafael 2007Global Communities and Hybrid Cultures: Early Gay and Lesbian Electoral Activism in Brazil and Mexico.” Latin American Research Review 42 (1): 2951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Collado, Fernando 2007 Homofobia: Odio, crimen y justicia, 1995–2005. Mexico City: Tusquets.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan Eva, and Wickham-Crowley, Tymothy P. 2003 Struggle for Social Rights in Latin America. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Evans, P., Jacobson, Harold K., and Putnam, Robert D., eds. 1993 Double-Edged Diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, Paul 2003 Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fidler, David P. 2003Disease and Globalized Anarchy: Theoretical Perspectives on the Pursuit of Global Health.” Social Theory and Health 1:2141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
II Foro en VIH/SIDA/ITS de América Latina y el Caribe 2003 Memorias, April 7–12, Palacio de Convenciones de La Habana, Cuba, CD-ROM.Google Scholar
I Fórum e II Conferência de Cooperação Técnica Horizontal da América Latina e do Caribe em HIV/Aids e DST 2000 ANAIS, Vols. 1–2, November 7–8, Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Frasca, Tim 2005 AIDS in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay, Hochstetler, Kathryn, and Clark, Ann Marie 2001Sovereign Limits and Regional Opportunities for Global Civil Society in Latin America.” Latin American Research Review 36 (3): 735.Google Scholar
Galván Díaz, Francisco, González-Villarreal, Roberto, and Morales, Rodolfo 1991AIDS, Government and Society in Mexico.” In Homosexuality, Society and the State in Mexico, edited by Lumsden, Ian, 101122. Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives and Solediciones.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony 1990 The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1990.Google Scholar
González-Block, Miguel Ángel, and Liguori, Ana Luisa 1992 El SIDA en los estratos socioeconómicos de México. Perspectivas en Salud Pública No. 16. Cuernavaca, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.Google Scholar
González-Martin, Fernando 1996HIV/AIDS and Human Rights in Mexico.” Human Rights Brief 3 (3): 16. Washington, D.C.: Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Washington College of Law, American University.Google Scholar
González Ruiz, Edgar 2002 La sexualidad prohibida: Intolerancia, sexismo y represión. México City: Plaza y Janés.Google Scholar
Gourevitch, P. 1978The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics.” International Organization 32:881912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goyer, K. C. 2001HIV and Political Instability in Sub-Saharan Africa.” AIDS Analysis Africa 1 (12): 1316.Google Scholar
Hassenteufel, Patrick 1995Do Policy Networks Matter? Lifting decriptif et analyse de l'État en interaction.” In Les réseaux de politiques publiques, débat autour des policy networks, edited by Galés, Patrick Le and Thatcher, Mark, 5476. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., and Perraton, J. 1997The Globalization of Economic Activity.” New Political Economy 2 (2): 25572577.Google Scholar
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., and Perraton, J. 1999 Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Herrera, Cristina, and Campero, Lourdes 2002La vulnerabilidad e invisibilidad de las mujeres ante el VIH/SIDA: Constantes y cambios en el tema.” Salud Pública 44 (6): 554564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howse, Robert, and Nicolaidis, Kalypso 2003Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?Governance 16 (1): 7394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Council of AIDS Service Organizations 1997 HIV/AIDS Networking Guide: A Comprehensive Resource for Individuals and Organizations Who Wish to Build, Strengthen or Sustain a Network. Toronto: International Council of AIDS Service Organizations.Google Scholar
Jordan, G. 1990Sub-Governments, Policy Communities and Networks: Refilling the Old Bottles?Journal of Theoretical Politics 2 (3): 319338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaul, I., Grunber, I., and Stern, M.A., eds. 1999 Global Public Goods: International Co-operation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., and Sikkink, Kathryn 1998 Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R., and Nye, J. 1977 Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Leiner, Marvin 1994 Sexual Politics in Cuba: Machismo, Homosexuality, and AIDS. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Lumsden, Ian 1996 Machos, Maricones, and Gays: Cuba and Homosexuality. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Manning, Ryann 2002AIDS and Democracy: What Do We Know?” a literature review prepared for “AIDS and Democracy: Setting the Research Agenda,” Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of Natal, Durban, Cape Town, April 2223.Google Scholar
Marsh, David, and Rhodes, R. A. W., eds. 1992 Policy Networks in British Government. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merson, Michael H., Black, Robert E., and Mills, Anne J. 2001 International Public Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems and Policies. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.Google Scholar
Morisky, Donald E. 2006 Overcoming AIDS: Lessons from Uganda. Greenwich, U.K.: IAP-Information Age.Google Scholar
Ostergard, Robert L. Jr., ed. 2007 HIV/AIDS and the Threat to National and International Security. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Oxhorn, Philip D., and Ducantenzeiler, Graciela, eds. 1998 What Kind of Democracy? What Kind of Market? Latin America in the Age of Neoliberalism. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panebianco, Silvia 2000 “Salud y justicia: Hecha la ley, hecha la trampa—Respetos formales y violaciones reales de los derechos humanos en VIH/SIDA, en América Latina.” Fórum: 814.Google Scholar
Patterson, David 2000Political Commitment, Governance and AIDS: A Discussion Paper.” Ottawa: Interagency Coalition on AIDS and Development.Google Scholar
Rangel, M. Gudelia, Martínez-Donate, A. P., Hovell, M. F., Santibáñez, J., Sipan, C. L., and Izazola-Licea, J. A. 2006Prevalence of Risk Factors for HIV Infection among Mexican Migrants and Immigrants: Probability Survey in the North Border of Mexico.” Salud Pública 48 (1): 312.Google Scholar
Reding, Andrew 1995 Democracy and Human Rights in Mexico. New York: World Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Rico, Blanca, Vandale, Susana, Allen, Betania, and Liguori, Ana Luisa, eds. 1997 Situación de las mujeres y el VIH/SIDA en América Latina. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.Google Scholar
Roberts, Matthew W. 1995Emergence of Gay Identity and Gay Social Movements in Developing Countries: The AIDS Crisis as a Catalyst.” Alternatives 20:243264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saavedra, Jorge 2007aMexico: Situation of Witnesses to Crime and Corruption, Women Victims of Violence and Victims of Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation.” Issue Paper. Mexico City: CONASIDA.Google Scholar
Saavedra, Jorge 2007bHomofobia: Alcances y limitaciones en los servicios de salud.” In Homofobia y salud, edited by Soberón, Guillermo and Feinholz, Dafna, 8794. Mexico City: Comisión Nacional de Bioética, Secretaría de Salud.Google Scholar
Saavedra, Jorge, Izazola, José-Antonio, Prottas, Jeffrey, and Shepard, Donald S. 1999Costs and Expenditures for AIDS Medical Care in Mexico.” Working Paper. Mexico City: SIDALAC.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya 1981 Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford, U.K.: Claredon Press.Google Scholar
Sepúlveda, Jaime, Bonfman, Mario, Palacios, Guillermo Ruiz, Stanislawski, Estanislao, and Valdespino, José Luis 1989 SIDA, ciencia y sociedad en México. Mexico City: Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Smallman, Shawn 2007 The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Tarabusi, C., and Vickery, G. 1993Globalization and Pharmaceuticals.” OECD Observer 185 (41): 79.Google Scholar
Teichman, Judith 2001 The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, Robert J. 2008 Unimagined Community: Sex, Networks, and AIDS in Uganda and South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Torres-Ruiz, Antonio 1996Descentralización en salud: Algunas consideraciones para el caso de México.” Working Paper No. 69. Mexico City: Division of Public Administration Series, CIDE.Google Scholar
Torres-Ruiz, Antonio, and Clarkson, Stephen 2009The Globalized Complexities of Transborder Governance in North America.” In Contentious Politics in North America: National Protest and Transnational Collaboration under Continental Integration, edited by Ayres, Jeffrey and Macdonald, Laura, 155176. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
UN AIDS Programme 2006Report on the Global AIDS Pandemic: Executive Summary.” New York: UNAIDS.Google Scholar
UN AIDS Programme 2008Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: Executive Summary.” New York: UNAIDS.Google Scholar
Uribe, Patricia, Tepichín, Griselda Hernández, del Río Chiriboga, Carlos, and Ortíz, Víctor 1995Prostitución y SIDA en la Ciudad de México.” Salud Pública 37 (6): 592601.Google Scholar
Whiteside, Alan, and Barnett, Tony 2002 AIDS in the Twenty-First Century: Disease and Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Whiteside, Alan, and FitzSimons, David 1992 The AIDS Epidemic: Economic, Political and Security Implications. Conflict Studies No. 251. London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism.Google Scholar
Willan, Samantha 2000Considering the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Democratic Governance and Vice Versa.” Durban, South Africa: Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of Natal.Google Scholar
World Trade Organization 2001Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health.” Doha WTO Ministerial Conference, Fourth Session, November 14, Geneva, World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
Yúdice, George 2003 The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar