Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T07:57:42.422Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ritualizing a Nonroyal Building Termination at the Classic Maya Capital of Tamarindito, Guatemala

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2019

Markus Eberl ,
Sven Gronemeyer  and
Claudia Marie Vela González
Markus Eberl*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, 106 Garland Hall, Nashville, TN37212, USA
Sven Gronemeyer
Affiliation:
Abteilung für Altamerikanistik, Institut für Archäologie und Kulturanthropologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Oxfordstrasse 15, 53111Bonn, Germany; Department of Archaeology & History, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, La Trobe University, Martin Building, MelbourneVIC3086, Australia
Claudia Marie Vela González
Affiliation:
Departamento de Arqueología, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 18 Av. 11-95 zona 15 Vista Hermosa III, Guatemala01015, Guatemala
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Classic Maya “killed” objects. They broke and dispersed ceramic vessels. After adding exotic artifacts, they burned everything, buried the deposit with marl, and tore down associated rooms or buildings. This complex set of interrelated activities has been classified as a termination ritual. Instead of accepting this as a natural category, we study how the Classic Maya strategically differentiated some practices from others. Our case study are the deposits in Structure 5PS-12, an eighth-century AD building at the outskirts of the royal capital of Tamarindito, Guatemala. Destroyed wall foundations and evenly distributed wall fall indicate that Structure 5PS-12 was dismantled. Complete tools and exotic artifacts are found within the wall fall and on the floor. Refitted ceramic sherds show that partial vessels were broken apart and scattered across the building. The combination and sequence of these practices reveal a deliberate strategy to distinguish some practices from others. Its practitioners may have witnessed a fire ceremony conducted by the divine rulers of Tamarindito in AD 762. Structure 5PS-12 attests to shared and possibly copied ritual procedures, whereas unique practices establish a local way of abandonment. The process of differentiation allows people to display but also question shared cultural frameworks. The Maya ritualized practices in a social discourse about appropriate norms and behaviors.

Los mayas del período Clásico “daban muerte” a los artefactos. En muchas ocasiones rompieron vasijas cerámicas y dispersaron sus fragmentos, incorporaron artefactos exóticos, quemaron todo y enterraron el depósito con marga. Además, las habitaciones o edificios asociados a estas actividades eran derribados. Este complejo conjunto de acciones ha sido clasificado como ritual de terminación. Lejos de aceptar esta categoría como única, estudiamos cómo los mayas del Clásico diferenciaban estratégicamente algunas prácticas de otras. Nuestro caso de estudio son los depósitos en la Estructura 5PS-12, un edificio del siglo ocho dC localizado en las afueras de la capital real de Tamarindito, Guatemala. Los cimientos destruidos y los muros colapsados de manera uniforme evidencian que dicha estructura fue desmantelada. Se encontraron herramientas enteras y artefactos exóticos en el piso y en el sector de los muros colapsados. El material cerámico recuperado muestra que las vasijas se rompieron y los tiestos se diseminaron por todo el edificio. La combinación y secuencia de estas prácticas revelan una estrategia deliberada con un propósito específico. Las personas responsables posiblemente fueron testigos de una ceremonia de fuego, llevada a cabo en el año 762 dC y dirigida por los gobernantes divinos de Tamarindito. La Estructura 5PS-12 evidencia procedimientos rituales compartidos, así como prácticas únicas de abandono. Esta diferenciación permitió a las personas mostrar y cuestionar marcos culturales compartidos. Ritualizaron las prácticas en un discurso social sobre apropiación de normas y comportamientos.

Keywords

ritualizationtermination ritualClassic MayaTamarinditoritualizaciónrituales de terminaciónClásico MayaTamarindito
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , December 2019 , pp. 667 - 685
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abrams, Elliot M. 1994 How the Maya Built Their World: Energetics and Ancient Architecture. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 2009 Elite Craft Producers, Artists, and Warriors at Aguateca: Lithic Analysis. Monograph of the Aguateca Archaeological Project First Phase 2. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bazy, Damien, and Inomata, Takeshi 2017 Multiple Waves of Political Disintegration in the Classic Maya Collapse: New Insights from the Excavation of Group D, Ceibal, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 42:82–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1999 Excavations in Residential Areas of Tikal: Groups with Shrines. Tikal Reports 21. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 2003 Plaza Plans at Tikal: A Research Strategy for Inferring Social Organization and Processes of Cultural Change at Lowland Maya Sites. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners and Affairs of State, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 253–280. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Bell, Catherine M. 1992 Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Beyyette, Bethany J., and LeCount, Lisa J. (editors) 2017 “The Only True People”: Linking Maya Identities Past and Present. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, Richard J. 2005 Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Brady, James E., and Peterson, Polly A. 2008 Re-Envisioning Ancient Maya Ritual Assemblages. In Religion, Archaeology, and the Material World, edited by Fogelin, Lars, pp. 78–96. Occasional Paper 36. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E., Clark, John E., Aoyama, Kazuo, McKillop, Heather I., and Glascock, Michael D. 2000 Determining the Geological Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from the Maya Region: A Test of the Efficacy of Visual Sourcing. Latin American Antiquity 11:269–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. 2011 Technologies of Time: Calendrics and Commoners in Postclassic Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:53–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1992 Mesoamerican Elites: Assumptions, Definitions, and Models. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 3–17. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Chinchilla, Oswaldo 1993 Mapeo en grupos habitacionales de Tamarindito. In Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatun, Informe Preliminar #5 (Quinta Temporada), edited by Valdés, Juan Antonio, Foias, Antonia, Inomata, Takeshi, Escobedo, Héctor L., and Demarest, Arthur A., pp. 111–115. Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary 1966 Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. Praeger, New York.Google Scholar
Eberl, Markus 2014 Community and Difference: Change in Late Classic Maya Villages of the Petexbatun Region. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology Studies Series 8. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Eberl, Markus 2017 War Owl Falling: Innovation, Creativity, and Culture Change in Ancient Maya Society. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, Markus, and González, Claudia Marie Vela 2013 Patrón de asentamiento y organización social del sitio Maya Tamarindito. In XXVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2012, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara and Salinas, Luis Méndez, pp. 65–74. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Eberl, Markus, and González, Claudia Marie Vela 2016 Entre reyes y campesinos: Investigaciones arqueológicas en la antigua capital Maya de Tamarindito. Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 45. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Española, Real Academia 1963 Diccionario de autoridades. Editorial Gredos, Madrid.Google Scholar
Evans, S., and Hernandez, S. Barrera 2017 Sherd Shatter Patterns Experiment. EXARC Journal 2017(3). https://exarc.net/ark:/88735/10301, accessed August 2, 3018.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., Tokovinine, Alexandre, and Fash, Barbara W. 2009 House of the New Fire at Teotihuacan and Its Legacy in Mesoamerica. In The Art of Urbanism: How Mesoamerican Kingdoms Represented Themselves in Architecture and Imagery, edited by Fash, William L. and Luján, Leonardo López, pp. 201–229. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fogelin, Lars 2007 The Archaeology of Religious Ritual. Annual Review of Anthropology 36:55–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foias, Antonia E., and Bishop, Ronald L. 2013 Ceramics, Production, and Exchange in the Petexbatun Region: The Economic Parameters of the Classic Maya Collapse. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology Series 7. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1981 Continuity and Disjunction: Late Postclassic Settlement Patterns in Northern Yucatan. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 311–332. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., Driver, W. David, Sullivan, Lauren A., and Glassman, David M. 1998 Bloody Bowls and Broken Pots: The Life, Death, and Rebirth of a Mayan House. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Mock, Shirley Boteler, pp. 125–134. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gronemeyer, Sven 2013 The Monuments and Inscriptions of Tamarindito, Peten, Guatemala. Acta Mesoamericana Vol. 25. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai K. 2000 Fire Rituals in the Context of Classic Maya Initial Series. In The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Colas, Pierre R., Delvendahl, Kai, Kuhnert, Marcus, and Schubart, Annette, pp. 93–109. Acta Mesoamericana Vol. 10. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., and Hanratty, C. Colleen 2016 Events and Processes Leading to the Abandonment of the Maya City of Blue Creek, Belize. In Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings, edited by Iannone, Gyles, Houk, Brett A., and Schwake, Sonja A., pp. 223–242. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2017 Temporalities of Late Classic to Postclassic (ca. AD 600–1521) Maya Figurines from Central Petén, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 28:515–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houk, Brett A. 2016 Signs of the Times: Terminal Classic Surface Deposits and the Fates of Maya Kingdoms in Northwestern Belize. In Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings, edited by Iannone, Gyles, Houk, Brett A., and Schwake, Sonja A., pp. 203–222. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1993 Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya. University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Escobedo, Héctor L., Forsyth, Donald, Hardin, Perry, Webster, David L., and Wright, Lori 1998 On the River of Ruins: Explorations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, 1997. Mexicon 20:16–22.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., Stuart, David, and Taube, Karl A. 2006 The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Humphrey, Caroline, and Laidlaw, James 1994 The Archetypal Actions of Ritual: A Theory of Ritual Illustrated by the Jain Rite of Worship. Clarendon, Oxford.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, Houk, Brett A., and Schwake, Sonja A. (editors) 2016 Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 1997 The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:337–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2006 Plazas, Performers, and Spectators: Political Theaters of the Classic Maya. Current Anthropology 47:805–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2010 The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Ceramics. In Burned Palaces and Elite Residences of Aguateca: Excavations and Ceramics, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Triadan, Daniela, pp. 163–179. Monograph of the Aguateca Archaeological Project First Phase 1, Inomata, Takeshi and Triadan, Daniela, general editors. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela (editors) 2010 Burned Palaces and Elite Residences of Aguateca: Excavations and Ceramics. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela (editors) 2014 Life and Politics at the Royal Court of Aguateca: Artifacts, Analytical Data, and Synthesis. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Ponciano, Erik, Terry, Richard E., and Beaubien, Harriet F. 2001 In the Palace of the Fallen King: The Royal Residential Complex at Aguateca, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 28:287–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Webb, Ronald W. (editors) 2003 The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Johnston, Kevin J., and Gonlin, Nancy 1998 What Do Houses Mean: Approaches to the Analysis of Classic Maya Commoner Residences. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 141–185. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
LaMotta, Vince M., and Schiffer, Michael B. 1999 Formation Processes of House Floor Assemblages. In The Archaeology of Household Activities, edited by Allison, Penelope M., pp. 19–29. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Lamoureux-St-Hilaire, Maxime, Macrae, Scott, McCane, Carmen A., Parker, Evan A., and Iannone, Gyles 2015 The Last Groups Standing: Living Abandonment at the Ancient Maya Center of Minanha, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 26:550–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, Edmund R. 1966 Ritualization in Man in Relation to Conceptual and Social Development. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 251:403–408.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa J. 1999 Polychrome Pottery and Political Strategies in Late and Terminal Classic Lowland Maya Society. Latin American Antiquity 10:239–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levithol, Sarah, Eberl, Markus, and Hernández, Byron 2016 Reconocimiento, creación del mapa y análisis espacial. In Entre reyes y campesinos: Investigaciones arqueológicas en la antigua capital Maya de Tamarindito, edited by Eberl, Markus and González, Claudia Marie Vela, pp. 11–20. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gilbert 1980 Day of Shining Red: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2007 Commoner Ritual, Commoner Ideology: (Sub)Alternate Views of Social Complexity in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. In Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Gonlin, Nancy and Lohse, Jon C., pp. 1–32. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Lohse, Jon C., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2004 Examining Ancient Maya Commoners Anew. In Ancient Maya Commoners, edited by Lohse, Jon C. and Valdez, Fred Jr., pp. 1–21. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2008 Memorializing Place among Classic Maya Commoners. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 187–205. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai K. 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens. Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. 2nd ed.Thames & Hudson, London.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1998 Ancestors and the Classic Maya Built Environment. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 271–298. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler 1998 Prelude. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Mock, Shirley Boteler, pp. 3–18. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley Boteler (editor) 1998 The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally F, and Myerhoff, Barbara G. 1977 Secular Ritual. Van Gorcum, Assen, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Navarro-Farr, Olivia C., Freidel, David A., and Prera, Ana Lucía Arroyave 2008 Manipulating Memory in the Wake of Dynastic Decline at El Perú-Waka’: Termination Deposits at Abandoned Structure M13-1. In Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Stanton, Travis W. and Magnoni, Aline, pp. 113–146. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Novotny, Anna C. 2014 The Bones of the Ancestors as Inalienable Possessions: A Bioarchaeologial Perspective. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 23:54–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagliaro, Jonathan B., Garber, James F., and Stanton, Travis W. 2003 Evaluating the Archaeological Signatures of Maya Ritual and Conflict. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by Kathryn Brown, M. and Stanton, Travis W., pp. 75–89. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W., Rice, Prudence M., Nieto, Evelyn Chan, and Rice, Don S. 2016 A Chak'an Itza Center at Nixtun-Ch'ich’, Petén, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 41:1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Bard, Edouard, Bayliss, Alex, Warren Beck, J., Blackwell, Paul G., Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Buck, Caitlin E., Cheng, Hai, Lawrence Edwards, R., Friedrich, Michael, Grootes, Pieter M., Guilderson, Thomas P., Haflidason, Haflidi, Hajdas, Irka, Hatté, Christine, Heaton, Timothy J., Hoffmann, Dirk L., Hogg, Alan G., Hughen, Konrad A., Felix Kaiser, K., Kromer, Bernd, Manning, Sturt W., Niu, Mu, Reimer, Ron W., Richards, David A., Marian Scott, E., Southon, John R., Staff, Richard A., Turney, Christian S. M., and van der Plicht, Johannes 2013 Intcal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years Cal BP. Radiocarbon 55:1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Restall, Matthew 2004 Maya Ethnogenesis. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 9:64–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, John S., Law, Danny A., and Haertel, Robbie A. 2010 Colonial Ch'olti’: The Seventeenth-Century Morán Manuscript. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Scherer, Andrew K. 2015 Mortuary Landscapes of the Classic Maya: Rituals of Body and Soul. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1985 Is There a “Pompeii Premise” in Archaeology? Journal of Anthropological Research 41:18–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Scholes, France V., and Adams, Eleanor B. 1960 Relación histórica-descriptiva de las provincias de la Verapaz y de la del Manché by Martín Alonso Tovilla and Relación que en el Consejo Real de las Indias hizo sobre la pacificación y población de las provincias del Manché y Lacandón by Antonio de León Pinelo. Editorial Universitaria, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 1992 The Ceren Site: A Prehistoric Village Buried by Volcanic Ash in Central America. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Fort Worth, Texas.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 2000 Provisioning the Ceren Household: The Vertical Economy, Village Economy, and Household Economy in the Southeastern Maya Periphery. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:217–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 2002 Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerén Village in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1962 Residential and Associated Structures at Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico, edited by Pollock, Harry Evelyn Dorr, Roys, Ralph L., Proskouriakoff, Tatiana A., and Smith, A. Ledyard, pp. 165–319. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 619. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987 Household Possession and Wealth in Agrarian States: Implications for Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:297–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Adam T. 2001 The Limitations of Doxa: Agency and Subjectivity from an Archaeological Point of View. Journal of Social Archaeology 1:155–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., Brown, M. Kathryn, and Pagliaro, Jonathan B. 2008 Garbage of the Gods? Squatters, Refuse Disposal, and Termination Rituals among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 19:227–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, David 1998 “The Fire Enters His House”: Architecture and Ritual in Classic Maya Texts. In Function and Meaning in Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 373–425. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, and Reimer, Paula J. 1993 Extended 14C Data Base and Revised Calib 3.0 14C Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35:215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, Reimer, Paula J., and Reimer, Ron W. 2015 14C Calibration Program (Calib 7.1.0). Electronic document, http://www.calib.qub.ac.uk, accessed November 23, 2015.Google Scholar
Swenson, Edward 2015 The Archaeology of Ritual. Annual Review of Anthropology 44:329–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1998 The Jade Hearth: Centrality, Rulership, and the Classic Maya Temple. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen D., pp. 427–478. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2000 The Turquoise Hearth: Fire, Self-Sacrifice, and the Central Mexican Cult of War. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 269–340. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2004a Structure 10l-16 and Its Early Classic Antecedents: Fire and the Evocation and Resurrection of K'inich Yax K'uk’ Mo’. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J., pp. 265–295. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2004b Flower Mountain: Concepts of Life, Beauty and Paradise among the Classic Maya. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 45:69–98.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1941 Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatan: A Translation. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela 2007 Warriors, Nobles, Commoners and Beasts: Figurines from Elite Buildings at Aguateca, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 18:269–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A., Johnson, Phyllis S., and Eberl, Markus 2019 Stable Isotope Analysis of Diet and Geographic Origin at the Late Classic Maya Capital of Tamarindito, Peten, Guatemala. Manuscript on file with the authors.Google Scholar
Valdés, Juan Antonio 1997 Tamarindito: Archaeology and Regional Politics in the Petexbatun Region. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:321–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vela González, Claudia Marie, Díaz, Andrea, Gronemeyer, Sven, Levithol, Sarah, and Eberl, Markus 2016 Excavaciones extensivas. In Entre reyes y campesinos: Investigaciones arqueológicas en la antigua capital Maya de Tamarindito, edited by Eberl, Markus and González, Claudia Marie Vela, pp. 79–106. Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 45. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Vela González, Claudia Marie, Díaz, Andrea, Gronemeyer, Sven, Levithol, Sarah, Palomo, Juan Manuel, Velásquez, Laura, and Eberl, Markus 2016 Excavaciones de pozos de sondeo. In Entre reyes y campesinos: Investigaciones arqueológicas en la antigua capital Maya de Tamarindito, edited by Eberl, Markus and González, Claudia Marie Vela, pp. 21–77. Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 45. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wagner, Elisabeth 2006 White Earth Bundles: The Symbolic Sealing, and Burial of Buildings among the Ancient Maya. In Jaws of the Underworld: Life, Death, and Rebirth among the Ancient Maya, edited by Colas, Pierre R., Fort, Geneviève Le, and Persson, Bodil Liljefors, pp. 55–69. Acta Mesoamericana Vol. 16. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Eberl et al. supplementary material

Eberl et al. supplementary material

Download Eberl et al. supplementary material(File)
File 17.2 MB