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War, Chronology, and Causality in the Titicaca Basin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Elizabeth Arkush
Elizabeth Arkush*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400120, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Abstract

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In the Late Intermediate Period (ca. A.D. 1000-1450), people in many parts of the Andean highlands moved away from rich agricultural lands to settle in defensive sites high on hills and ridges, frequently building hilltop forts known as pukaras in Quechua and Aymara. This settlement shift indicates a concern with warfare not equaled at any other time in the archaeological sequence. While the traditional assumption is that warfare in the Late Intermediate Period resulted directly from the collapse of the Middle Horizon polities of Wari and Tiwanaku around A.D. 1000, radiocarbon dates presented here from occupation and wall-building events at pukaras in the northern Titicaca Basin indicate these hillforts did not become common until late in the Late Intermediate Period, after approximately A.D. 1300. Alternative explanations for this late escalation of warfare are evaluated, especially climate change. On a local scale, the shifting nature of pukara occupation indicates cycles of defense, abandonment, reoccupation, and wall building within a broader context of elevated hostilities that lasted for the rest of the Late Intermediate Period and beyond.

Resumen

Resumen

En el Período Intermedio Tardío (ca. 1000-1450 d.C.), los habitantes de muchas partes de la sierra andina abandonaron terrenos productivos para asentarse en sitios defensivos en colinas, a veces construyendo asentamientos amurallados en las cumbres, llamados “pukaras” tanto en Quechua como Aymara. Este cambio demuestra una preocupación por la guerra no conocida anteriormente en la secuencia arqueológica. Según la interpretación tradicional, el conflicto resultó directamente del colapso de Wari y de Tiwanaku, aldredor de 1000 d.C., pero los fechados radiocarbónicos de un grupo de pukaras de la cuenca septentrional del Titicaca, presentados en este trabajo, indican que la mayoría de estos pukaras no fueron construidos ni ocupados hasta el final del Intermedio Tardío, después de aproximadamente 1300 d.C. Se evalúa las explicaciones alternativas para esta intensificación tardía de la guerra, sobre todo las condiciones ambientales adversas. En una escala más pequeña, los ocupaciones variables de pukaras indican ciclos locales de la defensa, del abandono, de la reoccupación, y de la construcción de murallas dentro de un contexto más amplio de conflicto agravado que duró el resto del Intermedio Tardío y aún después.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , December 2008 , pp. 339 - 373
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

References

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