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Out of Many, One: Style and Social Boundaries in Tiwanaku

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

John Wayne Janusek
John Wayne Janusek*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235
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Abstract

Archaic state formation simultaneously involved political integration and socioeconomic differentiation, which many archaeologists consider mutually reinforcing processes. Differentiation is considered to have consisted primarily of status and specialization, forms of heterogeneity that ultimately supported state integration. This paper addresses the role of differentiation in the Andean polity of Tiwanaku (A. D. 500–1150). Specifically, it evaluates expressions of social identity in relation to differences in status and specialized production in the urban settlements of Tiwanaku and Lukurmata. Patterns of ceramic style are compared with other types of material culture and residential activities. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in the context of a potent and ubiquitous state culture, significant social boundaries persisted at multiple social scales, ranging from urban corporate groups to more encompassing regional affiliations. At larger scales identity potentially involved some degree of political autonomy, as it did in later sociopolitical organizations in the south-central Andes. For several hundred years, Tiwanaku rulers, facing profound social diversity and enduring local identities, emphasized incorporative strategies of integration, leaving a great deal of productive management and sociopolitical organization in the hands of local groups. Social boundaries played critical roles in state formation and centralization, and ultimately may have precipitated its disintegration.

La formación del estado arcaico involucraba simultáneamente integración política y diferenciación socioeconómica, procesos que muchos modelos consideran que se refuerzan mutuamente. Se considera que la diferenciación consistía principalmente en el estatus y la especializaciín, formas de heterogeneidad que a la larga mantenían la integración del estado. Este artículo trata del papel que cumplía la diferenciación en la entidad política de Tiwanaku (500–1500 d. C.). Específicamente, evalúa las expresiones de identidad social con relación a las diferencias de estatus y de producción especializada en los asentamientos urbanos de Tiwanaku y Lukurmata. Se comparan los patrones de estilo cerámico con otros tipos de cultura material y actividad residencial. En el contexto de una cultura estatal poderosa y notable, múltiples líneas de evidencia sugieren que en varias escalas sociales persistían significativos límites sociales, que oscilaban desde grupos urbanos corporativos hasta afiliaciones regionales de mayor cobertura. En escalas mayores la identidad involucraba potencialmente cierto grado de autonomía política, tal como en organizaciones sociopolíticas más tardías en los Andes sur-centrales. Por varios siglos, los gobernantes de Tiwanaku, enfrentando una profunda diversidad social e identidades locales fuertes, enfatizaron las estrategias corporativas de integración, dejando una gran cantidad de administración productiva y organización sociopolítica en las manos de los grupos locales. Los límites sociales jugaron papeles críticos en la formación y centralización del estado, y puede que hayan precipitado su desintegración.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , March 2002 , pp. 35 - 61
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2002

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