Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T20:30:42.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The OAS Democratic Solidarity Paradigm: Questions of Collective and National Leadership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Abstract

This article examines the prospects for an interamerican “paradigm of democratic solidarity.” Although the region has seen genuine progress in the promotion and defense of democracy, a significant deficit in collective and national leadership hinders the consolidation of hemispheric prodemocracy activism. As illustrated by a number of recent cases, including the controversy over Peru's May 2000 election, these impediments are not only situational but structural. This article concludes with a discussion of ways to move beyond these problems and to buttress the democratic solidarity doctrine.

Type
Policy Issues
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acevedo, Domingo E., and Claudio, Grossman. 1996. The Organization of American States and the Protection of Democracy. in Farer 1996b 132–49.Google Scholar
Acuña, Carlos H., and William, C. Smith 1994. The Political Economy of Structural Adjustment: The Logic of Support and Opposition to Neoliberal Reform. In Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform, ed. Smith, Acuña, and Eduardo, Gamarra. New Brunswick: Transaction. 1766.Google Scholar
Agüero, Felipe, and Jeffrey, Stark, eds. 1998. Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America. Miami: North-South Center Press.Google Scholar
Atkins, G. Pope. 1995. Latin America in the International Political System. 3d ed. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Richard J. 1994. Making the Western Hemisphere Safe for Democracy? The OAS Defense-of-Democracy Regime. In Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Carl, Kaysen, Robert, A. Pastor, and Laura, W. Reed. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences Washington Quarterly 17, 2 1994: 159–72).Google Scholar
Chabat, Jorge. 1996. Mexican Foreign Policy in the 1990s: Learning to Live with Interdependence. In Latin American Nations in World Politics, 2d ed., ed. Heraldo, Muñoz and Joseph, S. Tulchin. Boulder: Westview Press. 149–63.Google Scholar
Cooper, Andrew F. 2000. Waiting at the Perimeter: Making U.S. Policy in Canada. In Canada Among Nations 2000: Vanishing Borders, ed. Fen, Osler Hampson and Maureen, Appel Molot. Toronto: Oxford University Press. 2746.Google Scholar
Cooper, Andrew F., ed. 1997. Niche Diplomacy. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Andrew F., Richard, Higgott, and Kim, Richard Nossal. 1993. Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in an Evolving World Order. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I. 1998. The Americas: Found, and Then Lost Again. Foreign Policy no. 112 (Fall): 125–37.Google Scholar
Dresser, Denise. 1996. Treading Lightly and without a Stick: International Actors and the Promotion of Democracy in Mexico. in Farer 1996b 316–41.Google Scholar
Ebel, Roland H., Raymond, Taras, and James, D. Cochrane 1991. Political Culture and Foreign Policy in Latin America: Case Studies from the Circum-Caribbean. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Farer, Tom. 1996a. Collectively Defending Democracy in the Western Hemisphere. in Farer 1996b 125.Google Scholar
Farer, Tom. ed. 1996b. Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Financial Times (London). 2000. Oas Running out of Money. June 8: 3.Google Scholar
Franck, Thomas M. 1992. The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance. American Journal of International Law 86, 4 (January): 4691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frohmann, Alicia. 1994. Regional Initiatives for Peace and Democracy: The Collective Diplomacy of the Rio Group. In Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, ed. Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor, and Laura, W. Reed. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 129–41.Google Scholar
Gamarra, Eduardo A. 1994. Market-oriented Reforms and Democratization in Latin America: Challenges of the 1990s. In Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s, ed. William, C. Smith, Carlos, H. Acuña, and Gamarra, . New Brunswick: Transaction. 114.Google Scholar
Gaviria, César. 1998a. Address by César Gaviria, Secretary General of the Organization of American States, at the opening of the Conference of the Americas. Washington, Dc, March 5. http:www.oas.orgENPINFOSG305anoe.htm.Google Scholar
Gaviria, César. 1998b. Palabras del Secretario General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos, César Gaviria, en la Celebración del Cincuentenario de la Organización. Santafé de Bogotá, April 30. http:www.opanal.orgSPANISHSPDOCSXI-ExtraOEA.html.Google Scholar
Gaviria, César. 1998c. Palabras del Secretario General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos, César Gaviria, en la Ii Cumbre de las Americas. Santiago de Chile, April 18. http:www.oas.orgENPINFOSG418cumbr.htm.Google Scholar
Gosselin, Guy, and Louis, Bélanger. 1995. La sécurité coopérative régionale dans les Amériques: le cas des institutions démocratiques. Etudes Internationales 25, 4 (December): 799817: Québec: Institut Québécois des Hautes Etudes Internationales, Université Laval.Google Scholar
Heredia, Carlos A. 1994. Nafta and Democratization in Mexico. Journal of International Affairs 48, 1 (Summer): 1338.Google Scholar
Holston, James, and Teresa, P., Caldeira, R. 1998. Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship. in Agüero and Stark 1998 263–96.Google Scholar
López, Villicana, Román, 1997. Mexico and Nafta: the Case of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 550 (March: 122–29.Google Scholar
McKenna, Peter. 1995. Canada and the OAS: From Dilettante to Full Partner. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.Google Scholar
McKenna, Peter. 1998. Canada's Southern Exposure. Hemisphere 8, 3 (Fall): 2629: Miami: Florida International University.Google Scholar
Montero, Alfred P. 1999. A Delicate Game: the Politics of Reform in Brazil. Current History 98, 626 (March): 111–15.Google Scholar
Muǹoz, Heraldo. 1996. Collective Action for Democracy in the Americas. In Latin American Nations in World Politics 2d ed., ed. Muñoz, and Joseph, S. Tulchin. Boulder: Westview Press. 1734.Google Scholar
Muǹoz, Heraldo. 1998. The Right to Democracy in the Americas. Latin American Politics and Society 40, 1 (Spring): 118.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1979. Res/2, Ser/F Ii.17, Doc 49/79, Rev 2 (23 June). Washington, Dc: Oas.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1986. Protocol of Cartagena de Indias. Oea/Ser.P Ag/doc.16 (Xiv-E/85) Rev. 2. 26. February.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1989. Serious Events in the Republic of Panama. Cp/Res. 534 (800/89).Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1990. Unit for the Promotion of Democracy. Ag/Res. 1063 (Xx-O/90).Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1991a. Program of Support for the Promotion of Democracy. Cp/Res. 572 (882/91).Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1991b. Representative Democracy. Ag/Res. 1080 (Xxi-O/91).Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1991c. The Santiago Commitment to Democracy and the Renewal of the Inter-American System. Adopted at the third plenary session, June 4. Santiago, Chile.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1992. Protocol of Amendments to the Charter of the Organization of American States “Protocol of Washington.” December 14.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1999a. Oas Weekly Report. April 5. http:www.oas.org.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1999b. Oas Weekly Report, April 12. http:www.oas.org.Google Scholar
OAS. Unit for the Promotion of Democracy (UPD). 1999. Work Plan of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy, 1999. Permanent Council of the Oas Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs. Oea/Ser.G Cp/Cajp-1436/98 rev. 2 corr.1. February 4.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy 5, 1 (Spring): 5569.Google Scholar
Pastor, Robert A. 1996. The Clinton Administration and the Americas: the Postwar Rhythm and Blues. Latin American Politics and Society 38, 4 (Winter): 99128.Google Scholar
Petras, James, and Steve, Vieux. 1994. The Transition to Authoritarian Electoral Regimes in Latin America. Latin American Perspectives 21, 4 (Fall): 520.Google Scholar
Reid, Michael. 1998. Brazil's Unfinished Search for Stability. Washington Quarterly 21, 4 (Fall): 7992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summit of the Americas. 1994. Declaration of Principles. Partnership for Development and Prosperity: Democracy, Free Trade, and Sustainable Development in the Americas. Miami: Oas, Office of Summit Follow-up. December. http:www.summit-americas.orgmiamidec.htm.Google Scholar
Tacsán, Joaquín. 1997. Searching for Oas/Un Task-Sharing Opportunities in Central America and Haiti. Third World Quarterly 18, 3: 489507.Google Scholar
Tesón, Fernando R. 1996. Changing Perceptions of Domestic Jurisdiction and Intervention. in Farer 1996b 2951.Google Scholar
Tulchin, Joseph S. 1998. Continuity and Change in Argentine Foreign Policy. In Argentina: The Challenges of Modernization, ed. Tulchin, and Allison, M. Garland. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources. 163–97.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Arturo. 1997. Paraguay: the Coup That Didn't Happen. Journal of Democracy 8, 1 (Spring): 4355.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Arturo. 1999. The Collective Defense of Democracy: Lessons from the Paraguayan Crisis of 1996. A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. New York: Carnegie Corporation. December.Google Scholar
VanKlaveren, Alberto. 1998. Inserción internacional de Chile. Washington, Dc, Permanent Mission of Chile to the Oas. Mimeograph.Google Scholar
Wilson-Forsberg, Stacey, and Martin, Roy. 2000. The Democracy Summit Summit 2001 (Joint Newsletter on the Quebec City Hemispheric Summit) no. 3 (September): 1, 3. Miami: Summit of the Americas Center, Florida International University/Canadian Foundation for the Americas (Focal). http:www.americasnet.netSOAC_Homeindex.htm.Google Scholar
Young, Oran. 1991. Political Leadership and Regime Formation: on the Development of Institutions in International Society. International Organization 45, 3 (Summer): 281308.Google Scholar