Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T22:36:05.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Primaries vs. Quotas: Gender and Candidate Nominations in Mexico, 2003

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Lisa Baldez
Lisa Baldez*
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Parties throughout Latin America have recently addressed two distinct kinds of electoral reforms: primary elections and national-level gender quota laws. This study examines how these reforms interact, their mutual compatibility, and their effect on the nomination of men compared to that of women. It develops a series of hypotheses about this relationship by analyzing the 2003 legislative elections in Mexico, a case in which the three main parties relied on both gender quotas and primaries to select their candidates. Although the percentage of women elected to the Mexican Chamber of Deputies rose, the Federal Electoral Institute interpreted the gender quota law in a way that weakened its effect on women and limited the degree of openness in the primaries that were held.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 49 , Issue 3 , Fall 2007 , pp. 69 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2007

References

Aragón, Hortensia. 2002. Prd Deputy. Author interview. Mexico City, July 15.Google Scholar
Baldez, Lisa. 2004. Elected Bodies: the Gender Quota Law for Legislative Candidates in Mexico. Legislative Studies Quarterly 29, 2: 231–58.Google Scholar
Baldez, Lisa. Forthcoming. Gender Quotas in Mexico. In Han funcionado las cuotas en América Latina? El impacto de la representación política de las mujeres, ed. Marcela, Rios. Santiago: FLACSO.Google Scholar
Barreda, Mikel. 2004. La democracia interna de los partidos: un desafio del desarrollo en América Latina. Gobernanza: Revista Internacional Para el Desarrollo Humano. http://www.iigov.orggbzarticle.drt ?edi=14282art=14303 Accessed April 6, 2006.Google Scholar
Bruhn, Kathleen. 2003. Whores and Lesbians: Political Activism, Party Strategies, and Gender Quotas in Mexico. Electoral Studies 22: 101–19.Google Scholar
Bruhn, Kathleen. 2004. The Making of the Mexican President, 2000: Parties, Candidates, and Campaign Strategy. In Domínguez and Lawson 2004. 123–56.Google Scholar
Camp, Roderic Ai. 2004. Citizen Attitudes toward Democracy and Vicente Fox's Victory in 2000. In Domínguez and Lawson 2004. 25–46.Google Scholar
Cárdenas, García, Jaime, Fernando. 1992. Crisis de legitimidad y democracia interna de los partidos políticos. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Carey, John M., and John, Polga-Hecimovich. 2006. Primary Elections and Candidate Strength in Latin America. Journal of Politics 68, 3: 530–43.Google Scholar
Carranza, Aguayo, Marta, Laura, and Roberto Ortiz, Vega. 2002. Staff members, Instituto Nacional de la Mujer. Author interview. Mexico City, July 18.Google Scholar
Crocker, Adriana. 2003. Women and Political Participation through Quotas: the Case of Argentina. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 28–31.Google Scholar
Dahlerup, Drude. 2003. Quotas as a “Fast Track” to Equal Political Representation for Women. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 28–31.Google Scholar
Dahlerup, Drude, ed. 2006. Women, Quotas and Politics. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.Google Scholar
De Luca, Miguel, Jones, Mark P., and Tula, María Inés. 2002. Back Rooms or Ballot Boxes? Candidate Nomination in Argentina. Comparative Political Studies 35, 4: 413–36.Google Scholar
De Remes, Alain. 2006. Democratization and Dispersion of Power: New Scenarios in Mexican Federalism. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 22, 1: 175–204.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I., and Chappell, Lawson, eds. 2004. Mexico's Pivotal Democratic Election. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd A. 2004. Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
González, Concepción. 2002. Pri Deputy; Chair, Gender and Equity Committee, Chamber of Deputies. Author interview. Mexico City, July 17.Google Scholar
González, María de la Luz. 2006. Rechazan ley de cuotas en Sinaloa. Cimacnoticias.com. http:cimacnoticias.comnoticias06mar06033111.html Accessed April 26, 2006.Google Scholar
Gray, Tricia. 2003. Electoral Gender Quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research 22, 1: 52–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, George W. 2003. Beyond the mid-term Elections: Mexico's Political Outlook, 2003–2006. Washington, Dc: Center for Strategic and International Studies. http://www.csis.orgamericasmexicopubs.cfm Accessed March 25, 2004.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2004. Is Gender like Ethnicity? the Political Representation of Identity Groups. Perspectives on Politics 2, 3: 4–24.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Jones, Mark P.. 2002. Engendering the Right to Participate in Decision-Making: Electoral Quotas and Women's Leadership in Latin America. In Gender, Rights and Justice in Latin America, ed. Craske, Nikki and Molyneux, Maxine. London: Palgrave. 69–93.Google Scholar
Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE). 2002. Orden del Día, Consejo General, Sesión Especial. December 18. http://www.ife.org.mx Accessed July 20, 2004.Google Scholar
Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE). 2003a. Orden del Día, Consejo General, Sesión Especial. April 18. Accessed August 20, 2003.Google Scholar
Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE). 2003b. Orden del Día, Consejo General, Sesión Especial. May 3. Accessed August 20, 2003.Google Scholar
Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE). 2004. Codigo Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Cofipe). http:transparencia.ife.org.mxdocsmarco-normativoleyesCOFIPE.pdf Accessed August 31, 2004.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2004. Global Database of Quotas for Women. Idea International and Stockholm University. http://www.idea.intquotaindex.cfm Accessed September 15, 2004.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2006. Global Database of Quotas for Women. International Idea and Stockholm University. http://www.quotaproject.org Accessed April 26, 2006.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 2004. Women in National Parliaments. Available from http://www.ipu.orgwmn-eclassif.htm Accessed September 15, 2004.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 2006. Women in National Parliaments. http://www.ipu.org Accessed April 27, 2006.Google Scholar
Jenson, Jane, and Valiente, Celia. 2003. Comparing Two Movements for Gender Parity: France and Spain. In Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State, ed. Banaszak, Lee Ann, Beckwith, Karen and Rucht, Dieter. New York: Cambridge University Press. 69–93.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 1996. Increasing Women's Representation via Gender Quotas: the Argentine Ley de Cupos. Women and Politics 16, 4: 75–97.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 1998. Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Lessons from the Argentine Provinces. Comparative Political Studies 31, 1: 3–21.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 2004. Quota Legislation and the Election of Women: Learning from the Costa Rican Experience. Journal of Politics 66, 4: 1203–23.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P., and Navia, Patricio. 1999. Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Assessing the Effectiveness of Quotas in Open List Proportional Electoral Systems. Social Science Quarterly 80, 2: 341–55.Google Scholar
Klesner, Joseph L. 2004. The Structure of the Mexican Electorate: Social, Attitudinal, and Partisan Bases of Vincente Fox's Victory. In Domínguez and Lawson 2004. 91–122.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2003. Candidate Gender Quotas: a Framework for Analysis. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 28–31.Google Scholar
Langston, Joy. 2001. Why Rules Matter: Changes in Candidate Selection in Mexico's Pri, 1988–2000. Journal of Latin American Studies 33, 3: 485–512.Google Scholar
Langston, Joy. 2003. Rising from the Ashes? Reorganizing and Unifying the Pri's State Party Organizations after Electoral Defeat. Comparative Political Studies 36, 3: 293–318.Google Scholar
Langston, Joy. 2006. The Changing Party of the Institutional Revolution: Electoral Competition and Decentralized Candidate Selection. Party Politics 12, 3: 395–413.Google Scholar
Lara, Rivera, Alberto, Jorge. 2006. La organización y los procesos en el Partido Acción Nacional. In Partidos políticos: democracia interna y financiamiento de precampañas. Memoria del VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Derecho Constitucional, ed. del Pilar Hernández, María. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM. http://www.bibliojuridica.orglibros134712.pdf Accessed April 26, 2006.Google Scholar
Loaeza, Soledad. 1999. El Partido Acción Nacional, la larga marcha, 1939–1994. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Maya, Rafael. 2003a. Avalan mujeres del Pri seleccíon de candidatos. Cimacnoticias.com, May 5.Google Scholar
Maya, Rafael. 2003b. Nuevamente excluida la mujer en las candidaturas. Cimacnoticias.com, April 29.Google Scholar
Maya, Rafael. 2003c. Paridad representativa, compromiso del Parlamento de Mujeres. Cimacnoticias.com, March 14.Google Scholar
Maya, Rafael. 2003d. Resistencia en el Pri, Pan y Prd a cuota de género. Cimacnoticias.com, March 11.Google Scholar
McCann, James. 2004. Primary Priming. In Domínguez and Lawson 2004. 157–86.Google Scholar
McElroy, Wendy. 2001. Boss Tweed Feminism. ifeminists. http://www.wendymcelroy.comifeminists20011211.html Accessed April 25, 2006.Google Scholar
Ochoa, Jorge Octavio. 2003. Exigen mujeres militantes sus derechos políticos. El Universal (Mexico City), March 6.Google Scholar
Peschard, Jacqueline. 2002. The Quota System in Latin America: General Panorama. Women in Parliament: beyond Numbers. Accessed August 8, 2004. http://www.idea.intpublicationswipindex.cfm.Google Scholar
Peschard, Jacqueline. 2006. Control over Party and Campaign Finance in Mexico. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 22, 1: 83–106.Google Scholar
Peschard, Jacqueline. 2003. Ife Councilor. Author interview. Mexico City, May 28.Google Scholar
Peschard-Sverdrup, Armand. 2003. Mexico Alert: July 6, 2003, Midterm Elections Preelection Analysis. Hemisphere Focus 2003. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. http://www.ciaonet.orgpbeicsishem20032003_0703 Accessed April 20, 2004.Google Scholar
Poiré, Alejandro. 2002. Bounded Ambitions. Party Nominations, Discipline, and Defection: Mexico's Pri in Comparative Perspective. Ph.D. diss., Department of Government, Harvard University.Google Scholar
República de México. Honorable Cámara de Diputados. 2006. Lista de diputados por grupos parlamentario. http:sitl.diputados.gob.mxalbum_comisionesinfo_diputados.asp Accessed July 13, 2006.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Victoria E. 1998. Women's Participation in Mexican Political Life. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Victoria E. 2003. Women in Contemporary Mexican Politics. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Sansores, Aurora. 2006. Acata Pri estatuto y otorga mitad de “suplencias” a mujeres. Cimacnoticias.com. http:cimacnoticias.comnoticias06mar06032204.html Accessed April 28, 2006.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Gregory D., and Saunders, Kyle L.. 2004. Effective Quotas, Relative Party Magnitude, and the Success of Female Candidates: Peruvian Municipal Elections in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies 37, 6: 704–34.Google Scholar
Starr, Pamela K. 2003. The Mexican mid-Term Elections. Focalpoint: Spotlight on the Americas. http://www.focal.ca Accessed July 27, 2003.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Linda S. 1999. Gender Politics in the Mexican Democratization Process: Electing Women and Legislating Sex Crimes and Affirmative Action, 1988–97. In Toward Mexico's Democratization: Parties, Campaigns, Elections, and Public Opinion, ed. Domínguez, Jorge I. and Poiré, Alejandro. New York: Routledge. 57–87.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Linda S. 2000. Gender Politics and Policy Process in Mexico, 1968–2000: Symbolic Gains for Women in an Emerging Democracy. Ph.D. diss., Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Linda S. 2001. Gender Politics and Policy Process in Mexico, 1974–2001. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 29-September 2.Google Scholar
Woldenberg, José. 1999. Mujeres y elecciones: el nuevo clima de la participación. Debate Feminista año 10, vol. 19 (April).Google Scholar
Wuhs, Steven T. 2006. Democratization and the Dynamics of Candidate Selection Rule Change in Mexico, 1991–2003. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 22, 1: 33–56.Google Scholar