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Late Pre-Inkaic Ethnic Groups in Highland Peru: An Archaeological-Ethnohistorical Model of the Political Geography of the Cajamarca Region

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Daniel G. Julien
Daniel G. Julien*
Affiliation:
Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, Balcones Research Center #5, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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Abstract

A model of late pre-Inka political geography of the region surrounding Cajamarca, in the north highlands of Peru, is presented. This model, based on ethnohistoric data and archaeological research, can be projected back through time to help delineate the culture history of the Cajamarca ethnic group. Several chiefdoms emerged during the Late Intermediate period, following a time of sociopolitical disintegration. The region that became the Inka province of Cajamarca had been occupied by five or six chiefdoms during the latter part of the Late Intermediate period. The data are equivocal on the subject of whether political centralization had developed in the region before the Inka conquest, but suggest that at least some form of confederation existed. Comparison with other regions of the Peruvian Highlands reveals that the Cajamarca ethnic group was modest in population, but controlled a very large area. Other groups, such as the Wanka and Lupaqa, appear to have been undergoing a similar process of sociopolitical centralization. The Inka reorganized the region upon its incorporation into the empire, creating an economic and religious center for several surrounding provinces.

Se presenta un modelo de la geografía política tardía pre-Inka de la región alrededor de Cajamarca, en la sierra norte del Perú. Este modelo, basado en datos etnohistóricos e investigaciones arqueológicas, puede ser proyectado a tiempos más tempranos, ayudando a delinear la historia de la cultura de la región. Varios cacicazgos emergieron durante el período Intermedio Tardío, después de un tiempo de desintegración sociopolítica. La región que llegó a ser la provincia inkaica de Cajamarca había sido ocupada por cinco o seis cacicazgos durante la última parte del período Intermedio Tardío. Bajo la administración inkaica, éstos se convirtieron en las warangas de Guzmango, Chuquimango, Chondal, Bambamarca, Cajamarca, y, posiblemente, Pomamarca. Los datos no son muy claros sobre el tema de si la centralización política se había desarrollado en la región antes de la conquista Inka, pero sugieren que por lo menos alguna forma de confederación existía. Parece haber existido una identificación étnica bien desarollada. La comparación con otras regiones de la sierra peruana revela que la etnía de Cajamarca fue de población modesta, pero controló un área bastante grande. Otros grupos, tal como los Wanka y Lupaqa, parecen haber pasado por un proceso semejante de centralización sociopolítica. El Inka reorganizó la región a raíz de su incorporación al imperio, creando un centro económico y religioso para las provincias circundantes.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 246 - 273
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1993

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