Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T20:59:31.458Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparative Approaches to Latin American History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2022

Magnus Mörner ,
Julia Fawaz de Viñuela  and
John D. French
Magnus Mörner
Affiliation:
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Julia Fawaz de Viñuela
Affiliation:
Santiago de Chile
John D. French
Affiliation:
Yale University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A little more than fifty years ago, French medievalist Marc Bloch (1928) tried to persuade his fellow historians of the importance and usefulness of the “comparative method.” Explanations, he argued, based on “those proverbs of common-sense psychology which have neither more nor less validity than their opposites” had to be replaced by causal explanations arrived at with the help of systematic comparison. In response to these exhortations, most historians, as Bloch himself noted, “express polite approval and then go back to work without changing their habits.” Nevertheless, the last decades have seen a remarkable growth in comparative studies in history as well as in the social sciences in general. Since 1959, the journal Comparative Studies in Society and History has played a crucial role in this regard. Yet the results of comparative historical studies have not been such as to challenge the skepticism of many historians who associate comparative approaches with facile analogies, pseudo-similarities, and questionable generalizations. Comparison too often seems to imply the sacrifice of the unique and differentiating features of each situation in the past for the sake of some broad scheme. Many historians are put off by social scientists, such as sociologist S. N. Eisenstadt (1963), whose ambitious comparative schema seem marked by typologizing with little empirical basis. To quote Bloch once more, the empirical historian will probably never become a philosopher of history or a sociologist although “he may, according to his state of mind, grant them admiration or a skeptical smile.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 17 , Issue 3 , 1982 , pp. 55 - 89
Copyright
Copyright © 1982 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

This article grew out of a 1979 graduate seminar at the University of Pittsburgh; Mörner was then Mellon Professor of History there, and Viñuela and French were graduate students. Parts I—III were prepared in draft by Viñuela, IV by French, and V by Mörner, but we are jointly responsible for the final version. We are obliged to Roland Anrup for his critical comments on an earlier draft.

References

Altman, Ida and Lockhart, James, EDS. 1976 Provinces of Early Mexico. Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution. Los Angeles: University of California.Google Scholar
Andrews, George Reid 1980 The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800–1900. Madison, Wis.: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Anrup, Roland “Aurora: analys av andinska arbetssystem.” Historisk tidskrift (Stockholm, Sweden). Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Appleby, Gordon 1976 “Export Monoculture and Regional Social Structure in Puno, Peru.” In Regional Analysis. Vol. 2, Social Systems, edited by Carol A. Smith, pp. 291–307. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baily, Samuel L. 1968–1969 “The Italians and the Development of Organized Labor in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, 1880–1914.” Journal of Social History 2:2:123–34.Google Scholar
Barrett, Ward J. and Schwartz, Stuart B. 1975 “Comparación entre dos economías azucareras coloniales: Morelos, México y Bahía, Brasil.” In Florescano (1975), pp. 534–72.Google Scholar
Barretta, Silvio R. Duncan and Markoff, John 1978 “Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 20:4:587–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bendix, Reinhard 1967 “Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 9:3:292–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bendix, Reinhard 1968 “Concepts in Comparative Historical Analysis.” In Rokkan (1968), pp. 67–81.Google Scholar
Berkhofer, Robert F. 1971 A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Virginia, ED. 1979 Elites, Masses, and Modernization in Latin America, 1850–1930. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bernheim, Ernst 1903 Lehrbuch der Historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie. Leipzig: Duncker und Humbolt.Google Scholar
Black, Cyril E. 1966 The Dynamics of Modernization. A Study in Comparative History. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Bloch, Marc 1928 “Pour une histoire comparée des sociétés européennes.” Revue de synthèse historique (Paris) 46:15–50.Google Scholar
Bonnell, Victoria E. 1980 “The Uses of Theory; Concepts and Comparison in Historical Sociology.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 22:2:156–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowser, Frederick P. 1975 “The Free Person of Color in Mexico City and Lima: Manumission and Opportunity, 1580–1650.” In Engerman and Genovese (1975), pp. 331–68.Google Scholar
Boysse-Cassagne, ThÉRÈSe and Gomez, Tomas 1976 “Sociétés indigènes et structures de colonisations. Étude comparative de la société Muisca (Colombie) et des sociétés indigènes du Collao (Bolivie).” Cahiers des Amériques Latines (Paris), Series Sciences de l'Homme, nr. 13/14, pp. 5–32.Google Scholar
Brading, David A. and Cross, Harry E. 1972 “Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 52:4:545–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, David G. and Robinson, David J. 1977 “The Origin and Comparability of Peruvian Population Data: 1776–1815.” Jahrbuch für die Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas (Cologne, West-Germany) 14:199–223.Google Scholar
Bushnell, David 1977 “El proceso inicial del liberalismo en Colombia y en la Argentina: Un esquema comparativo.” Revista de Historia (Heredia, Costa Rica) 2:4:77–91.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Ciro F. S. 1975a La historia como ciencia. San José de Costa Rica: EDUCA.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Ciro F. S. 1975b “Historia económica del café en Centroamérica (siglo XIX): estudio comparativo.” Estudios sociales centroamericanos (San José de Costa Rica) 4:10:9–55.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Ciro F. S. 1976 “Propriété de la terre et techniques de production dans les colonies esclavagistes de l'Amérique et des Caraïbes au XVIIIe. siècle.” Cahiers des Amériques Latines (Paris) 13/14:129–51.Google Scholar
Cline, Howard F., ED. 1967 Latin American History. Essays on Its Study and Teaching, 1–2. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, David W. and Greene, Jack P., EDS. 1972 Neither Slave nor Free. The Freedman of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Harold Eugene 1980? “Revolution in the Americas. Ideas in the Independence Movements of Mexico and the United States.” Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies 6 (1977–79). Unavailable for consultation.Google Scholar
Degler, Carl N. 1971 Neither Black nor White. Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Della Cava, Ralph 1968 “Brazilian Messianism and National Institutions: A Reappraisal of Canudos and Joazeiro.” Hispanic American Historical Review 48:3:402–20.Google Scholar
Detweiler, Robert and Ruiz, Ramon, EDS. 1980? Liberation in the Americas. Comparative Aspects of the Independence Movements in Mexico and the United States. San Diego, Calif.: Campanile Press. Unavailable for consultation.Google Scholar
DomÍNguez, Jorge I. 1980 Insurrection or Loyalty. The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dovring, Folke 1965 Land and Labor in Europe in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Survey of Recent Agrarian History. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice 1966 An Introduction to the Social Sciences. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Dyster, Barrie 1979 “Argentine and Australian Development Compared.” Past and Present (Oxford) 84:91–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N. 1963 The Political Systems of Empire. The Rise and Fall of Historical Bureaucratic Societies. London: The Free Press and Glencoe.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N. 1968 “Social Institutions: Comparative Study.” International Encyclopedia for the Social Sciences 14, pp. 421–28. New York: MacMillan and The Free Press.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley and Genovese, Eugene, EDS. 1975 Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere. Quantitative Studies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Etzioni, Amitai and Dubow, F., EDS. 1970 Comparative Perspectives. Theories and Methods. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Febvre, Lucien 1929 “Un champ privilègié d'études: l'Amérique du Sud.” Annales d'histoire économique et sociale (Paris) 1:258–78.Google Scholar
Fischer, David H. 1970 Historians' Fallacies. Toward a Logic of Historical Thought. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Florescano, Enrique, ED. 1975 Haciendas, latifundios y plantaciones en América Latina. México: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
Fogarty, John 1981 “The Comparative Method and the Nineteenth-Century Regions of Recent Settlement,” Historical Studies (Melbourne) 19:76:412–29.Google Scholar
Fogarty, John Gallo, Ezequiel; and Dieguez, Hector; EDS. 1979 Argentina y Australia. Buenos Aires: Instituto Torcuato di Telia.Google Scholar
Foner, Laura and Genovese, Eugene D., EDS. 1969 Slavery in the New World. A Reader in Comparative History. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, George M. 1980 “Comparative History.” In Kamen (1980), pp. 457–73.Google Scholar
Garfin, Susan B. 1971 “Comparative Studies: A Selective, Annotated Bibliography.” In Vallier (1971), pp. 423–67.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene D. 1970 “Comparative Focus in Latin American History.” Journal of Inter-American Affairs 12:3:317–27.Google Scholar
Gerhard, Dietrich 1959 “The Frontier in Comparative View.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 1:3:205–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, Charles 1960 “The Aztec Aristocracy in Colonial Mexico.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 2:2:169–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Richard and Smith, Peter H., EDS. 1974 New Approaches to Latin American History. Austin: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grew, Raymond 1980 “The Case for Comparing Histories.” The American Historical Review 86:4:763–78.Google Scholar
Grieshaber, Erwin P. 1980 “Survival of Indian Communities in Nineteenth-Century Bolivia: A Regional Comparison.” Journal of Latin American Studies 12:2:223–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, Charles C. 1961 The National Period in the History of the New World. Mexico: Comisión de História, I.P.G.H.Google Scholar
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo 1971 Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies. A Comparison of St. Domingue and Cuba. Baltimore, Md. and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hammel, E. A. 1980 “The Comparative Method in Anthropological Perspective.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 22:2:145–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamnett, Brian R. 1978 Revolución y contrarrevolución en México y el Perú: liberalismo, realeza y separatismo, 1800–1824. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Hanke, Lewis, ED. 1964 Do the Americas Have a Common History? New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Hardoy, Jorge Enrique and Langdon, Maria Elena 1978 “Desigualdades regionales en Hispanoamérica (1850–1930): análisis histórico y estudios nacionales (Argentina, Costa Rica, Chile).” Revista de Indias (Madrid) 38:151/152:11–133.Google Scholar
Hennessy, Alistair 1978 The Frontier in Latin American History. London: E. Arnold Ltd.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Merville J. 1956 “On Some Modes of Ethnographic Comparison.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde (The Hague) 112:129–48.Google Scholar
Higginbotham, Don 1978 “The Uses and Abuses of Comparative History.” Latin American Research Review 13:3:238–45. A review of Vázquez and Morris (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, Ellen Douglass 1967 “Continuity or Change: A Comparative Study of the Composition of the Cabildos in Seville, Tenerife and Lima.” The Americas 24:1:33–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hroch, Miroslav 1971 “Das Erwachen kleiner Nationen als Problem der komparativen sozialgeschichtliche Forschung.” In Schieder (1971), pp. 1–25.Google Scholar
Jonsson, Ulf 1980 Jordmagnater, landbönder och torpare i sydöstra Södermanland, 1800–1880. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Kamen, Michael, ED. 1980 The Past before Us. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Katz, Friedrich 1976 “Comparación entre algunos aspectos de la evolución del Cuzco y Tenochtitlán.” Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti (Genova) 4:23–31.Google Scholar
Katzman, Martin 1975 “The Brazilian Frontier in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 17:266–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzman, Martin 1977 Cities and Frontiers in Brazil. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, Cristobal 1974a “Comparative Development of the European Manorial System and the Latin American Hacienda System.” Journal of Peasant Studies 2:1:69–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, Cristobal 1974b “Desarrollo comparativo del sistema senorial europeo y del sistema de haciendas latinoamericano.” Anuario de Estudios Americanos (Seville) 31:681–723.Google Scholar
Kinsbruner, Jay 1978 “The Pulperos of Caracas and San Juan during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century.” Latin American Research Review 13:1:65–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, John 1975 “On the Viability of Small Countries. Uruguay and New Zealand Compared.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 17:3:259–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Herbert S. 1975 “Hacienda and Free Community in Eighteenth-Century Alto Peru: A Demographic Study of the Aymara Population of the Districts of Chulumani and Pacajes in 1786.” Journal of Latin American Studies 7:193–220.Google Scholar
Klein, Herbert S. 1978 The Middle Passage, Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Herbert S. 1980 “The Structure of the Hacendado Class in Late Eighteenth-Century Alto Peru: The Intendencia de La Paz.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 60:2:191–212.Google Scholar
Knowlton, Robert J. 1969 “Expropriation of Church Property in Nineteenth-Century Mexico and Columbia: A Comparison.” The Americas 25:4:387–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocka, Jurgen and Nipperdey, Thomas, EDS. 1980 Theorie und Erzählung in der Geschichte. Frankfurt a.M.: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.Google Scholar
Kossok, Manfred 1969 “Der iberische Revolutionszyklus, 1789–1830. Bemerkungen zu einem Thema der vergleichenden Revolutionsgeschichte.” In Kossok, ed. (1969), pp. 209–30.Google Scholar
Kossok, Manfred 1973 “Common Aspects and Distinctive Features in Colonial Latin America.” Science and Society 38:1:1–30.Google Scholar
Kossok, Manfred, ED. 1969 Studien über die Revolution. Berlin, DDR: Akademie-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kossok, Manfred, ED. 1976 Rolle und Formen der Volkbewegung im bürgerlichen Revolutionszyklus. Berlin, DDR: Akademie-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kula, Witold 1973 Problemas y métodos de la historia económica. Barcelona: Ediciones Península.Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto 1969 “Modos de producción, sistemas económicos y población excedente: aproximación histórica a los casos argentino y chileno.” Revista latinoamericana de sociología (Buenos Aires) 5:2:276–315.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. W. and Weisbrod, R., EDS. 1971 Comparative Perspectives on Social Psychology. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Lane, Frederic and Riemersma, J., EDS. 1953 Enterprise and Secular Change. Homewood, Ill.: Erwin, Inc.Google Scholar
Lang, James 1975 Conquest and Commerce. Spain and England in the Americas. New York and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund 1968 “Anthropology: Comparative Method.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 1, edited by D. Sills, pp. 339–45. New York: MacMillan and The Free Press.Google Scholar
Levine, Robert M. 1978 Pernambuco in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Oscar 1955 “Comparisons in Cultural Anthropology.” In Yearbook of Anthropology, edited by W. L. Thomas, pp. 259–92. Baltimore, Maryland: The Lord Baltimore Press.Google Scholar
Lima, Manoel De Oliveira 1966 The Evolution of Brazil Compared with That of Spanish and Anglo-Saxon America. Edited, with introduction and notes, by Martin, F. A. New York: Russell and Russell.Google Scholar
Lobo, Eulalia Maria Lahmeyer 1952 Administração colonial luso-espanhola nas Américas. Rio de Janeiro: Companhia Brasileira de Artes Gráficas.Google Scholar
Lobo, Eulalia Maria Lahmeyer 1970 “Rio de Janeiro e Charleston, S.C.: as comunidades de mercadores no século XVIII.” Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 12:3:565–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardi, John 1974 “Comparative Slave Systems in the Americas: A Critical Review.” In Graham and Smith (1974), pp. 156–74.Google Scholar
Lorwin, Val E. 1968 “Historians and Other Social Scientists: The Comparative Analysis of Nation-Building in Western Societies.” In Rokkan (1968), pp. 102–18.Google Scholar
Love, Joseph L. 1971 Rio Grande do Sul and Brazilian Regionalism, 1882–1930. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Love, Joseph L. 1974 “An Approach to Regionalism.” In Graham and Smith (1974), pp. 137–55.Google Scholar
Love, Joseph L. 1980 São Paulo in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucena Salmoral, Manuel 1972 “Bogotá y las tres huestes. Estudio comparativo del reparto de oficios concejiles y encomiendas.” Revista de Indias (Madrid) 32:139–60.Google Scholar
Maclachlan, Colin M. 1974 “African Slave Trade and Economic Development in Amazonia, 1700–1800.” In Toplin (1974), pp. 112–45.Google Scholar
MartÍNez-Alier, Juan 1973 Los huachilleros del Perú. Dos estudios de formaciones sociales agrarias. Paris: Ruedo Ibérico.Google Scholar
Martiniere, Guy 1980 “La escuela de los Annales y las Américas Latinas (1929–1949).” Estudios Latinoamericanos (Warsaw) 4:2:133–53.Google Scholar
Mauro, FrÉDÉRic 1969 Nova Historia e Nôva Mundo. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva.Google Scholar
Mauro, FrÉDÉRic 1975 “Crecimiento urbano e industrial comparado de los países iberoamericanos: el caso de Brasil y de México.” In Solano (1975), pp. 707–24.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert 1957 Social Theory and Social Structure. 2d ed. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Mintz, Sidney 1959 “Labor and Sugar in Puerto Rico and in Jamaica, 1800–1850.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague)l:3:273–83.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington JR. 1966 Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Moran, Theodore 1970–1971 “The ‘Development’ of Argentina and Australia: The Radical Party of Argentina and the Labor Party of Australia in the Process of Economic and Political Development.” Comparative Politics 3:71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1967 “Los jesuítas y la esclavitud de los negros. Algunas sugestiones para la investigación histórica.” Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía (Santiago) 135:92–109.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1970 “A Comparative Study of Tenant Labor in Parts of Europe, Africa and Latin America, 1700–1900.” Latin American Research Review 5:2:3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1973 “Legal Equality-Social Inequality: A Post-Abolition Theme.” Revista/Review Interamericana 3:1:21–41.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1974 “Some Comparative Remarks on Colonial Mining in Lapland and Spanish America during the Seventeenth Century.” Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome (Brussels and Rome) 44:423–35.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1978a Perfil de la sociedad rural del Cuzco a fines de la colonia. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1978b “The Impact of Regional Variety of the History of the Afro-Latin Americans.” SECOLAS Annals 9:1–13.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1979 Historia social latinoamericana. Nuevos enfoques. Caracas and San Cristóbal: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.Google Scholar
MÖRNER, MAGNUS 1980 “Samers och indianers rätt till jorden- en historisk jämförelse inför Högsta domstolen.” Historisk tidskrift (Stockholm) 4:529–53.Google Scholar
Morris, Richard B. Vazquez, Josefina Zoraida; and Tribulse, Elias; EDS. 1976 Las revoluciones de independencia en México y en los Estados Unidos. Un ensayo comparativo, vols. 1–3. México: SepSetentas.Google Scholar
Murra, John 1970 “Current Research and Prospects in Andean Ethnohistory.” Latin American Research Review 6:1:3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orlove, Benjamin S. 1977 Alpacas, Sheep and Men. The Wool Export Economy and Regional Society in Southern Peru. New York, San Francisco and London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orlove, Benjamin S. 1978 “Systems of Production and Indian Peasant Insurrections: A General Discussion and Three Specific Cases.” Actes du XLIIe Congrès International des Américanistes. Congrès du Centenaire, Paris … 1976 (Paris) 3:127–44.Google Scholar
Palmier, Leslie B. 1960 “The Javanese Nobility under the Dutch.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 2:2:197–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pang, Eul-Soo 1979 Bahia in the First Brazilian Republic. Coronelismo and Oligarchies. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott 1951 The Social System. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.Google Scholar
PÉROTIN, ANNE 1975 “Deux situations révolutionnaires en pays colonial: La Guadeloupe (1793), Cuba (1809). Étude comparative des innovations institutionelles locales: Comités de surveillance et Juntas de vigilancia.” Bulletin de la Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe (Busse-Terre, Guadeloupe) 24:2:51–69.Google Scholar
Phelan, John L. 1959 “Free versus Compulsory Labor: Mexico and the Philippines, 1540–1648.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 2:189–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, Fredrick B. 1967 “Church and State in Peru and Chile since 1840: A Study in Contrasts.” American Historical Review 73:1:30–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puhle, Hans-JÜRgen 1980 “Theorien in der Praxis des vergleichenden Historikers.” In Kocka and Nipperdey (1980), pp. 119–36.Google Scholar
Redlich, Fritz 1958 “Toward Comparative Historiography. Background and Problems.” Kyklos. International Review for Social Sciences (Basle) 11:362–89.Google Scholar
Richards, Alan R. 1979 “The Political Economy of Commercial Estate Labor Systems. A Comparative Analysis of Prussia, Egypt and Chile.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 21:4:483–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringrose, David R. 1970 “Carting in the Hispanic World. An Example of Divergent Development.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 50:1:30–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rokkan, Stein, ED. 1968 Comparative Research across Cultures and Nations. Mouton, Paris and The Hague: International Social Science Council.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schieder, Theodor, ED. 1971 Sozialstruktur und Organisation europäischer Nationalbewegungen. Munich & Vienna.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, Stuart B. 1969 “Cities of Empire: Mexico City and Bahia.” Journal of Inter-American Studies 11:4:616–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, William H. JR. 1967 “Marc Bloch and the Logic of Comparative History.” History and Theory 6:208–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjoberg, Gideon 1970 “The Comparative Method in the Social Sciences.” In Etzioni and Dubow (1970), pp. 25–39.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1972 “Toward a Comparative Analysis of Race Relations since Abolition in Brazil and the United States.” Journal of Latin American Studies 4:1:1–28.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1979 “Workers and Soldiers: Urban Labor Movements and Elite Responses in Twentieth-Century Latin America.” In Bernhard (1979), pp. 79–126, 141–56.Google Scholar
Slicher Van Bath, B. H. 1967 “Theorie en praktijk in de economische en sociale geschiedenis.” A.A.G. Bijdragen (Wageningen) 14:105–228.Google Scholar
Slicher Van Bath, B. H. 1974 “Feudalismo y capitalismo en América Latina.” Boletín de estudios latinoamericanos y del Caribe (Amsterdam) 17:21–41.Google Scholar
Slicher Van Bath, B. H. 1979 Spaans America Omstreeks 1600. Utrecht and Antwerpen: Het Spectrum.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil S. 1976 Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences and Essays in Sociological Explanation. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc.Google Scholar
Solano, Francisco De, ED. 1975 Estudios sobre la ciudad iberoamericana. Madrid: Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, CSIC.Google Scholar
Spalding, Hobart 1977 Organized Labor in Latin America, Historical Case Studies of Urban Workers in Dependent Societies. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
TÄGIL, SVEN, ED. 1977 Studying Boundary Conflicts. A Theoretical Framework. Lund (Sweden): Esselte Studium.Google Scholar
Thrupp, Sylvia L. 1958 “Editorial.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 1:1:1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipps, Dean C. 1973 “Modernization Theory and The Comparative Study of Society: A Critical Perspective.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 15:2:119–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toplin, Robert B., ED. 1974 Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Topolski, Jerzy 1976 Methodology of History. Edited by Pwn, Polish Scientific Publishers. Hingham, Mass.: Kluwer Boston, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulchin, Joseph S. 1978 “El crédito agrario en la Argentina, 1910–1926.” Desarrollo económico (Buenos Aires) 18:71:381–408.Google Scholar
Vallier, Ivan, ED. 1971 Comparative Methods in Sociology: Essays on Trends and Applications. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Van Oss, A. C. 1978 “Comparing Colonial Bishoprics in Spanish South America.” Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe (Amsterdam) 24:27–68.Google Scholar
Vazquez, Josefina Z. and Morris, Richard B., EDS. 1976 Dos revoluciones: México y los Estados Unidos. México: Editorial Jus, S.A.Google Scholar
Viotti Da Costa, Emilia 1977 Da Monarquia à Republica: Momentos Decisivos. São Paulo: Editorial Grijalbo.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel 1974 “The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 16:387–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, John 1977 Elites and Economic Development. Comparative Studies on the Political Economy of Latin American Cities. Austin: University of Texas Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterbury, Ronald 1975 “Non-Revolutionary Peasants: Oaxaca Compared to Morelos in the Mexican Revolution.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 17:4:410–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirth, John D. 1977 Minas Gerais in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wirth, John D. and Jones, Robert L., EDS. 1978 Manchester and São Paulo. Problems of Rapid Urban Growth. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. and Mintz, Sidney W. 1957 “Haciendas and Plantations in Middle America and the Antilles,” Social and Economic Studies (Mona, Jamaica) 6:380–412.Google Scholar
Wong, Bernard 1978 “A Comparative Study of the Assimilation of the Chinese in New York City and Lima, Peru.” Comparative Studies in Society and History (The Hague) 20:335–58.Google Scholar
Zavala, Silvio 1935-1936 “Las Conquistas de Canarias y América. Estudio comparativo.” Tierra Firme (Madrid) 1:4:81–112; 2:1:89–115.Google Scholar
Zavala, Silvio 1948 Estudios Indianos (México: El Colegio Nacional), pp. 7–94.Google Scholar
Zavala, Silvio 1967 “A General View of the Colonial History of the New World.” In Cline (1967), 1:195–206.Google Scholar