Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:56:09.413Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Role of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD): Confronting the Problem of Illegal Drugs in the Americas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Betty Horwitz*
Affiliation:
Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, University of Miami, University of Miami

Abstract

The illegal drug trade has become a serious threat for the Americas. Is a multilateral approach to combat it possible? This article proposes that the United States and Latin America are finding ways to use multilateral organisms to confront this threat and examines as an example the role of CICAD in setting a cooperative agenda to develop an antidrug regime. CICAD has established common ground for long-term cooperation in certain areas. But common drug strategies in the Americas require the support of the United States and the cooperation of Latin American states, both of which are still works in progress. Therefore the future of the CICAD-inspired antidrug regime will depend on whether the United States and Latin America will cooperate to define the illegal drug threat in the same way and bestow on CICAD the authority necessary to address it.

Type
Policy Issues
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbot, Kenneth. W. 2007. Institutions in the Americas: Theoretical Reflections. In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, Gordon, Thérien, Jean-Philippe, and Haslam, Paul. Boulder : Lynne Rienner. 237–65.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce M. 1991. Myths of Militarization: The Role of the Military in the War on Drugs in the Americas. Coral Gables : North-South Center, University of Miami.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce M. 1996. After San Antonio. In Bagley and Walker 1996. 61–73.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce M., and Tokatlian, Juan G.. 1999. Dope and Dogma: Explaining the Failure of U.S.-Latin American Drug Policies. In Neighbourly Adversaries: Readings in U.S.-Latin American Relations, ed. LaRosa, Michael and Mora, Frank O.. Lanham : Rowman and Littlefield. 219–35.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce M., and Walker, William O. III, eds. 1996. Drug Trafficking in the Americas. Coral Gables : North-South Center, University of Miami.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael, and Finnemore, Martha. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca : Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, Waever, Ole, and De Wilde, Jaap. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder : Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Ted Galen. 2003. Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington's Futile War on Drugs in Latin America. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cepeda Ulloa, Fernando. 1996. International Cooperation and the War on Drugs. In Bagley and Walker 1996. 513–20.Google Scholar
Cooper, Andrew, and Legler, Thomas. 2006. Intervention Without Intervening? The OAS Defense and Promotion of Democracy in the Americas. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Crandall, Russell. 2002. Driven by Drugs: U.S. Policy Toward Colombia. Boulder : Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinberg, Richard E., and Haslam, Paul. 2007. Problems of Coordination: The OAS and the IDB. The Inter-American System: An Overview. In Governing the Americas: Assessing Multilateral Institutions, ed. Mace, Gordon, Thérien, Jean-Philippe, and Haslam, Paul. Boulder : Lynne Rienner. 51–70.Google Scholar
Gamarra, Eduardo A. 1996. U.S.-Bolivia Counternarcotics Efforts during the Paz Zamora Administration, 1989–1992. In Bagley and Walker 1996. 217–56.Google Scholar
Glaser, Charles L. 1994. Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help. International Security 19, 3 (Winter 1994–95): 50–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granada, Camilo. 2002. The OAS and Transnational Organized Crime in the Americas. In Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: Business as Usual? ed. Berdal, Mats and Serrano, Mónica. Boulder : Lynne Rienner. 95–102.Google Scholar
Horwitz, Betty. 2007. The Role of the Organization of American States in the Promotion of a Multilateral Framework for Regional Governance. Ph.D. diss., University of Miami.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, John G. 2001. Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars. Princeton : Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Incardi, James I. 2002. The War on Drugs III. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunitions and Other Related Materials (CIFTA). 1997. Cifta Ratifications. Retrieved September, 18, 2006.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 1987. Inter-American Program of Action of Rio de Janeiro against the Illicit Use and Production of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotic Substances and Traffic Therein. OAS AG/Res.699 (XIV)-0/84. http://www.cicad.oas.org/EN/basicdocuments/Rio.asp. Accessed 2006.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 1996. Antidrug Strategy in the Hemisphere. OAS CICAD/Doc.965/98add.3.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 1997. The Antidrug Strategy in the Hemisphere: a Brief Summary of Cicad Achievements. OAS Secretariat of Legal affairs AG/RES. 1458 (XXVII-O/97). http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res97/Eres1458.htm.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 1999a. Annual Report of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (Cicad) to the General Assembly of the Organization at its Thirtieth Regular Session. OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.26; CICAD/doc.1023/99 rev.3.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 1999b. Final Report. Sixth Meeting of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (Iwg-Mem). (Provisional Version) OAS. OEA/Ser.L./XIV.2.26; CICAD/doc. 1026/99.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 2000. Annual Report of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (Cicad) to the General Assembly of the Organization at its Thirtieth Regular Session. CICAD, OAS. OAS/Ser.L/XIV.2.26; CICAD/doc.1023/99rev.3.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 2001. Annual Report for the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (Cicad) to the General Assembly of the Organization at its Thirty-First Regular Session. OAS. OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.28; CICAD/doc. 1079/00 rev.1.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 2002. Annual Report for the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (Cicad) to the General Assembly of the Organization at its Thirty-Second Regular Session, Oas. OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.30; CICAD/doc.1123/01 rev.1.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 2008. Annual Report of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (Cicad) to the General Assembly of the Organization of American States at its Thirty-eighth Regular Session. OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.43; CICAD/doc.1656/08rev.1. May. http://www.cicad.oas.org/EN/basicdocuments/CICADachievements.asp.Google Scholar
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). 2009. About Cicad: Mission Statement http://www.cicad.oas.org/EN/AboutCICAD.asp.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Martin, Lisa L.. 1995. The Promise of Institutionalist Theory. International Security 20, 1: 39–51.Google Scholar
Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). 2000. Evaluation of Progress in Drug Control. Hemospheric Report, 1999–2000. http://www.cicad.oas.org/MEM/ENG/Reports%20Index.asp. Accessed June 22, 2006.Google Scholar
Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). 2001. Final Report. Seventh Meeting of the Intergovernmental Working Group of the Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (Iwg-Mem. Cicad). OAS. OEA/Ser.L./XIV.4.7; CICAD/MEM/doc.13/01 rev.1.Google Scholar
Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). 2002a. Evaluation of Progress in Drug Control, 2001–2002. http://www.cicad.oas.org/MEM/ENG/Reports%20Index.asp. Accessed June 22, 2006.Google Scholar
Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). 2002b. Questionaire, Second Evaluation Round, 2001–2002. CICAD. Washington D.C. , OAS: 1–231.Google Scholar
Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). 2006. Assistance Projects Based on Mem Recommendations 1st, 2nd and 3rd Rounds, Current Status. CICAD/OEA. May.Google Scholar
Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). 2007. The Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM) Achievements, 1997–2007). CICAD/OAS. http://www.cicad.oas.org/MEM/ENG/Documents/MEM%20Achievements%202007_English.pdf.Google Scholar
Musto, David F. 1999. The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control. New York : Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS). 1996. Secretariat of Legal Affairs. Antidrug Strategy in the Hemisphere. AG/RES. 1458 (XXVII-O/97). http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res97/Eres1458.htm.Google Scholar
Pardo, Diana, and Tickner, Arlene D.. 2000. El problema del narcotráfico en el sistema interamericano. In Sistema interamericano y democracia: antecedentes históricos y tendencias futuras, ed. Tickner, . Bogotá : Ediciones Uniandes. 291–320.Google Scholar
Perl, Raphael. F. 1988. Congress, International Narcotics Policy, and the Antidrug Abuse Act of 1988. Jounal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 302–3 (Special Issue): 19–51.Google Scholar
Protocol A-59. 1993. A-59: Optional Protocol Related to the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. http://www.oas.org/Juridico/english/Sigs/a-59.html. Accessed September 18, 2006.Google Scholar
Shaw, Carolyn M. 2004. Cooperation, Conflict, and Consensus in the Organization of American States. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Uniform Statistical System on Control of the Supply Area (CICDAT). 2002. Statistical Summary on Drugs 2002. http://www.cicad.oas.org/oid/Estadisticas/default.htm. Accessed September 18, 2006.Google Scholar
Vlassis, Dimitri. 2002. The UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. In Transnational Organized Crime and International Security: Business as Usual? ed. Berdal, Mats and Serrano, Mónica. Boulder : Lynne Rienner. 83–102.Google Scholar
Walker, William O. III. 1996. The Bush Administration Drug Strategy in Historical Perspective. In Bagley and Walker 1996. 1–60.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth. 1986. Reductionist and Systemic Theories. In Neorealism and Its Critics, ed. Keohane, Robert O.. New York : Columbia University Press. 46–69.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Youngers, Coletta A., and Rosin, Eileen. 2005. The U.S. War on Drugs: Its Impact in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Drugs and Democracy in Latin America: The Impact of U.S. Policy, ed. Youngers, and Rosin, . Boulder/Washington , DC : Lynne Rienner/Washington Office on Latin America. 1–13.Google Scholar