1. Canarias ante el cambio (Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Lith. Romeo, Universidad de La Laguna, 1981).

2. José Pérez Vidal, “Aportación de Canarias a la población de América,” Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 1 (1955):91–197; Analola Borges, “Notas para un estudio sobre la proyección de canarios en la conquista de América,” Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 20 (1974):145–265; “Aproximación al estudio de la emigración canaria a América en el siglo dieciséis,” Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 23 (1977):239–62; James J. Parsons, “The Migration of Canary Islanders to the Americas: An Unbroken Current since Columbus,” The Americas 39 (1983):447–81. The contribution of the Canary Islands to the early settlement of the New World has been largely unrecognized because of the tendency of scholars to accept the lista de pasajeros a las Indias, the authorized departures from Seville in the sixteenth century, as representative of the geographic origin of the participants in Spain's “great enterprise.” Only a handful of Canarios are included among the many thousands thus inscribed because those embarking from the islands were completely beyond the reach of the peninsular authorities. Thus Peter Boyd-Bowman's Indice geo-biográfico de 40,000 pobladores españoles de América en el siglo dieciséis, vol. 1, 1493–1519 (Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1965) and vol. 2, 1520–1539 (Mexico: Editorial Jus, 1968), lists only thirty-nine Canary Islanders as having departed for the New World during the period 1493–1539! Later periods show no significant increase. See Boyd-Bowman, “Patterns of Spanish Emigration to the Indies, 1579–1600,” The Americas 33 (1976):78–95. In contrast, Analola Borges has documented more than ten thousand Canarios who crossed over to the Indies in the sixteenth century, which is clearly only a fraction of the total (“Notas para un estudio,” 261). Some would have been Andalusians who had participated in the conquest of the archipelago, but after the first years, almost all appear to have been Canaryborn, no small number of whom were of mixed Spanish-Guanche blood.

3. Levi Morrero, Cuba: economía y sociedad, vols. 2 and 3 (Madrid: Playor, 1974–78).

4. El Museo Canario (Las Palmas) and Estudios Canarios (Instituto de Estudios Canarios, La Laguna) are two other island scholarly journals of long standing.

5. For example, Francisco Morales Padrón, “El desplazamiento a las Indias desde Canarias,” El Museo Canario 33–36 (1950):1–15; and “Colonos canarios en Indias,” Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 8 (1951):399–441.

6. The two provinces of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife that comprise the archipelago today are an integral part of Spain, but ambiguity existed in the earlier centuries regarding their status. Until 1775 they had a distinct monetary system. They were excluded from the eighteenth-century Catastro de Ensenada, which was designed as the basis for a special levy. Although official documents often included them under overseas colonies, they were not freed, as the American colonies were, from the extraordinary taxes of the Napoleonic Wars. Simón Bolívar, in his famous manifesto in 1813, addressed his audience as “peninsulares y canarios.” A. M. Bernal, “En torno al hecho económico diferencial canario,” in Canarias ante el cambio (Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Lith. Romeo, 1981), 25–38.

7. Hernández García, who traveled to Cuba in the course of his research, is one of the few Canario scholars to have examined primary sources in Latin America. In addition to Cuban-Canario newspapers, he consulted the libros de registro of the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Havana, the books of the Real Junta de Fomento, and the memorias of the Real Sociedad de los Amigos de País in Cuba with profit. Earlier, the late Leopoldo de la Rosa had employed data from the libro de matrimonios in the Caracas cathedral to demonstrate the dominant position of Canarios in that community. Fully 70 percent of all those inscribed between 1684 and 1750 who were born outside of Venezuela were from the Canaries. “La emigración a Venezuela en siglos diecisiete y dieciocho,” Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 22 (1976):617–31.

8. Examples might include A. Cioranescu's remarkable Historia de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 4 vols. (Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Caja de Ahorros, 1977–79); Juan Francisco Martín Pérez, El NW de Gran Canaria: un estudio demográfico histórico, 1485–1860 (Las Palmas: Mancomunidad de Cabildos de Las Palmas, 1978); E. L. Burriel de Orueta, “La emigración, factor clave de la demografía de … la población de la isla de Gomera,” in Canaria: población y agricultura en una sociedad dependiente, Taller de Geografía 2 (Barcelona: Oikos-tau, 1982), 183–247.

9. Thomas Glick's The Old World Background of the Irrigation System of San Antonio, Texas (El Paso: Texas Western University Press, 1972) provides outstanding documentation of the transfer of a set of Iberian irrigation institutions, modified in the Canaries, to a New World setting.

10. Günther Kunkel, “Notes on the Introduced Elements in the Canary Islands' Flora,” in Biogeography and Ecology in the Canary Islands, edited by G. Kunkel (The Hague: Dr. W. Junk, 1976), 249–66.