Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T01:03:33.126Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ideology, Chiefly Power, and Material Culture: An Example from the Greater Antilles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

L. Antonio Curet
L. Antonio Curet*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Campus Box 103, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Temporal changes in material culture normally have been used by archaeologists to reconstruct the cultural history of an area or site. In the case of the Caribbean, shifts in artifactual style have been used to trace prehistoric migrations and interactions between different cultural groups. Unfortunately, there have been few attempts to explain these changes in terms of the social structures of these cultures. This paper reviews the archaeological evidence for cultural change in eastern Puerto Rico and proposes a model to explain it. Basically, the model suggests that changes in material culture in Puerto Rican prehistory are related to the development of social complexity. Shifts in decoration and types of artifacts are seen as an attempt by elite groups to have greater control over the symbolism represented in the artifacts in order to acquire and maintain their power. These changes are not abrupt, but gradual, as social organization evolves from simple to more complex chiefdoms.

Cambios en la cultura material a través del tiempo han sido normalmente utilizados por los arqueólogos para reconstruir la historia cultural de un sitio o región. En el caso del Caribe, los cambios en los estilos de los artefactos han sido usados para delinear las migraciones prehistóricas y las interacciones entre los distintos grupos culturales. Desafortunadamente, son pocos los estudios que han intentado explicar estos cambios en términos de las estructuras sociales de estas culturas. Este trabajo examina la evidencia arqueológica de cambio cultural para el este de Puerto Rico y propone un modelo para explicar dichos cambios. Básicamente, el modelo sugiere que los cambios en la cultura material en la prehistoria puertorriqueña están relacionados con el desarrollo de la complejidad social. Cambios en la decoración y los tipos de artefactos son considerados como un intento de parte de los grupos elitistas de conseguir un mayor control sobre el simbolismo representado en los artefactos lo que a su vez les permite obtener y mantener su poder político. Estos cambios no son abruptos pero graduales y envuelven la evolución de la organización social de unos cacicazgos simples a unos más complejos.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , June 1996 , pp. 114 - 131
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Alegría, R. E. 1965 On Puerto Rican Archaeology. American Antiquity 21:113–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alegría, R. E. 1983 Ballcourts and Ceremonial Plazas in the West Indies. Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. G. 1990 Political Change in Chiefdom Societies: Cycling in the Late Prehistoric Southeastern United States, 2 vols. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 1985 From Cognition to Ideology. In Power and Knowledge: Anthropological and Sociological Approaches, edited by R. Fardon, pp. 21–48. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1991 Why Decorate a Pot? Midwestern Household Pottery, 200 B.C.–A.D. 600. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10:360–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumfiel, E. N., and Earle, T. K. 1987 Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: An Introduction. In Specialization, Exchange and Complex Societies, edited by E. M. Brumfiel and T. K. Earle, pp. 1–9. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Budinoff, L. C. 1991 An Osteological Analysis of the Human Burials Recovered From an Early Ceramic Site Located on the North Coast of Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by L. S. Robinson, pp. 117–133. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Martinique.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R. L. 1981 The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. In The Transition to Statehood in the New World, edited by G. D. lones and R. R. Kautz, pp. 37–79. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Chanlatte Baik, L. A. 1979 La Hueca y Sorcé (Vieques, Puerto Rico): primeras migraciones agroalfareras antillanas. Santo Domingo.Google Scholar
Chanlatte Baik, L. A., and Narganes Stordes, Y. M. 1983 Vieques-Puerto Rico: asiento de una nueva cultura aborigen antillana. Santo Domingo.Google Scholar
Chanlatte Baik, L. A., and Narganes Stordes, Y. M. 1986 Proceso y desarrollo de los primeros pobladores de Puerto Rico y las Antillas. Santo Domingo.Google Scholar
Cody, A. 1991 From the Site of Pearls, Grenada: Exotic Lithics and Radiocarbon Dates. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, pp. 589–604. Reports No. 9. Archaeological-Anthropological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Cody, A. 1993 Distribution of Exotic Stone Artifacts Through the Lesser Antilles: Their Implications for Prehistoric Interaction and Exchange. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. Cummins and P. King, pp. 204–226. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Barbados.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. 1979 Political Symbolism. Annual Review of Anthropology 8:87–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespo, E. 1989 Analysis of Sex, Age, and Mortuary Practices of Human Burials Recovered from Punta Candelero: A Site on the Southeast Coast of Puerto Rico. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Crespo, E. 1991 Informe preliminar sobre los enterramientos humanos en el yacimiento de Punta Candelero, Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, pp. 840–853. Reports No. 9. Archaeological–Anthropological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Curet, L. A. 1991 El cacicazgo en registro arqueológico: modelos y variables arqueológicos. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, pp. 15–21. Reports No. 9. Archaeological–Anthropological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Curet, L. A. 1992a House Structure and Cultural Change in the Caribbean: Three Case Studies from Puerto Rico. Latin American Antiquity 3:160–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curet, L. A. 1992b The Development of Chiefdoms in the Greater Antilles: A Regional Study of the Valley of Maunabo, Puerto Rico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Cusick, J. G. 1991 Culture Change and Ceramic Change in a Taino Village. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, pp. 446–461. Reports No. 9. Archaeological–Anthropological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
de France, S. D. 1989 Saladoid and Ostionoid Subsistence Adaptations: Zooarchaeological Data From a Coastal Occupation of Puerto Rico. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by P. E. Siegel, pp. 57–77. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Drennan, R. D. 1976 Religion and Social Evolution in Formative Mesoamerica. In The Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by K. V. Flannery, pp. 345–368. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Drennan, R. D. 1991 Pre-Hispanic Chiefdom Trajectories in Mesoamerica, Central America, and Northern South America. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by T. Earle, pp. 263–287. School of American Research and Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Drennan, R. D., and Uribe, C. A. (editors) 1987 Chiefdoms in the Americas. University Press of America, New York.Google Scholar
Earle, T. K. 1989 The Evolution of Chiefdoms. Current Anthropology 30:84–88.Google Scholar
Earle, T. K. 1991a The Evolution of Chiefdoms. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by T. Earle, pp. 1–15. School of American Research and Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Earle, T. K. (editor) 1991b Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. School of American Research and Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fernandez de Oviedo, y Valdez, G. 1959 Historia general y natural de las Indias. In Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vols. 117–122. Ediciones Atlas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Friedman, F., and Rowlands, M. F. 1977 Notes Towards an Epigenetic Model of the Evolution of “Civilization.” In The Evolution of Social Systems, edited by F. Friedman and M. F. Rowlands, pp. 201–278. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
García AréValo, M. 1990 El juego de pelota taíno y su importancia comercial. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. G. Pantel Tekakis, I. Vargas Arenas, and M. Sanoja Obediente, pp. 178–186. La Fundación Arqueológica, Antropológica, e Histórica de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Godelier, M. 1978 Perspectives in Marxist Anthropology. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
González Colón, J. 1984 Tibes: un centro ceremonial indígena. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Goodwin, C. R. 1979 The Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of St. Kitts, West Indies: A Case Study in Island Archaeology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Goodwin, C. R. 1980 Demographic Change and the Crab-Shell Dichotomy. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of the Lesser Antilles, edited by S. M. Lewenstein, pp. 45–68. Archaeological Research Papers No. 22. Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Habicht-Mauche, J., Geselowitz, J. W., and Hoopes, M. 1987 Where’s the Chief?: The Archaeology of Complex Tribes. Paper presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Toronto.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. 1979 Ancient Panama: Chiefs in Search of Power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. 1987 Art Styles and Interaction Spheres in Central America and the Caribbean: Polished Black Wood in the Greater Antilles. In Chiefdoms in the Americas, edited by R. D. Drennan and C. A. Uribe, pp. 67–83. University Press of America, New York.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. 1992 Political Lords and Political Ideology in Southeastern Chiefdoms: Comments and Observations. In Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, edited by A. W. Barker and T. R. Pauketat, pp. 185–194. Archaeological Papers No. 3. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Hoopes, J. W. 1988 The Complex Tribe in Prehistory: Sociopolitical Organization in the Archaeological Record. Paper presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Hugh-Jones, S. 1985 The Maloca: A World in Houses. In The Hidden Peoples of the Amazon, edited by E. Carmichael, S. H. Jones, and D. Tayler, pp. 76–93. British Museum Publications, London.Google Scholar
Hulme, P. 1988 Chiefdoms of the Caribbean. Critique of Anthropology 8:105–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirch, P. V. 1991 Chiefship and Competitive Involution: The Marquesas Islands of Eastern Polynesia. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by T. Earle, pp. 119–145. School of American Research and Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
López Sotomayor, D. 1975 Vieques: un momento en su historia. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. 1989 Zapotec Chiefdoms and the Nature of Formative Religions. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by R. J. Sharer and D. C. Grove, pp. 148–197. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Martir de Anglería, P. 1964 Décadas del Nuevo Mundo. Porrúa e Hijos, Sucesores, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Mason, J. A. 1917 Excavation of a New Archaeological Site in Porto Rico. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 220–223. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Mason, J. A. 1941 A Large Archaeological Site at Capa, Utuado, With Notes on Other Porto Rican Sites Visited in 1914–1915, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 18, pt. 2. New York Academy of Sciences, New York.Google Scholar
Moscoso, F. 1986 Tribu y clase en el Caribe antiguo. Universidad Central del Este, San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic.Google Scholar
Moscoso, F. 1987 Etapas históricas de la sociedad tribal en las Antillas. Dídalo 25:99–136.Google Scholar
Nassaney, M. S. 1992 Communal Societies and the Emergence of Elites in the Prehistoric American Southeast. In Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, edited by A. W. Barker and T. R. Pauketat, pp. 111–143. Archaeological Papers No. 3. American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. R. 1992 The Caguana Ceremonial Center: A Cosmic Journey Through Taíno Spatial and Iconographic Symbolism. Paper presented at the 10th International Symposium, Latin American Indian Literatures Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Ortiz Aguilú, J. J., Rivera, J., Príncipe, A., Meléndez, M., and Lavergne, M. 1993 Intensive Agriculture in Pre-Columbian West Indies: The Case for Terraces. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. Cummins and P. King, pp. 278–285. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Barbados.Google Scholar
Peebles, C. S., and Kus, S. M. 1977 Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Societies. American Antiquity 42:421–448.Google Scholar
Petersen, G. 1985 One Man Cannot Rule a Thousand. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pons Alegría, M. 1983 Las figuritas de barro de la cultura saladoide de Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, pp. 121–129. Centre de Recherches Caraïbes, Université de Montréal, Montreal.Google Scholar
Rainey, F. 1940 Porto Rican Archaeology. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 18, pt. 2. New York Academy of Science, New York.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1974 Beyond a Subsistence Economy: The Evolution of Social Organization in Prehistoric Europe. In Reconstructing Complex Societies: An Archaeological Colloquium, edited by C. B. Moore, pp. 69–75. Supplement to Bulletin No. 20, American Schools of Oriental Research. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. S., Lundberg, E. R., and Walker, J. B. 1983 Archaeological Data Recovery at El Bronce, Puerto Rico: Final Report, Phase 1. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Florida.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. S., Lundberg, E. R., and Walker, J. B. 1985 Archaeological Data Recovery at El Bronce, Puerto Rico: Final Report, Phase 2. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Florida.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, M. A. 1990 Arqueología del Río Loíza. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. G. Pantel Tekakis, I. Vargas Arenas, and M. Sanoja Obediente, pp. 287–294. La Fundación Arqueológica, Antropológica, e Histórica de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, M. A. 1991 Arqueología de Punta Candelero. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaoelogy, edited by E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, pp. 605–627. Reports No. 9. Archaeological–Anthropological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, M. A. 1992 Late Ceramic Age Diversity in Eastern Puerto Rico. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, M. A. 1993 Early Trade Networks in the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. Cummins and P. King, pp. 306–315. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Barbados.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, M. A., and Rivera, V. 1991 Puerto Rico and the Caribbean Pre-Saladoid “Crosshatch Connection.” In Proceedings of the Twelfth Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by L. S. Robinson, pp. 45–51. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Martinique.Google Scholar
Roe, P. G. 1989 A Grammatical Analysis of Cedrosan Saladoid Vessel Form Categories and Surface Decoration: Aesthetic and Technical Styles in Early Antillean Ceramics. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by P. E. Siegel, pp. 267–382. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Roe, P. G. 1991 The Petroglyphs of Maisabel: A Study in Methodology. Proceedings of the Twelfth Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by L. S. Robinson, pp. 317–370. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Martinique.Google Scholar
Roe, P. G. 1993 Cross-Media Isomorphisms in Taíno Ceramics and Petroglyphs from Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. Cummins and P. King, pp. 637–671. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Barbados.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1952 Porto Rican Prehistory. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 18, pts. 3–4. New York Academy of Science, New York.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1964 Prehistory of the West Indies. Science 144:499–513.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1982 Ceramic and Religious Development in the Greater Antilles. Journal of New World Archaeology 5:45–55.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1986 Migrations in Prehistory: Inferring Population Movement from Cultural Remains. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1989 Peoples and Cultures of the Saladoid Frontier in the Greater Antilles. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies, edited by P. E. Siegel, pp. 383–403. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rouse, I. 1992 The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. D. 1958 Social Stratification in Polynesia. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Sanders, W. T., and Webster, D. 1978 Unilinealism, Multilinealism, and the Evolution of Complex Societies. In Social Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, edited by C. L. Redman, M. J. Berman, E. V. Curtin, W. T. Langhorne, N. M. Versaggi, and J. C. Wanser, pp. 249–302. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schinkel, K. 1992 The Features of Golden Rock-1, St. Eustatius, N. A. In The Archaeology of St. Eustatius: The Golden Rock Site, edited by A. H. Versteeg and K. Schinkel, pp. 143–212. Publication No. 2, Historical Foundation St. Eustatius, and No. 130 Foundation for Scientific Research in the Caribbean Region. St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Service, E. R. 1962 Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Service, E. R. 1975 Origins of the State and Civilization. W. W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. E. 1989 Site Structure, Demography and Social Complexity in the Early Ceramic Age of the Caribbean. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by P. E. Siegel, pp. 193–245. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. E. 1991a Political Evolution in the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by E. N. Ayubi and J. B. Haviser, pp. 232–250. Reports No 9. Archaeological–Anthropological Institute, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. E. 1991b Migration Research in Saladoid Archaeology: A Review. The Florida Anthropologist 44:79–91.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. E., and Bernstein, D. J. 1991 Sampling for Site Structure and Spatial Organization in the Saladoid: A Case Study. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by L. S. Robinson, pp. 87–107. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Martinique.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, V. P. 1991 Contrasting Patterns of Mississippian Development. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by T. Earle, pp. 193–228. School of American Research and Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stevens-Arroyo, A. M. 1988 Cave of the Jagua: The Mythological World of the Tainos. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1974 American Culture History in the Light of South America. In Native South Americans: Ethnology of the Least Known Continent, edited by P. J. Lyon, pp. 4–21. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H., and Faron, L. C. 1959 The Native Peoples of South America. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, W. 1961 Taíno Agriculture. In The Evolution of Horticultural Systems in Native South America: Causes and Consequences, a Symposium, edited by J. Wilbert. pp. 69–82. Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, Caracas, Venezuela.Google Scholar
Sued Badillo, J. 1974 La industria lapidaria pretaina en las Antillas. Proceedings of the 41st International Congress of Americanists 3: 717–724. Mexico City.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1973 La Athebeanenequen: evidencia de sacrificio humano entre los Taínos. Boletín del Museo del Homhre Dominicano 3:63–69.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1974 Economía, arte y superestructura entre los aborígenes antillanos. Cuadernos Prehispánicos 6:49–55.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1977 Medioambiente y adaptación humana en la prehistoria de Santo Domingo. 2 vols. Editora de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1987 Distributión de espacios en los asentamientos preurbanos en las Antillas precolombinas. Adas del Tercer Simposio de la Fundación Arqueológica del Caribe: relaciones entre la sociedad y el ambiente, edited by M. Sanoja, pp. 78–85. Fundación Arqueológica del Caribe, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M. 1991 Panorama histórico del Caribe precolombino. Editión del Banco Central de la República Dominicana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, M., Ortega, E., Rímoli, R. O., and Calderón, F. 1973 Estudio comparativo y preliminar de dos cementerios neo-Indios: la Cucama y la Unión, República Dominicana. Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 3:11–47.Google Scholar
Versteeg, A. H. 1989 The Internal Organization of a Pioneer Settlement in the Lesser Antilles: The Saladoid Golden Rock Site on St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by P. E. Siegel, pp. 171–192. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Versteeg, A. H. 1991 Saladoid Houses and Functional Areas Around Them: The Golden Rock Site on St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles). Proceedings of the Twelfth Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by L. Robinson, pp. 35–44. International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, Martinique.Google Scholar
Versteeg, A. H., and Schinkel, K. 1992 The Archaeology of St. Eustatius: The Golden Rock Site. Publication No. 2, Historical Foundation St. Eustatius, and No. 130, Foundation for Scientific Research in the Caribbean Region. St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles.Google Scholar
Vincent, J. 1978 Political Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 7:175–194.Google Scholar
Walker, J. B. 1993 Stone Collars, Elbow Stones and Three-Pointers, and the Nature of Taino Ritual and Myth. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, Pullman. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Walker, J. B., and Walker, R. L. 1983 Final Report of the Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Guyanes River System, Southeastern Puerto Rico. Submitted to the State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. M. 1990 Hispaniola, Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Wing, E. S., and Reitz, E. J. 1982 Prehistoric Fishing Economies of the Caribbean. Journal of New World Archaeology 5:13–32.Google Scholar