Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:58:16.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hybrid Security Governance in South America: An Empirical Assessment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 August 2019

Rafael Duarte Villa Open the ORCID record for Rafael Duarte Villa [Opens in a new window] ,
Fabrício H. Chagas-Bastos Open the ORCID record for Fabrício H. Chagas-Bastos [Opens in a new window]  and
Camila de Macedo Braga Open the ORCID record for Camila de Macedo Braga [Opens in a new window]
Rafael Duarte Villa*
Affiliation:
Rafael Duarte Villa is an associate professor of international relations at the International Relations Institute, University of São Paulo.
Fabrício H. Chagas-Bastos*
Affiliation:
Fabrício H. Chagas-Bastos is a research fellow at the School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne.
Camila de Macedo Braga*
Affiliation:
Camila de Macedo Braga is a postdoctoral fellow at the International Relations Institute, University of São Paulo.
*
[email protected].
[email protected]
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Contending rationales of peace and conflict coexist between countries and within regional spaces as conditions that motivate or constrain militarized behaviors. While the idea of balancing is still a relevant concept to understand contemporary security in South America, the region produces patterns of a nascent security community. This article argues that the regional repertoire of foreign and security policy practices draws on a hybrid security governance mechanism. The novelty brought by the cumulative interaction among South American countries is that the coexistence turns into a hybrid between both practices and discourses. To explain how hybrid formations are produced, this study analyzes the most empirically intense and academically controversial political and security interactions from interstate relations in the two security complexes in the region, the Southern Cone and the Northern Andes.

Keywords

security communitybalance of powerhybrid security governanceLatin America
Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 61 , Issue 4 , November 2019 , pp. 72 - 94
Copyright
© University of Miami 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, Emanuel, and Barnett, Michael. 1998. A Framework for the Study of Security Communities. In Security Communities, ed. Adler, and Barnett, . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 29–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Emanuel, and Greve, Patricia. 2009. When Security Community Meets Balance of Power: Overlapping Regional Mechanisms of Security Governance. Review of International Studies 35, Special issue: 59–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrachina, Carlos. 2008. Programa interno de medidas de confianza mutua: los Libros Blancos en América Latina bajo una perspectiva comparada. In La administración de la defensa en América Latina, vol. 3, ed. Sepúlveda, Isidro and Alda, Sonia. Madrid: IUGM. 423–46.Google Scholar
Battaglino, Jorge. 2010. Rearme y baja percepción de amenaza interestatal en Sudamérica. ¿Es posible tal coexistencia? Perfiles Latinoamericanos 18, 35: 61–87.Google Scholar
Battaglino, Jorge. 2012. The Coexistence of Peace and Conflict in South America: Toward a New Conceptualization of Types of Peace. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 55, 2: 131–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burges, Sean, and Chagas-Bastos, Fabrício. 2016. Latin American Diplomacy. In The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, ed. Constantinou, Costas M., Kerr, Pauline, and Sharp, Paul. London: SAGE. 372–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Waever, Ole. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmo, Márcia. 2015. Escola de Defesa da Unasul começa a funcionar em busca de autonomia regional. BBC Brasil online, April 17. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/04/150417_escola_defesa_unasul_mc. Accessed March 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Carneiro, Mario. 2012. Submarinos na América do Sul: uma atualização. Revista de Segurança e Defesa 106: 12–21.Google Scholar
Chagas-Bastos, Fabrício. 2017. Recognition and Status in World Politics: A Southern Perspective. Paper presented at the Max Weber Seminar Series, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, November 17.Google Scholar
Chagas-Bastos, Fabrício. 2018. La invención de la inserción internacional: fundaciones intelectuales y evolución histórica del concepto. Análisis Político 31, 94: 10–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Child, Jack. 1989. Geopolitical Conflicts in South America. Washington, DC: National Defense University.Google Scholar
D’Araujo, Maria Celina. 2012. El Libro Blanco de Defensa. In Donadio and Tibiletti 2012. 148–57.Google Scholar
Defesanet. 2011. Gen Bolivar assumiu no dia 29 de abril o Comando Militar do Sul (CMS). Defesanet online, May 24. http://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/noticia/1109/CMS—Gen-Bolivar-Assume. Accessed October 7, 2018.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge. 2007. International Cooperation in Latin America: The Design of Regional Institutions by Slow Accretion. In Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective, ed. Acharya, Amitav and Johnston, Alastair. New York: Cambridge University Press. 83–128.Google Scholar
Donadio, Marcela, and de la Paz Tibiletti, María, eds. 2012. Atlas comparativo de la defensa en América Latina y Caribe. Buenos Aires: Resdal.Google Scholar
Flemes, Daniel, and Nolte, Detlef. 2010. Alianzas externas en armamento y defensa. Una nueva dimensión en la agenda de seguridad latinoamericana. Foreign Affairs Latino-américa 10, 1: 22–33.Google Scholar
Flemes, Daniel, and Wehner, Leslie. 2015. Drivers of Strategic Contestation: The Case of South America. International Politics 52, 2: 163–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flemes, Daniel, and Radseck, Michael. 2009. Creating Multilevel Security Governance in South America. GIGA Working Paper no. 117. Hamburg: GIGA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Max Paul, and Long, Tom. 2015. Soft Balancing in the Americas: Latin American Opposition to U.S. Intervention, 1898–1936. International Security 40, 1: 120–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuentes, Claudio. 2006. La apuesta por el “poder blando”: política exterior de la Concertación. In El gobierno de Ricardo Lagos, ed. Funk, Robert. Santiago: Diego Portales University Press. 105–22.Google Scholar
Gadano, Julián. 2015. Competencia y cooperación nuclear. Un modelo para el análisis. El caso Brasil-Argentina. Paper presented at the XII Congreso Nacional de Ciencia Política, Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político and Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, August 12–15.Google Scholar
Goh, Evelyn. 2008. Great Powers and Hierarchical Order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing Regional Security Strategies. International Security 32, 3: 113–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Mera, Laura. 2013. Power and Regionalism in Latin America: The Politics of MERCOSUR. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Herz, Mónica. 2009. Building Trust in Latin America. In The United States and Europe in a Changing World, ed. Kanet, Roger. Dordrecht: Republic of Letters Publishing. 253–78.Google Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi J. 1997. The State, War and the State of the War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 1996. The United States and Latin America: Neorealism Re-examined. In Explaining International Relations Since 1945, ed. Woods, Ngaire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 155–77.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 1998. An Emerging Security Community in South America? In Security Communities, ed. Adler, Emanuel and Barnett, Michael. Cambridge: University Press. 229–64.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2003. Strategic Reactions to American Preeminence: Great Power Politics in the Age of Unipolarity. Discussion paper. Prepared as part of the NIC 2020 project, National Intelligence Council. July 28. https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/strategic_reactions.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 2008. Caribbean and Latin America: Defense and Economics. In The Military Balance 2008, ed. IISS. 108th ed. London: Routledge. 55–100.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie. 1998. Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie. 2005. The Impact of Norms in International Society: The Latin American Experience, 1881–2001. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie, and Mares, David. 2016. Security Studies and Security in Latin America: The First 200 years. In The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security Studies, ed. Kacowicz, and Mares, . London: Routledge. 11–30.Google Scholar
Krause, Keith. 2012. Hybrid Violence: Locating the Use of Force in Postconflict Settings. Global Governance 18, 1: 39–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malamud, Carlos, and García, Carlota Encina. 2007. Rearmament or Renovation of Military Equipment in Latin America. Real Instituto Elcano Working Paper no. 31. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano.Google Scholar
Mani, Kristina. 2011. Democratization and Military Transformation in Argentina and Chile: Rethinking Rivalry. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Mares, David. 2001. Violent Peace: Militarized Interstate Bargaining in Latin America. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mares, David. 2012. Latin America and the Illusion of Peace. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies/Routledge.Google Scholar
Medeiros, Oscar. 2010. Entre a cooperação e a dissuasão: políticas de defesa e percepções militares na América do Sul. Ph.D. diss., University of São Paulo.Google Scholar
Mello, Leonel Itaussu A. 1996. Brasil e Argentina: a balança de poder no Cone Sul. São Paulo: Annablume.Google Scholar
Merke, Federico. 2011. The Primary Institutions of the Latin American Regional Interstate Society. IDEAS Latin America Program Working Paper no. 11. January 27. Buenos Aires: IDEAS.Google Scholar
La Nación Online (Buenos Aires). 2018. Colombia se integra a la OTAN y despierta el rechazo de Venezuela. May 30. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2139276-colombia-se-integra-a-la-otan-y-despierta-el-rechazo-de-venezuela. Accessed October 8, 2018.Google Scholar
Nolte, Detlef, and Wehner, Leslie. 2014. Unasur and Regional Security in South America. In Regional Organizations and Security, ed. Aris, Stephen and Wenger, Andreas. London: Routledge. 183–202.Google Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2007. Friendship, Mutual Trust and the Evolution of Regional Peace in the International System. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 10, 2: 257–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2009a. Consensus and Governance in Mercosur: The Evolution of the South American Security Agenda. Security Dialogue 40, 2: 191–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2009b. La amistad, la confianza mutua y la evolución de la paz regional en el sistema internacional. Miriada 2, 3: 9–46.Google Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2009c. ¿Seguridad en el MERCOSUR? Introducción al debate sobre la gobernanza de la seguridad. Revista Argentina de Ciencia Politica 11.Google Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2009d. International Relations in Latin America: Peace and Security in the Southern Cone. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2016. Pluralistic Security Communities in Latin America. In The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security Studies, ed. Kacowicz, Ariel and Mares, David. London: Routledge. 173–84.Google Scholar
Organization of the American States (OAS). 2008. Resolution AG/RES. 2398 (XXXVIII-O/08): Confidence and Security-Building in the Americas. June 3. https://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/112245.htm. Accessed October 8, 2018.Google Scholar
Organski, A. F. K., and Kugler, Jacek. 1980. The War Ledger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pape, Robert A. 2005. Soft Balancing Against the United States. International Security 30, 1: 7–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, T. V. 2004. Introduction: The Enduring Axioms of Balance of Power Theory and Their Contemporary Relevance. In Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century, ed. Paul, T. V., Wirtz, James, and Fortmann, Michel. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1–28.Google Scholar
Paul, T. V. 2005. Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy. International Security 30, 1: 46–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saint-Pierre, Héctor. 2009. La defensa en la política exterior del Brasil: el Consejo Suramericano y la Estrategia Nacional de Defensa. Real Instituto Elcano Working Paper no. 50. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano.Google Scholar
Saint-Pierre, Héctor, and Winand, Erica. 2006. Dangerous Ambiguity: Proposals to Expand the Role of the Brazilian Armed Forces. Hemisphere 6: 25–32.Google Scholar
San Miguel, Rocío. 2016. Acuerdos de cooperación militar 2005–2019. Venezuela 2016: estudio de caso. Caracas: Asociación Civil Control Ciudadano.Google Scholar
Santos, Juan Manuel. 2018. Twitter, 11:49 a.m., May 28. https://twitter.com/JuanManSan-tos/status/1001173595018727426. Accessed October 8, 2018.Google Scholar
Schenoni, Luis. 2014. Unveiling the South American Balance. Estudos Internacionais 2, 2: 215–32.Google Scholar
Schenoni, Luis. 2017. The Argentina-Brazil Regional Power Transition. Foreign Policy Analysis 14, 4: 469–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweller, Randall. 1994. Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back. International Security 19, 1: 72–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 2008. SIPRI Yearbook 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 2011. SIPRI Yearbook 2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 2018. SIPRI Yearbook 2018. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tickner, Arlene. 2003. Hearing Latin American Voices in International Relations Studies. International Studies Perspectives 4, 4: 325–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tickner, Arlene. 2008. Latin American IR and the Primacy of lo práctico. International Studies Review 10, 4: 735–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulchin, Joseph. 2005. Creando una comunidad de seguridad en el hemisferio. Nueva Sociedad 198: 102–15.Google Scholar
Tulchin, Joseph, Aravena, Francisco, and Espach, Ralph. 1998. Strategic Balance and Confidence Building Measures in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Villa, Rafael. 2017. Brazilian Hybrid Security in South America. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 60, 2. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbpi/v60n2/1983-3121-rbpi-0034-7329201700203.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villa, Rafael, and Weiffen, Brigitte. 2014. South American Re-armament: From Balancing to Symbolizing Power. Contemporary Security Policy 35, 1: 138–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villa, Rafael, Braga, Camila, and Ferreira, Marcos Allan. 2018. New Forms of Security Governance: Transformation of Violence in South America Through Violent Nonstate Actors (VNSA). Mimeograph. International Relations Research Center, University of São Paulo.Google Scholar
Villa, Rafael, Chagas-Bastos, Fabrício, and Braga, Camila. 2019. Causal Mechanisms of South America’s Hybrid Security Governance. Mimeograph. International Relations Research Center, University of São Paulo.Google Scholar
Villar, Andrés. 2006. Chile y sus vecinos. Una integración compleja. In El gobierno de Ricardo Lagos, ed. Funk, Robert. Santiago: Diego Portales University Press. 125–44.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Boston: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Winand, Erica. 2016. Diplomacia e defesa na gestão Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2002). História e conjuntura na análise das relações com a Argentina. São Paulo: Unesp.Google Scholar
Wikileaks. 2009. Argentine MFA Shares Some Concerns About Brazilian Foreign Policy, Nuclear Potential, 2009. December 24.Google Scholar