Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T21:24:21.545Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Faith in Our Neighbors: Networks and Social Order in Three Brazilian Favelas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Enrique Desmond Arias
Enrique Desmond Arias*
Affiliation:
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies at the CUNY Graduate Center
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

After nearly 20 years of democratization, residents of Rio's favelas suffer high levels of civil and human rights abuse at the hands of both police and drug traffickers. The government is generally unable to guarantee the political order necessary to protect the rights of residents in these communities. Existing theories of democratization and advocacy networks offer little to explain how the types of endemic violence that affect poor neighborhoods in the developing world can be brought under control. Based on more than two years of participant observation and interviews in Rio de Janeiro, this article examines how democratic order can be extended to favelas. It argues that networks can link favela residents to organizations in civil society, and state actors can play a critical role in reducing violence and establishing democratic order.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 46 , Issue 1 , Spring 2004 , pp. 1 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvarez, Sonia. 1989. Politicizing Gender and Engendering Democracy. In Stepan, 1989. 205–51.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Sonia, Evelina, Dagnino, and Arturo, Escobar. 1998. Introduction: the Cultural and the Political in Latin American Social Movements. In Alvarez, et al. 1998. 1–32.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Sonia, Evelina, Dagnino, and Arturo, Escobar, eds. 1998. Cultures of Politics/Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Alvito, Marcos. 1998. Um bicho-de-sete-cabeças. In Um século de favela, ed. Alba, Zaluar and Alvito, . Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundação Getúlio Vargas. 181–208.Google Scholar
Alvito, Marcos. 2001. As cores de Acarí: uma favela carioca. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 1998. Urgent Action Appeal. http:www.ai.org December 11.Google Scholar
Antunes, João. 2001. Major, Rio military police; commander of police program in Tubarão. Statement at Tubarão leadership council meeting. July 7.Google Scholar
Becker, David G. 1999. Latin America: beyond “Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy 10, 2: 138–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldeira, Teresa P. R. 1996. Crime and Individual Rights: Reframing the Question of Violence in Latin America. In Jelin, and Hershberg, 1996. 197–214.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Ruth Corrêa Leite. 1992. Popular Movements in the Context of the Consolidation of Democracy in Brazil. In The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Strategy, Identity, Democracy, ed. Arturo, Escobar and Sonia, Alvarez. Boulder: Westview Press. 291–302.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Douglas, Scott, Martin, and Kerianne, Piester. 1997. Associative Networks: New Structures of Representation for the Popular Sectors? In The New Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation, ed. Chalmers, Katherine Hite, Martin, Piester, and Monique, Segarra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 543–82.Google Scholar
Chevigny, Paul. 1995. Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Correa Sutil, Jorge. 1999. Judicial Reforms in Latin America. In Méndez, et al. 1999. 255–77.Google Scholar
De Soto, Hernando. 2001. The Constituency of Terror. New York times, October 15: 19.Google Scholar
Downie, Andrew. 2000. Taking Boston's Lead, Police in Rio Lighten up. Christian Science Monitor, November 8: 1.Google Scholar
Duffield, Mark. 2001. Global Governances and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Economist . 2001. Nice Cops, Nasty Cops. September 8: 31–36.Google Scholar
Espinoza, Vincente. 1992. Networks of Informal Economy: Work and Community among Santiago's Urban Poor. Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter. 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, Rubem César. 1994. Private but Public: The Third Sector in Latin America. Washington, DC: Civicus Press.Google Scholar
Garotinho, Anthony, et al. 1998. Violência e criminalidade no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: diagnóstico e propostas para uma política democrática de segurança pública. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Hama.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert. 1994. Popular Democracy and Political Organization in Rio de Janeiro: A Tale of Two Favelas. Philadelphia: Temple Unviersity Press.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1983. The Strength of Weak Ties: a Network Theory Revisited. Sociological Theory: 201–33.Google Scholar
Hochstetler, Kathryn. 2000. Democratizing Pressure from Below? Social Movements in the New Brazilian Democracy. In Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes, ed. Peter, R. Kingstone and Timothy, J. Power. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 167–84.Google Scholar
Holloway, Thomas. 1993. Policing Rio de Janeiro: Repression and Resistance in a Nineteenth-century City. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Huggins, Martha. 1998. Political Policing: The United States and Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch Americas. 1997. Violencia x violencia: violações aos direitos humanos e a criminalidade no Rio de Janeiro. New York: Human Rights Watch Americas.Google Scholar
Jelin, Elizabeth, and Eric, Hershberg, eds. 1996. Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Jornal do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro). 1996. Polícia critica candidatos que sobem favelas. August 12: 1, 3.Google Scholar
Junqueira, Eliane, and José Augusto, Rodrigues. 1992. Pasárgada revisitada. Sociologia: Problemas e Práticas 12: 9–18.Google Scholar
Kaldor, Mary. 1999. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1991. The Future of Bureaucracy and Hierarchy in Organizational Theory: A Report from the Field. In Theory for a Changing Society, ed. Pierre, Bourdieu and John, Coleman. Boulder: Westview Press. 63–87.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret E. 1989. The New Unionism in the Brazilian Transition. In Stepan, 1989. 252–96.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., and Kathryn, Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus J. 1999. Free Markets and Democratic Consolidation in Chile: the National Politics of Rural Transformation. Politics and Society 27, 2: 275–301.Google Scholar
Leeds, Elizabeth. 1996. Cocaine and Parallel Polities on the Brazilian Urban Periphery: Constraints on Local Level Democratization. Latin American Research Review 31, 3: 47–84.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 1989. Grassroots Popular Movements and the Struggle for Democracy: Nova Iguaçu. In Stepan, 1989. 168–204.Google Scholar
Méndez, Juan E. 1999. Institutional Reform, including Access to Justice. In Méndez, et al. 1999. 19–24.Google Scholar
Méndez, Juan E., Guillermo, O'Donnell, and Paulo Sérgio, Pinheiro, eds. 1999. The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel. 1994. The State in Society: An Approach to Struggles for Domination. In State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World, ed. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne, Shue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7–36.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1999. Polyarchies and the (Un)Rule of Law in Latin America: a Partial Conclusion. In Méndez, et al. 1999. 303–38.Google Scholar
Paoli, Maria Cecilia, and Vera, da Silva Telles. 1998. Social Rights: Conflicts and Negotiations in Contemporary Brazil. In Alvarez, et al. 1998. 64–92.Google Scholar
Payne, Leigh A. 2000. Uncivil Movements: The Armed Right Wing and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Pereira, Anthony W. 2000. An Ugly Democracy: State Violence and the Rule of Law in Post-authoritarian Brazil. In Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes, ed. Peter, R. Kingstone and Timothy, J. Power. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 217–35.Google Scholar
Perlman, Janice. 1976. The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley: Campus Press.Google Scholar
Pessoa, Flávio. 2002. Negocios entre tráfico e políia. O Globo (Rio de Janeiro), June 20: 15.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio. 1997. State-Sponsored Violence in Brazil. In The New Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation, ed. Douglas Chalmers, Katherine Hite, Scott, Martin, Kerianne, Piester, and Monique, Segarra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 261–80.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, 1998. Polícia e consolidação democrática: o caso brasileiro. In São Paulo sem medo: um diagnóstico da violência urbana, ed. Pinheiro, et al. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond. 13–17.Google Scholar
Podolny, Joel M. and Karen, L. Page. 1998. Network Forms of Organization. Annual Review of Sociology 24: 57–76.Google Scholar
Powell, Walter. 1994. Neither Market nor Hierarchy. In The Handbook of Economic Sociology, ed. Neil, J. Smelser and Richard, Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 368–402.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, . 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Reis, Fabio Wanderley. 1996. The State, the Market, and Democratic Citizenship. In Jelin, and Hershberg, 1996. 121–40.Google Scholar
Resende de Carvalho, Maria Alice, Zairo, Borges Cheibub, Marcelo, Baumann Burgos, and Marcelo, Simas. 1998. Cultura política e cidadania: uma proposata de metodologia de avaliação do programa Favela-Bairro. Unpublished mss. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas, and Kathryn, Sikkink. 1999. The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction. In The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, ed. Risse Stephen, C. Ropp, and Sikkink, . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–35.Google Scholar
Santos, de Souza Boaventura. 1995. Towards a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryn. 1996. The Latin American Human Rights Network. In Jelin, and Hershberg, 1996. 59–84.Google Scholar
Sneed, Paul. 2000. U.S. resident in Rio. Personal correspondence. August.Google Scholar
Starn, Orin. 1999. Nightwatch: The Politics of Protest in the Andes. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred C., ed. Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation. 1989. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sydney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Uzzi, Brian. 1996. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations. American Sociological Review 61 (August): 674–98.Google Scholar
Velho, Gilberto. 1996. Violencia, reprocidade, e desigualdade: uma perspectiva antropológica. In Cidadania e violência, ed. Velho, and Marcos, Alvito. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ Editora. 10–24.Google Scholar
Ventura, Zuenir. 1994. Cidade partida. Rio de Janeiro: Cidade das Letras.Google Scholar
Wang, Xu. 1999. Mutual Empowerment of State and Society: Its Nature, Conditions, Mechanisms, and Limits. Comparative Politics 31, 2: 231–49.Google Scholar
Williams, Phil. 2001. Organizing Transnational Crime. In Combating Transnational Crime: Concepts, Activities, and Responses, ed. Williams, and Dimitri, Vlassis. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 1996. Indigenous Protest and Democracy in Latin America. In Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s, ed. Jorge, I. Domínguez and Abraham, F. Lowenthal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 87–122.Google Scholar
Zaluar, Alba. 1985. A maquina e a revolta. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense.Google Scholar
Zaluar, . 1998. Crime, medo, e política. In Um século de favela, ed. Zaluar, and Marcos, Alvito. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundação Getúlio Vargas. 209–32.Google Scholar
Zaverucha, Jorge. 1999. Military Justice in the State of Pernambuco after the Brazilian Military Regime: an Authoritarian Legacy. Latin American Research Review 34, 2: 43–74.Google Scholar