Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-05T14:04:23.137Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Garbage of the Gods? Squatters, Refuse Disposal, and Termination Rituals among the Ancient Maya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Travis W. Stanton ,
M. Kathryn Brown  and
Jonathan B. Pagliaro
Travis W. Stanton
Affiliation:
Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla, Sta. Catarina Mártir, S/N, Cholula, Puebla, C.P. 72820, México ([email protected])
M. Kathryn Brown
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas, Arlington, 601 South Nedderman Drive, Room 430, Arlington, TX 76019 ([email protected])
Jonathan B. Pagliaro
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Differentiating the material patterning between domestic refuse from squatters and ceremonial trash generated from termination rituals has been difficult for Maya archaeologists. Rich floor assemblages, especially from elite contexts, have been interpreted as “decadent” squatter refuse by some researchers and the remains of abandonment rituals by others. The identification and separation of these classes of behavior are essential for interpretations of floor assemblages. In this paper, we examine data from numerous contexts, in order to contextualize the debate over the interpretation of these two models. Ethnoarchaeological, ethnohistoric, and archaeological data indicate that close scrutiny of the context and material composition of such deposits are needed to distinguish these very different classes of behavior.

Resumen

Resumen

El patrón material entre el desecho doméstico y los restos de los rituales de destrucción calculados, o depósitos de rituales de terminación, ha sido difícil de diferenciar para los arqueólogos en el área maya. Los conjuntos de artefactos de piso, especialmente de contextos de la élite, son interpretados como desecho de ocupación por algunos investigadores y como restos de rituales de abandono violento por otros. La identificación y separación de estas clases de comportamiento son esenciales para la interpretación de los conjuntos de pisos. En este trabajo, examinamos información de varios contextos para obtener una lista de características preliminares diseñada para distinguir depósitos rituales de desecho doméstico. Información etnoarqueológica, etnohistórica y arqueológica de tales depósitos indica que un buen análisis del contexto y de la composición de los materiales de los depósitos puede ayudar a distinguir diferentes clases de comportamiento.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , September 2008 , pp. 227 - 247
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, R. E. W. 1990 Archaeological Research at the Lowland Maya City of Rio Azul. Latin American Antiquity 1:23–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambrosino, James N. 2007 Warfare and Destruction in the Maya Lowlands: Pattern and Process Archaeological Record ofYaxuna, Yucatan, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Ambrosino, James N., Ardren, Traci, and Stanton, Travis W. 2003 The History of Warfare at Yaxuná. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 109–124. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California. Google Scholar
Andrews, E. Wyllys, V, and Fash, Barbara W. 1992 Continuity and Change in a Royal Maya Residential Complex at Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:63–88.Google Scholar
Ardren, Traci 1999 Palace Termination Ritual s at Yaxuna, Yucatan, Mexico. In Land of the Turkey and the Deer, edited by Ruth Gubler, pp. 25–36. Labyrinthos, Lancaster. Google Scholar
Arnold, Phillip J. III 1991 Domestic Ceramic Production and Spatial Organization: A Mexican Case Study in Ethnoarchaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaudry-Corbett, Marilyn, Simmons, Scott E., and Tucker, David B. 2002 Ancient Home and Garden: The View from Household 1 at Cerén. In Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerén Village in Central America, edited by Payson D. Sheets, pp. 45–57. University of Texas Press, Austin. Google Scholar
Beck, Margaret E. 2006 Midden Ceramic Assemblage Formation: A Case Study from Kalinga, Philippines. American Antiquity 71:27–52.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1978 Dimensional Analysis of Behavior and Site Structure: Learning from an Eskimo Hunting Stand. American Antiquity 43:330–361.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1983 In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Brown, Kenneth L. 1977 The Valley of Guatemala: A Highland Port of Trade. In Kaminaljuyu and Teotihuacan: A Study in Prehistoric Culture Contact, edited by William T. Sanders and Joseph W. Michels, pp. 205–395. The Pennsylvania State University Press, State College. Google Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn 2003 Emerging Complexity in the Maya Lowlands: A View from Blackman Eddy, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Brown, M. Kathryn, and Garber, James F. 2003 Evidence of Conflict during the Middle Preclassic in the Maya Lowlands: A View from Blackman Eddy, Belize. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 91–108. AltaMira Press, Walnut Hill, California. Google Scholar
Cameron, Catherine M. 1991 Structure Abandonment in Villages. In Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 3, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 155–194. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Google Scholar
Cameron, Catherine M., and Tomka, Steve A. (editors) 1993 Abandonments of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoar-chaeological and Archaeological Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 2003 Texts and Contexts in Classic Maya Warfare: A Brief Consideration of Epigraphy and Archaeology at Caracol, Belize. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 171–188. AltaMira Press, Walnut Hill, California. Google Scholar
Child, Mark B., and Golden, Charles W. 2008 The Transformation of Abandoned Architecture at Piedras Negras. In Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Travis W. Stanton and Aline Magnoni, pp. 65–89. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1991 Flintknapping and Debitage Disposal among the Lacandon Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. In The Ethnoarchaeology of Refuse Disposal, edited by Edward Staski and Livingston D. Sutro, pp. 63–78. Anthropological Research Papers No. 42. Arizona State University, Tempe. Google Scholar
Clayton, Sarah C., David Driver, W., and Kosakowsky, Laura J. 2005 Rubbish or Ritual? Contextualizing a Terminal Classic Problematic Deposit at Blue Creek, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 16:119–130.Google Scholar
Coe, William R. 1959 Piedras Negras Archaeology: Artifacts, Caches, and Burials. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Coe, William R. 1990 Excavations in the Great Plaza, North Terrace, and North Acropolis of Tikal. Tikal Report, No. 14. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Coe, William R., and Broman, Vivian 1958 Excavations in the Stela 23 Group. Tikal Report, No. 2. The University Museum Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Deal, Michael 1985 Household Pottery Disposal in the Maya Highlands: An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4:243–291.Google Scholar
Deal, Michael 1998 Pottery Ethnoarchaeology in the Central Maya Highlands. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Deal, Michael, and Hagstum, Melissa B. 1995 Ceramic Reuse Behavior among the Maya and Wanka. In Expanding Archaeology, edited by James M. Skibo, William H. Walker, and Axel E. Nielson, pp. 111–125. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Google Scholar
Driver, David, and McWilliams, Jennifer K. 1995 Excavations at the Ontario Village Site. In The Belize Valley Archaeology Project: Results of the 1994 Filed Season, edited by James F. Garber and David M. Glassman, pp. 26–57. Report submitted to the Department of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize. Google Scholar
Fitting, James E. 1979 The Kaminaljuyu Test Trenches: Description and Artifact Yield. In Settlement Pattern Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, edited by Joseph W. Michels, pp. 307–589. The Pennsylvania State University Press, State College. Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1986 The Monumental Architecture. In Archaeology at Cerros Belize, Central America, Volume I: An Interim Report, edited by David A. Freidel and Robin A. Robertson, pp. 1–22. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Scheie, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1993 Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. William Morrow and Company, INC., New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., MacLeod, Barbara, and Suhler, Charles K. 2003 Early Classic Maya Conquest in Words and Deeds. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 189–215. AltaMira Press, Walnut Hill, California. Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Suhler, Charles K., and Palma, Rafael Cobos 1998 Termination Ritual Deposits at Yaxuna: Detecting the Historical in Archaeological Contexts. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 135–144. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Garber, James F. 1981 Material Culture and Patterns of Artifact Consumption and Disposal at the Maya Site of Cerros in Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, and Gerhardt, Juliette C. 1990 Early Maya Architectural Innovation at Cuello, Belize. World Archaeology 21:461–481.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1985 Excavations in Small Residential Groups of Tikal: Groups 4F-I and 4F-2. Tikal Report, No. 19. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian D. 1979 Material Culture in the Mayan Highlands: A Preliminary Study. In Settlement Pattern Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, edited by Joseph W. Michels, pp. 183–222. The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian D., and Cannon, Aubrey 1983 Where the Garbage Goes: Refuse Disposal in the Maya Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:117–163.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian D., and Cannon, Aubrey 1984a The Structure of Material Systems: Ethnoarchaeology ion the Maya Highlands. Paper No. 3. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian D., and Cannon, Aubrey 1984b Interaction Inferences in Archaeology and Learning Frameworks of the Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:325–367.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D., and Taube, Karl 2000 An Archaeology of the Senses: Perception and Cultural Expression in Ancient Mesoamerica. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10:261–294.Google Scholar
Hubert, Jane 1994 Sacred Beliefs and Beliefs of Sacredness. In Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, edited by David L. Carmichael, Jane Hubert, Brian Reeves, and Audhild Schanche, pp. 9–19. One World Archaeology, No. 23. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R. 2000 Excavations at the A'ak Group. In Chunchucmil Regional Economy Program: Report of the 2000 Season, edited by Travis W. Stanton, pp. 18–46. Business and Social Science Division, Jamestown Community College, Jamestown, New York. Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R. 2004 Dwelling and Identity at the Ancient Urban Center of Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., and Stanton, Travis W. 2006 Patrones de acumulación de desechos en una unidad habitacional prehispánicade chunchucmil, Yucatán. In Los Mayas de Ayer y Hoy: Memorias del Primer Congreso International de Cultura Maya, Tomo I, edited by Alfredo Barrera Rubio and Ruth Gubler, pp. 73–88. Solar Servicios Editoriales, Merida. Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., and Stanton, Travis W. 2007 Cultural Logic and Practical Reason: The Structure of Discard in Ancient MayaHousdots. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17:123–144.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., Stanton, Travis W., Magnoni, Aline, Terry, Richard, and Craner, Jason 2007 Beyond the Buildings: Formation Processes of Ancient Maya Houselots and Methods for the Study of Non-Architectural Space. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:442–473.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., West, Crystal, Ford, Jamie, and Moore, Brett. 2004 Horizontal Excavations at the A'ak Group. In Pakbeh Regional Economy Program: Report of the 2002 Field Season, edited by Bruce H. Dahlin and Daniel Mazeau, pp. 86–104. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Howard University, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 1997 The Last Days of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:337–351.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2003 War, Destruction, and Abandonment: The Fall of the Classic Maya Center of Aguateca, Guatemala. In The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Ronald A. Webb, pp. 43–60. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Stiver, Laura 1998 Floor Assemblages from Burned Structures at Aguateca, Guatemala: A Study of Classic Maya House holds. Journal of Field Archaeology 25:431–452.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela 2000 Craft Production by Classic Elite Maya in Domestic Settings: Data from Rapidly Abandoned Structures at Aguateca, Guatemala. Mayab 13:57–66.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Webb, Ronald W. (editors) 2003 The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., and Johannessen, Sissel 1993 Abandonment and the Production of Archaeological Variability at Domestic Sites. In Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, pp. 138–153. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
Kamp, Kathryn A. 1991 Waste Disposal in a Syrian Village. In The Ethnoarchaeology of Refuse Disposal, edited by Edward Staski and Livingston D. Sutro, pp. 23–31. Anthropological Research Papers, No. 42. Arizona State University, Tempe. Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas W. 1992 Residential Ethnoarchaeology and Ancient Site Structure: Contemporary Farming and Prehistoric Settlement Agriculture at Matacapan, Veracruz, Mexico. In Gardens of Prehistory: The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture in Greater Mesoamerica, edited by Thomas W. Killion, pp. 119–149. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Google Scholar
Lightfoot, Ricky R. 1993 Abandonment Processes in Prehistoric Pueblos. In Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, pp. 165–177. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKie, Euan W. 1985 Excavations at Xunantunich and Pomona, Belize, in 1959–60. BAR International Series 251. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Magnoni, Aline 1995 Albarradas at Chunchucmil and in the Northern Maya Area. Unpublished B.A. Thesis, University College London, Institute of Archaeology, London.Google Scholar
Magnoni, Aline, Hutson, Scott R., and Stanton, Travis W. 2008 Urban Landscape Transformations and Perceptions at Chunchucmil, Yucatán. In Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya tow-lands, edited by Travis W. Stanton and Aline Magnoni, pp. 193–222. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McGee, R. Jon 1998 The Lacandon Incense Burner Renewal Ceremony. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological andEthnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 41–46. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
McKee, Brian R. 1999 Household Archaeology and Cultural Formation Processes: Examples from the Ceren Site, El Salvador. In The Archaeology of Household Activities, edited by Penelope M. Allison, pp. 30–42. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
McKee, Brian R. 2002 Household 2 at Cerén: The Remains of an Agrarian and Craft-Oriented Corporate Group. In Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerén Village in Central America, edited by Payson D. Sheets, pp. 58–71. University of Texas Press, Austin. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKee, Brian R., and Sheets, Payson D. 2003 Volcanic Activity and Abandonment Processes: Cerén and the Zapotitan Valley pf El Salvador. In The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Ronald A. Webb, pp. 61–74. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley 1994 Destruction and Denouement During the Late-Terminal Classic: The Colha Skull Pit. In Continuing Archaeology at Colha, Belize, edited by Thomas R. Hester, Harry J. Shafer, and Jack D. Eaton, pp. 221–231. Studies in Archaeology 16. Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin. Google Scholar
Mock, Shirley 1998 The Defaced and the Forgotten: Decapitation and Flaying/Mutilation as a Termination Event at Colha, Belize. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 113–123. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Montgomery, Barbara K. 1993 Ceramic Analysis as a Tool for Discovering Processes of Pueblo Abandonment. In Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, pp. 157–164. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, William E. 1965 Excavations at Structures 601–06. In Dzibilchaltun Program: Progress Report on the 1960–1964 Field Seasons, edited by E. Wyllys Andrews IV, pp. 29–35. Middle American Research Institute, Pub. 31. Tulane University, New Orleans. Google Scholar
Navarro Fair, Olivia 2004 Killing Spaces: Ritual Termination at the Southeast Acropolis at El Perú-Waka'. Paper presented at the 103rd Annual American Anthropological Association Meeting, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Navarro Fair, Olivia C., Freidel, David A., and Prera, Ana Lucía Arroyave 2008 Manipulating Memory in the Wake of Dynastic Decline at El Perú-Waka': Termination Deposits at Abandoned Structure M 13-l. In Ruins of the Past: The Useand Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Travis W. Stanton and Aline Magnoni, pp. 113–145. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Google Scholar
Pagliaro, Jonathan B., Garber, James F., and Stanton, Travis W. 2003 Reevaluating the Archaeological Signatures of Maya Ritual and Conflict. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 75–89. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek. Google Scholar
Pagliaro, Jonathan B., Garber, James F., Glassman, David, and Kathryn Brown, M. 1998 Defining Maya Termination Ritual Deposit: Examples from the Belize River Valley. Paper Presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1979 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 1. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1982 Excavations atAltun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 2. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1990 Excavations atAltun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 3. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1998 Intercession with the Gods: Caches and Their Significance at Altun Ha and Lamanai, Belize. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 55–63. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Plunket, Patricia, and Uruñuela, Gabriela 2003 From Episodic to Permanent Abandonment: Responses to Volcanic Hazards at Tetimpa, Puebla, Mexico. In The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Ronald A. Webb, pp. 13–27. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 2002 Outside of Houses: The Practices of Everyday Life at Chan Noohol, Belize. Journal of Social Archaeology 2:245–268.Google Scholar
Rothschild, Nan S., Mills, Barbara J., Ferguson, T. J., and Dublin, Susan 1993 Abandonment at Zuni Farming Villages. In Abandonment of Settlements and Regions: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Approaches, edited by Catherine M. Cameron and Steve A. Tomka, pp. 123–137. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Willey, Gordon R. 1967 The Collapse of Maya Civilization in the Southern Lowlands: A Consideration of History and Process. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23:311–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santley, Robert S. 1992 A Consideration of the Olmec Phenomenon in the Tuxtlas: Early Formative Settlement Pattern, Land Use, and Refuse Disposal at Matacapan, Veracruz, Mexico. In Gardens of Prehistory, edited by Thomas W. Killion, pp. 150–183. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Google Scholar
Satterhwaite, Linton 1958 The Problem of Abnormal Stela Placements at Tikal and Elsewhere. Tikal Report 3. The University Museum Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda 1986 Architectural Development and Political History at Palenque. In City-States of the Maya: Art and Architecture, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson, pp. 110–137. Rocky Mountain Institute for Pre-Columbian Studies.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda, and Freidel, David A. 1990 A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. Quill, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1972 Archaeological Context and Systematic Context. American Antiquity 37:156–165.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1976 Behavioral Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1987 Formation Processes in the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M. 1993 Quirigua Reports III: Archaeological Investigations in the Lower Motagua Valley, Izabal, Guatemala. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 1992 The Ceren Site: A Prehistoric Village Buried by Volcanic Ash in Central America. Case Studies in Archaeology Series. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 1998 Place and Time in Activity Area Analysis: A Study of Elevated Contexts used for Artifact Curation at the Ceren Site, El Salvador. Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana 28:63–98.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 2000 Provisioning the Ceren Household: The Vertical Economy, Village Economy, and Household Economy in the Southeastern Maya Periphery. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:217–230.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. (editor) 2002 Before the Volcano Erupted: The Ancient Cerén Village in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M. 1958 Tikal Report No. 1: Field Director's Report: The 1956 and 1957 Seasons. Tikal Reports, No. 1. The University Museum Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Smyth, Michael P. 1991 Modern Maya Storage Behavior. University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology, No. 3. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Kathryn Brown, M. 2003 Studying Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, edited by M. Kathryn Brown and Travis W. Stanton, pp. 1–16. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California. Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Negrón, Tomás Gallareta 2001 Warfare, Ceramic Economy, and the Itzá: A Reconsideration of the Itzá Polity in Ancient Yucatan. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:229–246.Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Magnoni, Aline 2008 Places of Remembrance: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands. In Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Travis W. Stanton and Aline Magnoni, pp. 1–24. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Google Scholar
Stevanović, Mirjana 1997 The Age of Clay: The Social Dynamics of House Destruction. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16:334–395.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Marc G. 1982 Toward and Understanding of Site Abandonment Behavior: Evidence from Historic Mining Camps in Southwest Yukon. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:237–265.Google Scholar
Stross, Brian 1998 Seven Ingredients in Mesoamerican Ensoulment. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 31–39. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1997 The Hills are Alive: Sacred Mountains in the Maya Cosmos. Symbols (Spring 1997): 13–17.Google Scholar
Suhler, Charles K. 1996 Excavations at the North Acropolis, Yaxuna, Yucatan, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Suhler, Charles K., and Freidel, David A. 2000 Rituales de terminatión: Implicaciones de la guerra maya. In La Guerra Entre los Antiguos Mayas, edited by Silvia Trejo, pp. 73–103. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, D. F. Google Scholar
Suhler, Charles K., and Freidel, David A. 2003 The Tale End of Two Cities: Tikal, Yaxuna, and Abandonment Contexts in the Lowland Maya Archaeological Record. In The Archaeology of Settlement Abandonment in Middle America, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Ronald A. Webb, pp. 135–147. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Google Scholar
Sutro, Livingston D. 1991 When the River Comes: Refuse Disposal in Diaz Ordaz, Oaxaca. In The Ethnoarchaeology of Refuse Disposal, edited by Edward Staski and Livingston D. Sutro, pp. 13–22. Anthropological Research Papers, No. 42. Arizona State University, Tempe. Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2001 The Breath of Life: The Symbolism of Wind in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. In The Road to Aztlan: Art From a Mythic Homeland, edited by Virginia M. Fields and Victor Zamudio-Taylor, pp. 102–123. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Thomas, Prentice M. Jr. 1981 Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns at Becan, Campeche, Mexico. Middle American Research Institute Pub. 45. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric 1954 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. (translator) 1941 Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatón. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University. Kraus Reprint Corp, New York.Google Scholar
Vogt, Evon Z. 1998 Zinacanteco Dedication and Termination Rituals. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 21–30. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Walker, Debra S. 1998 Smashed Pots and Shattered Dreams: The Material Evidence for an Early Classic Maya Site Termination at Cerros, Belize. In The Sowing and the Dawning: Termination, Dedication, and Transformation in the Archaeological and Ethnographic Record of Mesoamerica, edited by Shirley B. Mock, pp. 81–99. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Walker, William H. 1995 Ceremonial Refuse? In Expanding Archaeology, edited by J. M. Skibo, William H. Walker, and Axel E. Niel-son, pp. 67–79. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Google Scholar
Wauchope, Robert 1948 Excavations at Zacualpa, Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute, Pub. 14. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Webster, David L. 1989 The House of the Bacabs: Its Social Context. In The House of the Bacabs, Copan, Honduras, edited by David L. Webster, pp. 5–40. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Webster, David L., and Gonlin, Nancy 1988 Household Remains of the Humblest Maya. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:169–190.Google Scholar
Wilson, Douglas C., Ratine, William L., and Hughes, Wilson W. 1991 Household Discards and Modern Refuse: A Principle of Household Resource Use and Waste. In The Ethnoarchaeology of Refuse Disposal, edited by Edward Staski and Livingston D. Sutro, pp. 41–51. Anthropological Research Papers, No. 42. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2006 La historia política de Xunantunich, Belice, vista desde el Palacio. In XIX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2005, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Bárbara Arroyo, and Héctor E. Mejía, pp. 333–344. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City. Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2005 Revisiting the Xunantunich Palace: The 2003 Excavations. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerica Studies Inc. (FAMSI).Google Scholar