Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T22:50:39.700Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Personal Is Political: The Cuban Ethnic Electoral Policy Cycle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Susan Eckstein*
Affiliation:
Boston University, [email protected]

Abstract

This article documents a U.S. Cuban foreign policy cycle that operated in tandem with the presidential electoral cycle between 1992 and 2004. During these post–Cold War years, when Cuba posed no threat to U.S. national security, influential, well-organized Cuban Americans leveraged political contributions and votes to tighten the embargo on travel and trade, especially at the personal level. U.S. presidential candidates, most notably incumbent presidents seeking re-election, responded to their demands with discretionary powers of office. When presidential candidates supported policies that made good electoral sense but conflicted with concerns of state, they subsequently reversed or left unimplemented Cuba initiatives. After describing the logic behind an ethnic electoral policy cycle and U.S. personal embargo policy between 1992 and 2004, this article examines Cuban American voter participation, political and policy preferences, lobbying, political contributions, and the relationship between the ethnic policy and presidential election cycles.

Type
Policy Issues
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Associated Press. 2007. Obama Calls for Easing Cuba Travel Restrictions. August 21. <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20369459> Accessed May 30, 2008.+Accessed+May+30,+2008.>Google Scholar
Barberia, Lorena. 2004. Remittances to Cuba: An Evaluation of Cuban and U.S. Government Policy Measures. In The Cuban Economy at the Start of the Twenty-First Century, ed. Domínguez, Jorge I., Omar Everleny Pérez Villanueva, and Barberia. Cambridge: David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University. 353412.Google Scholar
Bendixen and Associates. 2006. Survey of Cuban and Cuban American Resident Adults in Miami-Dade and Broward. September. <http://www.bendixenandassociates/com/studies/Survey_of_Cuban_and_Cuban_American_Resident_Adults_in_Miami> Accessed December 26, 2008.+Accessed+December+26,+2008.>Google Scholar
Black, Earl, and Black, Merle. 2002. The Rise of Southern Republicans. Cambridge: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Castro, Max. 2007. Miami Vise. The Nation 284, 19 (May 14): 2632.Google Scholar
Castro Mariño, Soraya M. 2008. Like Sisyphus' Stone: U.S.-Cuban Relations in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001. In A Contemporary Cuba Reader: Reinventing the Revolution, ed. Brenner, Philip, Rose Jiménez, Marguerite, Kirk, John M., and LeoGrande, William M.. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. 217–28.Google Scholar
Center for Responsive Politics. n.d. Website. Sections: Politicians & Elections; Influence & Lobbying. <http://www.opensecrets.org> Accessed December 26, 2008.+Accessed+December+26,+2008.>Google Scholar
Clinton, Bill. 2004. My Life. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Cuba Information Archives. n.d. Canf Members and Directors. Doc. 0239. Cuban Exile History. <http://www.cuban-exile.com/doc_226-250/doc0239.html> Accessed December 26, 2008.+Accessed+December+26,+2008.>Google Scholar
Cuban American Alliance Education Fund. 2005. Follow the Money: Impact of U.S.-Cuba Democracy Pac Donations. Report from Latin American Working Group, November 2005. La Alborada (Washington, DC), November 15. <http://www.cubamer.org> >Google Scholar
Cuban American National Foundation (CANF). 2007. About Us. <http://www.canf.org> Accessed May 30, 2008.+Accessed+May+30,+2008.>Google Scholar
Cuban Liberty Council (CLC). n.d. Website. <http://www.cubanlibertycouncil.org>. Accessed May 2006..+Accessed+May+2006.>Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I. 2006. Latinos and U.S. Foreign Policy. Working Paper 06-05. Cambridge: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I. 2008. Cuba and the Pax Americana. In A Contemporary Cuba Reader: Reinventing the Revolution, ed. Brenner, Philip, Rose Jiménez, Marguerite, Kirk, John M., and LeoGrande, William M.. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. 203–11.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan. 1994 (2003). Back from the Future: Cuba Under Castro. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan. 2004. Dollarization and Its Discontents: Remittances and the Remaking of Cuba in the Post-Soviet Era. Comparative Politics 36, 3 (April): 313–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Susan. 2009. The Immigrant Divide: How Cuban Americans Changed the U.S. and Their Homeland. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan, and Barberia, Lorena. 2002. Grounding Immigrant Generations in History: Cuban Americans and Their Transnational Ties. International Migration Review 36, 3 (Fall): 799836.Google Scholar
Economist . 2002. February 23, 42.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). 2004. Cuba Country Report. August.Google Scholar
Finnegan, William. 2004. The Political Scene: Castro's Shadow. New Yorker, May 19: 7078.Google Scholar
Florida International University. Institute for Public Opinion Research (FIUIPOR). 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007. FIU/Cuba Poll. <http://www.fiu.edu/orgs/ipor/cubapoll> <http://www.fiu.edu/orgs/ipor/cuba2004/years.htm>; <http://www.fiu.edu/orgs/ipor/cuba8/pollsresults.html> +;+>Google Scholar
Flores, , Juan, , Ilcheva, Maria, and Moreno, Darío. Forthcoming. Hispanic Vote in Florida. 2004 Election. In Latinos in the 2004 Election, ed. De La Garza, Rodolfo, Leal, David, and DeSipio, Louis. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Fonzi, Gaetano. 1993. Who is Jorge Mas Canosa Esquire (January): 8689, 119–22.Google Scholar
Grenier, Guillermo J., and Pérez, Lisandro. 2003. The Legacy of Exile: Cubans in the United States. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Haney, Patrick, and Vanderbush, Walt. 2005. The Cuban Embargo: The Domestic Politics of An American Foreign Policy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 2008. Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean Slower, Idb Fund Says. Press Release. May 11. <http://www.iadb.org/NEWS/articledetail> >Google Scholar
LeoGrande, William. 2005. The United States and Cuba: Strained Engagement. In Cuba, the United States, and the Post–Cold War World, ed. Morley, Morris and McGillion, Chris. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 1258.Google Scholar
Masud-Piloto, Felix. 1996. From Welcome Exiles to Illegal Immigrants: Cuban Migration to the U.S., 1959–1995. Baltimore: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Morley, Morris. 2005. Reconnecting with Cuba: How Washington Lost a Cold War in Latin America. In Cuba, the United States, and the Post–Cold War World, ed. Morley, and McGillion, Chris. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 180233.Google Scholar
Morley, Morris, and McGillion, Chris. 2002. Unfinished Business: America and Cuba After the Cold War, 1989–2001. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
New York Times . 2003. July 14: 16.Google Scholar
New York Times . 2006. March 8: 16.Google Scholar
New York Times . 2008. May 1: 17.Google Scholar
Nooruddin, Vaseema. 2008. Gop: Cuban Stronghold? Politico. <http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0408/9754.html> Accessed April 23, 2008.+Accessed+April+23,+2008.>Google Scholar
Pain, John. 2003. Cuban-Americans Hit Bush Policies. CubaNet News, August 15. <http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y03/ago03/15e4.htm> >Accessed December 26, 2008.+>Accessed+December+26,+2008.>Google Scholar
Pedraza, Silvia. 2007. Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pérez, Lisandro. 2001. Growing Up in Cuban Miami: Immigration, the Enclave, and New Generations. In Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America, ed. Rumbaut, Rubén G. and Portes, Alejandro. Berkeley: University of California Press. 91126.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, and Shafer, Steven. 2007. Revisiting the Enclave Hypothesis: Miami Twenty-Five Years Later. Sociology of Entrepreneurship, Research in the Sociology of Organization 25: 157–90.Google Scholar
Schoultz, Lars. 2009. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Tony. 2000. Foreign Attachments: The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Swanson, Ian. 2007. Hardline Cuba Pac Makes Inroads with House Freshmen. thehill.com, September 21: 13.Google Scholar
Sweig, Julia. 2007. A New Stance toward Havana. The Nation 284, 19 (May 14): 1117.Google Scholar
Tamayo, Juan. 2002. Canf Affirms Power despite Struggles. Miami Herald, March 28. <http://64.21.33.164/CNews/y02/mar02/28e6.htm> >Google Scholar
Tufte, Edward. 1978. Political Control of the Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
U.S.-Cuba Democracy PAC. n.d. Website. <http://www.uscubapac.com> Accessed May 30, 2008.+Accessed+May+30,+2008.>Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. 1992. Title Xvii-Cuban Democracy Act of 1992. <http://www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/Cuba/democ_act-1992.html> >Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba (CAFC). 2004. Report to the President. May. Washington , DC: U.S. Department of State, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. <http://www.state.gov/p/whart/cuba/commission/2004> >Google Scholar
U.S. Government Accountability Office (USGAO). 2006. Foreign Assistance: U.S. Democracy Assistance for Cuba Needs Better Management and Oversight. November. <http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07147.pdf> >Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal . 2004. September 20, 4.Google Scholar
Werlau, Maria. 2003. U.S. Travel Restrictions to Cuba: Overview and Evolution. Cuba in Transition 13. Washington , DC: Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy. <http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/publications/proceedings> Google Scholar