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The Pampa de Chaparrí: Water, Land, and Politics on the North Coast of Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Frances M. Hayashida
Frances M. Hayashida*
Affiliation:
University of Missouri, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65212 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Large-scale irrigation agriculture formed the economic backbone of civilizations on the north coast of Peru. Contrary to the notion that large systems required the guiding hand of the state, historical sources suggest that management was largely local and segmentary. At the same time, water and land are a potential source of economic and political power for state administrators who may intervene in the supervision and management of farming. The Pampa de Chaparrí, in the Lambayeque region, is an unusually well-preserved system of canals, fields, and settlements where the dynamics of water, land and politics can be observed. Systematic survey documented a Middle Sicán (A.D. 900-1100), Late Sicán (A.D. 1100-1375), Chimú (A.D. 1375-1460) and Inka (A.D. 1460-1532) occupation. During Middle and Late Sicán, settlement patterns reflect the segmentary organization described in historical accounts. With conquest by the Chimú and Inka Empires, state administrative centers were constructed, existing social groups were reorganized and communities and households were transformed. Thus, though local management is an effective and stable strategy for managing large irrigation systems, the wealth and power that these systems represent make them potential targets for more direct state control, with significant consequences for local inhabitants.

La agricultura de irrigación a gran escala fue fundamental en la economía de las civilizaciones de la costa norte del Perú. Las fuentes históricas sugieren un manejo segmentario de estos sistemas a cargo de grupos locales, contradiciendo la noción de la intervención estatal como requisito para su funcionamiento. Asimismo, el agua y la tierra son fuentes de poder económico y político para los administradores estatales quienes pueden intervenir en la supervisión y administración de los cultivos. La Pampa de Chaparrí, en la región Lambayeque, presenta sistemas de canales, campos de cultivo, y asentamientos en buen estado de conservación, dónde la dinámica entre el agua, la tierra, y la política puede analizarse. Prospecciones sistemáticas documentaron ocupaciones durante los períodos Sicán Medio (900-1100 d.C.), Sicán Tardío (1100-1375 d.C.), Chimú (1375-1460 d.C.) e Inka (1460-1532 d.C.). La organización segmentaria descrita en los documentos históricos se ve reflejada en los patrones de asentamiento durante los períodos Sicán Medio y Tardío. A consecuencia de las conquistas Chimú e Inka se construyen centros administrativos estatales, reorganizando los grupos sociales existentes, y transformando las comunidades y unidades domésticas. Si bien la administración local es una estrategia efectiva y estable para un adecuado manejo de sistemas de irrigación a gran escala, su riqueza y poder los hacen igualmente blanco potencial del control estatal, conllevando cambios importantes en las poblaciones locales.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 17 , Issue 3 , September 2006 , pp. 243 - 263
Copyright
Copyright © 2006 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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