Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T12:44:30.283Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Agrarian Protest and the Indian Movement in the Ecuadorian Highlands

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

Leon Zamosc
Leon Zamosc*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In June of 1990, the mountains of the Ecuadorian Sierra provided the setting for a spectacular display of protest. For an entire week, tens of thousands of Indian peasants stopped delivering farm produce to the towns and blocked the main highways, picketed on the roadsides and marched en masse in regional capitals. In some places, demonstrators seized the offices of government agencies, and in others, localized skirmishes reportedly broke out where landowners and Indian communities had been embroiled in unresolved land disputes.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , 1994 , pp. 37 - 68
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

∗

An earlier version of this article was presented at the Eighth World Congress on Rural Sociology held at the Pennsylvania State University in August 1992. Many of the ideas developed here originated in stimulating discussions with Jorge León in a scholarly exchange sponsored by the Education Abroad Program of the University of California. I would also like to thank Juan Diez, Paul Drake, Nelle Fuller, Harvey Goldman, Andrés Guerrero, Martha Lampland, Margaret Ovenden, Gershon Shafir, Carlos Waisman, and the four anonymous LARR referees for their comments. My work on Ecuador has been supported by the Social Science Research Council and the Senate Committee on Research of the University of California, San Diego.

References

Almeida, Jorge 1984 “Vigencia de lo indígena en el Ecuador.” In Etnia en el Ecuador: situaciones y análisis, edited by the Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 13–4. Quito: CAAP.Google Scholar
ALOP (ASOCIACION LATINOAMERICANA DE ORGANIZACIONES DE PROMOCION) 1984 La situación de los campesinos en ocho zonas del Ecuador. Quito: ALOP.Google Scholar
Arcos, Carlos, AND Guerra, Gustavo 1990 “Producción de alimentos y economía campesina en los ochenta.” In montufar 1990, 113–50.Google Scholar
Barsky, Osvaldo 1984 La reforma agraria ecuatoriana. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik 1969 “Introduction.” In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, edited by Barth, Fredrik, 1–4. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt 1991 Modernity and Ambivalence. Cambridge, Mass.: Polity.Google Scholar
Chiriboga, Manuel 1984 “El estado y las políticas hacia el sector rural (1979-1982).” In Ecuador agrario: ensayos de interpretación, edited by Manuel Chiriboga, Renato LandÍN, and Borja, Jaime, 94–4. Quito: El Conejo.Google Scholar
Manuel Chiriboga, Renato LandÍN, and Borja, Jaime 1986 “Crisis económica y movimiento campesino e indígena en Ecuador.” Revista Andina 4, no. 1:7–30.Google Scholar
Manuel Chiriboga, Renato LandÍN, and Borja, Jaime 1988 “La reforma agraria ecuatoriana y los cambios en la distribución de la propiedad de la tierra.” In gondard et al. 1988, 39–58.Google Scholar
Manuel Chiriboga, Renato LandÍN, and Borja, Jaime 1989 Los cimientos de una nueva sociedad: campesinos, cantones y desarrollo. Quito: Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA).Google Scholar
CIDA (COMITE INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO AGRÍCOLA) 1965 Ecuador: tenencia de la tierra y desarrollo socio-económico del sector agrícola. Washington, D.C.: CIDA.Google Scholar
COMISION POR LA DEFENSA DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 1990 El levantamiento indígena y la cuestión nacional. Quito: Abya-Yala.Google Scholar
CONADE-UNFPA (CONSEJO NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO-UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES) 1987 Población y cambios sociales: diagnóstico sociodemográfico del Ecuador, 1950-1982. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional.Google Scholar
CONAIE (CONFEDERACION DE NACIONALIDADES INDIGENAS DEL ECUADOR) 1988 Memorias del Segundo Congreso. Quito: Tinkui. 1988 Quiñientos años de resistencia india. Quito: CONAIE.Google Scholar
CONAIE (CONFEDERACION DE NACIONALIDADES INDIGENAS DEL ECUADOR) 1988 Las nacionalidades indígenas en el Ecuador: nuestro proceso organizativo. Quito: Tinkui.Google Scholar
CONAIE (CONFEDERACION DE NACIONALIDADES INDIGENAS DEL ECUADOR) 1990 “Trámites y conflictos de tierras presentados por la CONAIE ante la Comisión de Diálogo.” In-house document.Google Scholar
Cornejo Menacho, Diego, ED. 1991 Indios: una reflexión sobre el levantamiento indígena de 1990. Quito: Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales (ILDIS).Google Scholar
Cosse, Gustavo 1984 Estado y agro en el Ecuador. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional.Google Scholar
Crain, Mary 1990 “The Social Construction of National Identity in Highland Ecuador.” Anthropological Quarterly 63, no. 1:43–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Janvry, Alain, Sadoulet, Elisabeth, AND Fargeix, Andre 1991 Adjustment and Equity in Ecuador. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).Google Scholar
Elster, Jon, ED. 1986 Rational Choice. New York: New York University PressGoogle Scholar
Falconi, Juan, Leon, Patricio, AND Marconi, Salvador 1990 “Ecuador de los años ochenta: entre el ajuste y la crisis.” In montufar 1990, 51–82.Google Scholar
FAO-ECUADOR (FOOD and AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, ECUADOR OFFICE) 1985 Directorio de organizaciones no gubernamentales ecuatorianas para el desarrollo rural. Quito: FAO-Ecuador.Google Scholar
Farrel, Gilda, Pachano, Simon, AND Carrasco, Hernan 1988 Caminantes y retornos. Quito: Instituto de Estudios Ecuatoriano (IEE).Google Scholar
FENOC (FEDERACION NACIONAL DE ORGANIZACIONES CAMPESINAS) 1980 La FENOC y la movilización campesina: las luchas campesinas entre 1970 y 1978. Quito: Centro de Estudios y Difusión Social (CEDIS).Google Scholar
Field, Les W. 1991 “Ecuador's Pan-Indian Uprising.” NACLA Report on the Americas 25, no. 3:38–44.Google Scholar
Frank, Erwin H. 1991 “Movimiento indígena, identidad étnica y el levantamiento: un proyecto político alternativo en el Ecuador.” In cornejo menacho 1991, 499–527.Google Scholar
Frank, Erwin H., PatiÑO, Ninfa, AND Rodriguez, Marta, EDS. 1992 Los políticos y los indígenas. Quito: Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales (ILDIS).Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford 1973 “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States.” In Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 255-310. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gondard, Pierre, Leon, Juan, AND Sylva, Paola, EDS. 1988 Transformaciones agrarias en el Ecuador. Quito: Centro Ecuatoriano de Investigación Geográfica (CEDIG).Google Scholar
Guerrero, Andres 1983 Haciendas, capital y lucha de clases andina. Quito: El Conejo.Google Scholar
Guerrero, Andres 1990 La desintegración de la administración étnica en el Ecuador: de sujetos-indios a ciudadanos-étnicos. Working paper. Quito: Centro de Investigación de los Movimientos Sociales del Ecuador (CEDIME).Google Scholar
Guidieri, Remo, Pellizzi, Francesco, AND Tambiah, Stanley, EDS. 1988 Ethnicities and Nations: Processes of Interethnic Relations in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted 1970 Why Men Rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haney, Emil B., AND Haney, Wava G. 1990 “La transición agraria en la sierra del Ecuador: del semifeudalismo al capitalismo en Chimborazo.” Ecuador Debate, no. 20:147–82.Google Scholar
Hurtado, Osvaldo 1978 “El proceso político.” In Ecuador hoy, edited by Drekonja, Gerhard et al., 166–4. Bogotá: Siglo Veintiuno.Google Scholar
Ibarra, Alicia 1987 Los indígenas y el estado en el Ecuador. Quito: Abya-Yala.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. Craig 1983 “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 9:527–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juncosa, Jose, ED. 1992 Documentos indios: declaraciones y pronunciamientos. Quito: Abya-Yala.Google Scholar
Lehmann, David 1985 Sharecropping and the Capitalist Transition in Agriculture: Some Evidence from the Highlands of Ecuador. Working Paper no. 40. Cambridge: Centre of Latin American Studies, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Leon, Jorge 1991 “Las organizaciones indígenas: igualdad y diferencia.” In cornejo menacho 1991, 373–418.Google Scholar
Llovet, Ignacio, Barsky, Osvaldo, AND Murmis, Miguel 1986 “Caracterización de estructuras de clase en el agro ecuatoriano.” In Clase y región en el agro ecuatoriano, edited by Murmis, Miguel, 17–4. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional.Google Scholar
Macas, Luis 1991 “El levantamiento indígena visto por sus protagonistas.” In cornejo menacho 1991, 17–36.Google Scholar
Magagna, Victor V. 1991 Communities of Grain: Rural Rebellion in Comparative Perspective. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mallon, Florencia 1992 “Indian Communities, Political Cultures, and the State in Latin America, 1780-1990.” Journal of Latin American Studies 24, Quincentenary Supplement:35-53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, David 1986 “Introduction: Controversies and Continuities in Race and Ethnic Relations Theory.” In Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations, edited by John, Rex and Mason, David, 1–4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Melucci, Alberto 1989 Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Montufar, Cesar, ED. 1990 La crisis y el desarrollo social en el Ecuador, 1980-1990. Quito: El Conejo.Google Scholar
Moya, Ruth 1990 “A Decade of Bilingual Education and Indigenous Participation in Ecuador.” Prospects 20, no. 3:331–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muratorio, Blanca 1981 “Protestantism, Ethnicity, and Class in Chimborazo.” In whitten 1981, 506–34.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur 1971 The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pachano, Simon, ED. 1988 Población, migración y empleo en el Ecuador. Quito: Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales (ILDIS).Google Scholar
Popkin, Samuel L. 1979 The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramon, Galo 1981 “La comunidad indígena ecuatoriana: planteos políticos.” In Comunidad andina: alternativas políticas de desarrollo, edited by the Centro Andino de Acción Popular, 65–4. Quito: CAAP.Google Scholar
the Centro Andino de Acción Popular 1991 “Ese secreto poder de la escritura.” In cornejo menacho 1991, 351–72.Google Scholar
Redclift, Michael R. 1978 Agrarian Reform and Peasant Organization on the Ecuadorian Coast. London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Rosero, Fernando 1990 “Política agraria: crítica y propuestas.” Paper presented at the Séptimo Foro Nacional por los Derechos Humanos, Riobamba, 16-17 November.Google Scholar
Rosero, Fernando 1991 “Defensa y recuperación de la tierra: campesinado, identidad etnocultural y nación.” In cornejo menacho 1991, 419–48.Google Scholar
Ruiz, Lucy 1991 “Pueblos indígenas y etnicidad en la Amazonia.” In cornejo menacho 1991, 449–98.Google Scholar
Salazar, Ernesto 1981 “The Federación Shuar and the Colonization Frontier.” In whitten 1981, 589–613.Google Scholar
Santana, Roberto 1981 “El caso de ECUARUNARI.” Nariz del Diablo, no. 7:30–38.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1985 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil 1963 Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Free Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, Steve, ED. 1987 Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney 1989 Struggle, Politics, and Reform: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Cycles of Protest. Ithaca, N.Y.: Western Societies Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Thurner, Mark 1990 “Disolución de la hacienda, luchas campesinas y mercado de tierras en la sierra central del Ecuador.” Ecuador Debate, no. 20:69–146.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles 1978 From Mobilization to Revolution. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Touraine, Alain 1988 Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Urban, Greg, AND Sherzer, Joel 1991 “Introduction: Indians, Nation-States, and Culture.” In urban and sherzer 1991,1-18.Google Scholar
Urban, Greg, AND Sherzer, Joel, EDS. 1991 Nation-States and Indians in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Velasco, Fernando 1983 Reforma agraria y movimiento campesino indígena en la sierra. Quito: El Conejo.Google Scholar
Vos, Rob 1985 “El modelo de desarrollo y el sector agrícola en el Ecuador, 1965-1982.” Trimestre Económico 52, no. 4:1097–1140.Google Scholar
Vos, Rob 1988 “Petróleo, estado y cambio agrario: Ecuador, 1972-1984.” In gondard et al. 1988, 15–38.Google Scholar
Walton, John 1989 “Debt, Protest, and the State in Latin America.” In Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements, edited by Eckstein, Susan, 299–4. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Waters, William F., AND Buttel, Frederick H. 1987 “Diferenciación sin descampesinización: acceso a la tierra y persistencia del campesinado andino ecuatoriano.” Estudios Rurales Latinoamericanos 10, no. 3:355–81.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Morris D., AND Alzamora, Jaime 1990 “The Performance of Agriculture.” In Agriculture and Economic Survival: The Role of Agriculture in Ecuador's Development, edited by Whitaker, Morris D. and Colyer, Dale, 43–4. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Whitten, Norman, ED. 1981 Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Zald, Meyer N., AND Mccarthy, John D., EDS. 1979 The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop.Google Scholar
Zamosc, Leon 1990 Peasant Struggles and Agrarian Reform: The Ecuadorian Sierra and the Colombian Atlantic Coast in Comparative Perspective. Latin American Issues Monograph no. 8. Meadville, Pa.: Allegheny College.Google Scholar
Zevallos, Jose V. 1990 “Reforma agraria y cambio estructural: Ecuador desde 1964.” Ecuador Debate, no. 20:23–68.Google Scholar