Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T09:39:51.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Jennifer S. Holmes ,
Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres  and
Kevin M. Curtin
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Observers say that drug production fuels violence in Colombia, but does coca production explain different levels of violence? This article examines the relationship between coca production and guerrilla violence by reviewing national-level data over time and studying Colombia by department, exploring the interactions among guerrilla violence, exports, development, and displacement. It uses historical analysis, cartographic visualization, and analysis of the trends in four high coca-producing and four violent Colombian departments, along with a department-level fixed effects model. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the department-level analysis suggests that coca production is not the driving force of contemporary Colombian guerrilla violence. Instead, economic factors and coca eradication emerge as prominent explanatory factors.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 48 , Issue 3 , Autumn 2006 , pp. 157 - 184
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres, Sheila, and Michael, Ferrantino. 2000. Export Dynamics and Economic Growth in Latin America: A Comparative Perspective. Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Ashenfelter, Orley, Phillip, Levine, and David, Zimmerman. 2003. Statistics and Econometrics: Methods and Applications. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Associated Press (AP). 2003. Colombian Leader Rejects Terrorist Label. February 5.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce. 2001. Drug Trafficking, Political Violence, and U.S. Policy in Colombia in the 1990s. Mama Coca. http:www.mamacoca.org Accessed November 3, 2002.Google Scholar
Blank, Stephen. 2001. Narcoterrorism as a Threat to International Security. World and I 16, 12: 1–81.Google Scholar
Boswell, Terry, and William, Dixon. 1990. Dependency and Rebellion: a Cross-National Analysis. American Sociological Review 55, 4: 1–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byman, Daniel, Peter, Chalk, Bruce, William, and David, Brannan. 2001. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Santa Monica: Rand.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castaño, Carlos. 2001. Letter to Anne Patterson, U.S. Ambassador to Colombia. October.Google Scholar
Castillo, Fabio. 1996. Los nuevos jinetes de la cocaína. Bogotá: Oveja Negra.Google Scholar
Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular (CINEP). 2000. Descripción general del sistema de información Cinep.Google Scholar
Chernick, Marc. 1996. Testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Hearings on Overall U.S. Counternarcotics Policy Toward Colombia. 104th Congress, 2nd session. September 11. Washington, DC: GPO.Google Scholar
Coffin, Phillip, and Jeremy, Bigwood. 2001. Coca Eradication. Foreign Policy in Focus 6, 7: 1–4.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul. 2000. Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy. World Bank Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Cubides, Fernando. 1998. Los bemoles del despeje. Coyuntura Política 11.Google Scholar
Cubides, Fernando. 2001. The Paramilitaries. In Violence in Colombia, 1990–2000: Waging War and Negotiating Peace, ed. Charles, Bergquist, Ricardo, Peñaranda, and Gonzalo, Sánchez Wilmington: Scholarly Resources.Google Scholar
Departamento Nacional de Estadística (Dane). Data set. http:www.dane.gov.co.Google Scholar
Deaton, Angus. 2006. Measuring Poverty. In Understanding Poverty, ed. Abhijit, Banerjee, Roland, Bénabou, and Dilip, Mookerjee. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dollar, David, and Aart, Kraay. 2002. Growth Is Good for the Poor. Journal of Economic Growth 7, 3: 1–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Echandía Castilla, Camilo. 1999. El conflicto armado y las manifestaciones de violencia en las regiones de Colombia. Bogotá: Oficina del Alto Comision-ado para la Paz.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D., and David, Laitin. 2003. Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review 97, 1: 1–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gujarati, Damodar. 2003. Basic Econometrics. 4th edition Boston: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Hardy, Melissa A. 1979. Economic Growth, Distributional Inequality, and Political Conflict in Industrial Societies. Journal of Political and Military Sociology 7 (Fall): 1–27.Google Scholar
Holmes, Jennifer S. 2001. Terrorism and Democratic Stability. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Howell, David. 2004. Beyond Unemployment: Toward a Summary Measure of Employment and Earnings Inadequacy. In Toward a New Framework for Labor Market Statistics, ed. Barry, Bluestone. and Andrew, Sharpe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally accessed at http:www.csls.caeventscea2003howell-cea2003.pdf.Google Scholar
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. 2001. Colombia: Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights (2001). Brussels: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.Google Scholar
International Press Institute. 2001. 2001 World Press Freedom Review Vienna: Ipi. Available online at http:www.freemedia.atwpfrworld.html Accessed October 1, 2002.Google Scholar
Kline, Harvey. 1999. State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Llorante, María Victoria, Camilo, Echandía, Rodolfo, Escobedo, and Mauricio, Rubio. 2001. Violencia homicida y estructuras criminales en Bogotá. Análisis Político 44: 17–38.Google Scholar
Mancuso, Salvatore. 2002. Letter to Luis Carlos Restrepo [High Commissioner for Peace]. September 27.Google Scholar
Muller, Edward N. 1985. Income Inequality, Regime Repressiveness, and Political Violence. American Sociological Review 50, 1: 1–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, Edward, and Mitchell, Seligson. 1987. Inequality and Insurgency. American Political Science Review 81, 2: 1–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Grady, Mary Anastasia. 2004. Cooking the Human-Rights Books in Colombia. Wall Street Journal. February 6: A17.Google Scholar
Pardo, Rafael. 2000. Colombia's Two Front War. Foreign Affairs 79, 4: 1–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pecaut, Daniel. 1997. Presente, pasado y futuro de la violencia en Colombia. Desarrollo Económico 36, 144: 1–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petras, James. 2000. The Farc Faces the Empire. Latin American Perspectives 27, 5: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabasa, Angel, and Peter, Chalk. 2001. The Colombian Labyrinth: The Synergy of Drugs and Insurgency and Its Implications for Regional Stability. Santa Monica: Rand.Google Scholar
Rangel Suárez, Alfredo. 1998. Colombia: guerra en el fin de siglo. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo.Google Scholar
Rangel Suárez, Alfredo. 1999. Las FARC-EP: una mirada actual. In Reconocer la guerra para construir la paz, ed. Malcom, Deas. and María, Victoria Llorente Bogotá: Editorial Norma. 1–51.Google Scholar
Reuters, 2002. Colombia's Infamous Militia Returns. September 8.Google Scholar
Reyes, Alejandro. 1995. Drug Trafficking and the Guerrilla Movement in Colombia In Drug Trafficking in the Americas, ed. Bruce, M. Bagley. and William, O. Walker. Coral Gables: North-South Center Press. 1–120.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Gonzalo. 1998. Colombia: violencias sin futuros. Foro Internacional 38, 1: 1–58.Google Scholar
Sanín, Francisco 2001. Inequidad y violencia política: una precisión sobre las cuentas y los cuentos. Análisis Político 43: 55–75.Google Scholar
Sarmiento Gómez, Alfredo. 1999. Violencia y equidad. Planeación y Desarrollo 30, 3: 1–62.Google Scholar
Sarmiento, Alfredo, and Lida, Marina Becerra 1998. Análisis de las relaciones entre violencia y equidad. Working Paper 93. Departamento Nacional de Planeación. http:www.dnp.gov.copaginas_detalle.asp x?idp=695.Google Scholar
Schock, Kurt. 1996. A Conjunctural Model of Political Conflict: the Impact of Political Opportunities on the Relationship between Economic Inequality and Violent Political Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40, 1: 1–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shifter, Michael. 1999. Colombia on the Brink. Foreign Affairs 78, 4: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigelman, L., and Simpson, M. 1977. Cross National Test of Linkage between Economic Inequality and Political Violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 21, 1: 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soto, Martha E., and Orlando, Restrepo. 2002. Carlos Castaño afirma que envió instructores a las autodefensas. El Tiempo (Bogotá). June 27.Google Scholar
Steiner, Roberto. 1999. Hooked on Drugs: Colombian-U.S. Relations. In The United States and Latin America: The New Agenda, ed. Victor, Bulmer-Thomas and James, Dunkerley. London: Institute of Latin. American Studies, University of London. 1–75.Google Scholar
Tamayo, Juan O. 2000. U.S. Officials Tie Colombian Guerrillas to Drug Exports. Miami Herald , December 13.Google Scholar
Thoumi, Francisco. 1995a. Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia. Boulder: Lynn Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoumi, Francisco. 1995b. Why the Illegal Psychedelic Drug Use Industry Grew in Colombia. In Drug Trafficking in the Americas, ed. Bruce, M. Bagley. and William, O. Walker. Coral Gables: North-South Center Press. 1–96.Google Scholar
Vélez, Maria Alejandra. 2000. Farc-Eln evolución y expansión territorial. Cede Working Paper 2000–08. http:economia.uniandes.edu.coesphtmlpublicacion.php 3?id=1321=4.Google Scholar
Waldmann, Peter. 1997. Cotidianización de la violencia: el ejemplo de Colombia. Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv 23: 1–37.Google Scholar
Weede, Erich. 1987. Some New Evidence on Correlates of Political Violence: Income Inequality, Regime Repressiveness, and Economic Development. European Sociological Review 3, 2: 1–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weede, Erich, and Tiefenbach, H. 1981. Some Recent Explanations of Income Inequality. International Studies Quarterly 25, 2: 1–82.Google Scholar