Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:31:28.890Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Textiles and Ethnicity: Tiwanaku in San Pedro de Atacama, North Chile

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Amy Oakland Rodman
Amy Oakland Rodman*
Affiliation:
Department of Art, California State University, Hayward, CA 94542
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Examining textiles and other usually perishable artifacts, this paper focuses on textile style as an indicator of ethnicity in archaeological textiles excavated in the cemetery of Coyo Oriental, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. The Coyo Oriental cemetery was occupied during a period of strong Tiwanaku influence in San Pedro de Atacama (A. D. 500-1000) recognized in artifacts decorated with Tiwanaku images. The analysis presented here identifies at least two distinct textile styles recognized in tunic striping, embroidered selvage treatments, and headgear, a fact that possibly indicates a multiethnic use of the cemetery and oasis of Coyo Oriental. Associated textiles and artifacts suggest that one group represents a local style and ethnic group and the other is a different ethnic group closely related to Tiwanaku. Instead of only minor Tiwanaku influence, I suggest that the oasis was home to a foreign altiplano population who maintained for centuries an ethnic identity visible in a distinct textile style.

Este trabajo examina el estilo de textiles como indicador de etnicidad en los textiles arqueológicos del cementerio de Coyo Oriental, San Pedro de Atacama, región II, del norte de Chile durante el período de influencia de Tiwanaku, o aproximadamente desde 500-1000 D. C. La estructura textil y el diseño son analizados en textiles individuales y con textiles de cada bulto funerario completo y también con textiles de bultos funerarios de un solo cementerio. Las textiles de Coyo Oriente son comparados con textiles de una variedad de cementerios prehispánicos en San Pedro de Atacama donde la preservación de artefactos es casi total como la de Coyo Oriental. Los resultados indentifican por lo menos dos estilos textiles distintos en el rayado de las túnicas, el bordado de las orillas, y en el tocado, posiblemente indicando un uso multiétnico del cementerio y del oasis de Coyo Oriental. Identicas túnicas y tocados a las de ambos grupos han sido identificados en otros cementerios de San Pedro de Atacama. El análisis de los textiles, la cestería, la cerámica y los artefactos de madera demuestra que uno de los grupos estaba más ampliamente distribuido en San Pedro de Atacama y que continuó, con algunas modificaciones de estilo, en el período Intermedio Tardío. El otro grupo está asociado más con el oasis de Coyo, tiene textiles y artefactos únicos e iconografia Tiwanaku. Estos resultados sugieren que un grupo representa el estilo y grupo étnico local, y el otro grupo es de un grupo étnico diferente asociado estrechamente con Tiwanaku. El estudio tiene importancia para la interpretación material a preguntas de etnicidad y a preguntas más amplias de intercambio y colonización en el área centro-sur andino. Muchos investigadores han indicados que la influencia de Tiwanaku era débil en San Pedro de Atacama. En cambio, el análisis que aquí se presenta sugiere que la influencia y los artefactos de Tiwanaku han llegado a San Pedro de Atacama con un grupo de gente altiplánica. Este grupo permaneció en el oasis de Atacama por siglos y mantuvo su identidad étnica visible en su estilo textil.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 3 , Issue 4 , December 1992 , pp. 316 - 340
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anton, F. 1987 Ancient Peruvian Textiles. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Arriaza, B. 1990 Paleo-salud de los habitantes de Coyo Oriental: San Pedro de Atacama. Final report submitted to the National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, D.C, Interpretive Research Project RO-21963-89. Copies available from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Berenguer, J., and Dauelsberg, P. 1989 El norte grande en la órbita de Tiwanaku. In Culturas de Chile, Prehistoria, Desde Sus Origenes Hasta Los Albores de la Conquista, edited by J. Hidalgo L., V. Schiappacasse F., H. Niemeyer F., C. Aldunate del S., and I. Solimano R., pp. 129–180. Editorial Andres Bello, Santiago.Google Scholar
Berenguer, J., Castro, V., and Silva, O. 1980 Reflexiones acerca de la presencia de Tiwanaku en el norte de Chile. Estudios Arqueológicos 5:81–93. Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Berenguer, J., Deza, A., Roman, A., and Llagostera, A. 1986 La secuencia de Myriam Tarrago para San Pedro de Atacama: Un test por termoluminiscencia. Revista Chilena de Antropología 5:17–54. Santiago.Google Scholar
Berenguer, J., Deza, A., Roman, A., and Llagostera, A. 1988 Testing a Cultural Sequence for the Atacama Desert. Current Anthropology 29:341–346.Google Scholar
Binford, L. 1984 An Ayawara Day: Flour, Spinifex Gum, and Shifting Perspectives. Journal of Anthropological Research 40:157–182.Google Scholar
Binford, L. 1989 Styles of Style. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8:51–67.Google Scholar
Bird, J. 1975 The “Copper Man”: A Prehistoric Miner and His Tools from Northern Chile. In Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Pre-Columbian Metallurgy of South America. Dumbarton Oaks Research Libary and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Bittmann, B., Le Paige, G., and Núñez, L. 1979 Cultura atacameña. Departamento de Extensión Cultural del Ministerio de Educación, Santiago.Google Scholar
Bravo, L., and Llagostera, A. 1986 Solcor 3: Un aporte al conocimiento de la cultura San Pedro. Periodo 500–900 d.C. Revista Chungará 16–17:323–332. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica.Google Scholar
Browman, D. 1978 Toward the Development of the Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) State. In Advances in Andean Archaeology, edited by D. Browman, pp. 327–349. Mouton, The Hague.Google Scholar
Browman, D. 1980 Tiwanaku Expansion and Altiplano Economic Pattern. Estudios Arqueológicos 5:107–112. Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Browman, D. 1986 Prehispanic Aymara Expansion, the Southern Altiplano and San Pedro de Atacama. Estudios Atacameños 7:236–252. San Pedro de Atacama.Google Scholar
Conkey, M., and Hastorf, C. (editors) 1990 The Uses of Style in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Focacci, G. 1983 El Tiwanaku clásico en el valle de Azapa. In Documentode Trabajo 3:94–113. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica.Google Scholar
Frame, M. 1990 Andean Four-Cornered Hats. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.Google Scholar
Franquemont, C. 1986 Chinchero Pallays: An Ethnic Code. In The Junius B. Bird Conference on Andean Textiles, edited by A. Rowe, pp. 331–338. Textile Museum, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Fuentes, J. 1965 Tejidos prehispánicos de Chile. Editorial Andres Bello, Santiago.Google Scholar
Goldstein, P. 1989 Omo, A Tiwanaku Provincial Center in Moquegua, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1982 Symbols in Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1986 Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1990 Style as Historical Quality. In The Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by M. Conkey and C. Hastorf, pp. 44–51. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1982 Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 53(8):13–28.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1983 The South Andes. In Ancient South Americans, edited by J. Jennings, pp. 241–285. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Kolata, A. 1991 The Technology and Organization of Agricultural Production in the Tiwanaku State. Latin American Antiquity 2:99–125.Google Scholar
Le Paige, G. 1963 La antigüedad de una tumba comprobada por C-14 y el ambiente que la rodea. Revista Universitaria 26. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
Le Paige, G. 1964 El precerámico en la cordillera atacameña y los cementerios del período agroalfarero de San Pedro de Atacama. Anales de la Universidad del Norte 3. Universidad del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Le Paige, G. 1965 San Pedro de Atacama y su zona, 14 temas. Anales de la Universidad del Norte 4. Universidad del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Le Paige, G. 1973 Tres cementerios indígenas en San Pedro de Atacama y Toconao. Actas del VI Congreso de Arqueología Chilena, pp. 163–187. Universidad de Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
Le Paige, G. 1975 Coyo Oriental: Tomb Descriptions, Tomb Lists and Artifact Sketches. Ms. on file, Museo R.P. Gustavo Le Paige S.J., San Pedro de Atacama.Google Scholar
Llagostera, A. 1976 Hipótesis sobre la expansión incaica en la vertiente occidental de los Andes meridionales. In Homenaje al R.P. Gustavo Le Paige, pp. 203–218. Universidad del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Llagostera, A., and Costa, M. A. 1984 Los Atacameños, Museo Arqueológico R.P. Gustavo Le Paige, San Pedro de Atacama. Ministerio de Educación, Santiago.Google Scholar
Llagostera, A., Torres, M. C., and Costa, M. A. 1988 El complejo psicotrópico en Solcor-3 (San Pedro de Atacama). Estudios Atacameños 9:61–98. San Pedro de Atacama.Google Scholar
Lynch, T. 1983 Camelid Pastoralism and the Emergence of Tiwanaku Civilization in the South-Central Andes. World Archaeology 15:1–14.Google Scholar
Lynch, T. 1989 Regional Interaction, Transhumance, and Verticality: Archaeological Use of Zonal Complementarity in Peru and Northern Chile. In Michigan Discussions in Anthropology 8:1–11. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Medlin, M. A. 1983 Sumaj Awayqa Calchapi: Weaving, Social Organization, and Identity in Calcha, Bolivia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Medlin, M. A. 1986 Learning to Weave in Calcha, Bolivia. In The Junius B. Bird Conference on Andean Textiles, edited by A. Rowe, pp. 275–288. Textile Museum, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Medlin, M. A. 1991 Ethnic Dress and Calcha Festivals, Bolivia. In Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes, edited by M. Schevill, J. Berlo, and E. Dwyer, pp. 261–279. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Moseley, M., Feldman, R., Goldstein, P., and Watanabe, L. 1991 Colonies and Conquest: Tiwanaku and Wari in Moquegua. In Huari Administrative Structure, edited by W. Isbell and G. McEwan, pp. 121–140. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Mujica, E. 1985 Altiplano-Coast Relationships in the South-Central Andes: From Indirect to Direct Complementarity. In Andean Ecology and Civilization, edited by S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C. Morris, pp. 103–140. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Mujica, E., Rivera, M., and Lynch, T. 1983 Proyecto de estudio sobre la complementariedad económica Tiwanaku en los valles occidentales del centro-sur andino. Revista Chungará 11:85–109. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica.Google Scholar
Núñez, L. 1963 Problemas en torno a las tabletas de rape. In Anales de la Universidad del Norte 2:149–167. Universidad del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Núñez, L., and Dillehay, T. 1978 Movilidad giratoria, armonía social y desarrollo en los Andes meridionales: Patrones de tráfico y interacción económica. Universidad del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Núñez, L., Zlatar, V., and Núñez, P. 1975 Un circuito transhumántico entre la costa de Pisagua y el borde occidental de la Pampa del Tamarugal. In Estudios Atacameños 3:49–52. San Pedro de Atacama.Google Scholar
Oakland, A. 1984 Moquegua Textile Analysis from the 1983–1984 excavations by Paul Goldstein in Omo, Moquegua (Osmore) Valley, Peru. Ms. on file, Department of Art, California State University, Hayward.Google Scholar
Oakland, A. 1986a Tiwanaku Textile Style from the South Central Andes, Bolivia and North Chile. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Art History, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Oakland, A. 1986b Tiwanaku Tapestry Tunics and Mantles from San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. In The Junius B. Bird Conference on Andean Textiles, edited by A. Rowe, pp. 101–122. Textile Museum, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Oakland, A. 1989 Puqui Textile Analysis from the Oruro Archaeological Textile Collection in the Museo de Etnografia y Folklore, La Paz, Bolivia. Ms. on file, Department of Art, University of California, Hayward.Google Scholar
Oakland, A. 1990 Tiwanaku Textiles, a View From the Provinces. Paper presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Andean Studies, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Orellana, M. 1984 Influencias altiplánicas en San Pedro de Atacama. Estudios Atacameños 7:197–208. Universidad del Norte, Antofagasta.Google Scholar
Pancake, C. 1991 Communicative Imagery in Guatemalan Indian Dress. In Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology, edited by M. Schevill, J. Berlo, and E. Dwyer, pp. 45–62. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Pollard, G. 1984 Interregional Relations in the Southern Andes: Evidence and Expectations for Understanding the Late Prehistory of Northwest Argentina and North Chile. In Social and Economic Organization in the Prehispanic Andes, edited by D. L. Browman, R. L. Berger, and M. A. Rivera, pp. 205–247. BAR International Series 194. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ponce Sangines, C. 1972 Tiwanaku: Espacio, tiempo y cultura: Ensayo de síntesis arqueológica. Publicación No. 30. Academia National de Ciencias de Bolivia, La Paz.Google Scholar
Pyszczyk, H. 1989 Consumption and Ethnicity: An Example from the Fur Trade in Western Canada. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8:213–249.Google Scholar
Rivera, M. 1991 The Prehistory of Northern Chile: A Synthesis. Journal of World Prehistory 5:1–47.Google Scholar
Rolandi de Perrot, D. 1973 Los textiles tastileños. In Tastil, una ciudad pre-Incaica Argentina, edited by E. M. Cigliano, pp. 229–399. Ediciones Cabargon, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Royce, A. 1982 Ethnic Identity. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. 1982 Approaches to Style in Lithic Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:59–112.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. 1985 Style and Ethnicity in the Kalahari: A Reply to Wiessner. American Antiquity 50:151–159.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. 1986 Isochrestism and Style: A Clarification. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5:266–277.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. 1990 Style and Ethnicity in Archaeology: The Case for Isochrestism, In The Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by M. Conkey and C. Hastorf, pp. 33–50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stanish, C. 1989 Household Archeology: Testing Models of Zonal Complementarity in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 91:7–24.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., and Becker, B. 1986 High-Precision Decadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, A.D. 1950–2500 B.C. Radiocarbon 28:863–910.Google Scholar
Tarrago, M. 1968 Secuencias culturales de la etapa agro-alfarera de San Pedro de Atacama, Chile. Adas y Memorias del XXXVII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas II: 119–144. Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Tarrago, M. 1976 Alfarería típica de San Pedro de Atacama, Norte de Chile. Estudios Atacameños 4:5–63. San Pedro de Atacama.Google Scholar
Tarrago, M. 1977 Relaciones prehispánicas entre San Pedro de Atacama y regiones aledanos: La Quebrada de Huma-huaca. Estudios Atacameños 5:5–63. San Pedro de Atacama.Google Scholar
Thomas, C., Massone, C., and Benavente, M. A. 1984 Sistematización de la alfarería del area de San Pedro de Atacama. Revista Chilena de Antropología 4:49–119. Santiago.Google Scholar
Torres, M. C. 1984 Tabletas para alucinógenos de San Pedro de Atacama: Estilo e iconografia. In Tesoros de San Pedro de Atacama, pp. 23–36. Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Santiago.Google Scholar
Torres, M. C. 1987 The Iconography of South American Snuff Trays and Related Paraphernalia. Etnologiska Sudier 37. Göteborgs Etnografiska Museum, Göteborg.Google Scholar
Ulloa, L. 1982 Estilos decorativos y formas textiles de poblaciones agromarítimas en el extremo norte de Chile. Revista Chungará 8:109–136. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1983 Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points. American Antiquity 48:253–276.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1984 Reconsidering the Behavorial Basis for Style: A Case Study Among the Kalahari San. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:190–234.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1985 Style or Isochrestic Variation? A Reply to Sackett. American Antiquity 50:1–224.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1989 Style and Changing Relations Between the Individual and Society. In The Meanings of Things, edited by I. Hodder, pp. 56–63. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Wobst, M. 1977 Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. In For the Director: Research Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by C. E. Cleland, pp. 241–252. Anthropological Papers No. 61. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Zom, E. 1990 Modern Traditions: The Impact of the Trade in Traditional Textiles on the Sakaka of Northern Potosi, Bolivia. In Proceedings of the Textile Society of America Biennial Symposium, pp. 241–252. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar