Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:01:00.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Critical Approach to 14C Dating in the Caribbean: Using Chronometric Hygiene to Evaluate Chronological Control and Prehistoric Settlement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Scott M. Fitzpatrick
Scott M. Fitzpatrick*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Radiocarbon (14C) dating is one of the most important tools for archaeologists. Although radiocarbon dates provide a temporal foundation for analyzing the remains of past cultures, it is critical that these dates be periodically reviewed for consistency and accuracy to ensure chronological control. A review of publications pertaining to Caribbean archaeology since the 1960s demonstrates that researchers there have often failed to adequately report and critique radiocarbon dates, making it difficult to fully assess their value in chronology building. A chronometric hygiene analysis of over 600 dates reveals that when isolated, culturally ambiguous, poorly provenienced, and contaminated dates are rejected, only about 80 percent remain useful. In addition, the paucity of early Saladoid (ca. 500 B.C.–A.D. 1) and Archaic age (ca. 2500–500 B.C.) dates in the southern Lesser Antilles suggests that there was not a “stepping-stone” migration of prehistoric peoples northward from South America into the Lesser Antilles.

La datación radiocarbónica es uno de los instrumentos más importantes en la arqueología. Aunque la misma proporciona una base temporal para el análisis de los restos arqueológicos, las dataciones deben ser periódicamente reevaluadas para establecer su consistencia y exactitud, asegurando el control cronológico. Una revisión de la literatura arqueológica caribeña desde los años 1960 muestra que los investigadores de la región no han informado o evaluado adecuadamente las dataciones radiocarbónicas, dificultando la evaluación de su validez en el establecimiento de cronologías. Un análisis cronométrico minucioso de más de 600 dataciones revela que al eliminar aquellas dataciones aisladas, con ambigüedad cultural, y contaminadas, únicamente el 80 por ciento puede ser utilizado para la investigación arqueológica. Además, debido a la escasez de datos sobre la cultura Saladoide temprana (ca. 500 a.C–1 d.C.) y el Precerámico (2500–500 a.C.) en las Antillas Menores meridionales, es necesario reevaluar la teoría ampliamente aceptada de un patrón migratorio conocido como “stepping-stone” de poblaciones prehistóricas Sudamérica hacia las Antillas Menores.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , December 2006 , pp. 389 - 418
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Allaire, Louis, and Mattioni, Mario 1983 Boutbois et Le Godinot: Deux gisements acéramiques de la Martinique. In Proceedings of the IX International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, pp. 27–38. Centre de Recherches Caraibes, Montreal.Google Scholar
Anderson, Atholl 1995 Current Approaches in East Polynesian Colonization Research. Journal ofthe Polynesian Society 104:110–132.Google Scholar
Anderson, Atholl, Chappell, John, Clark, Geoffrey, and Phear, Sarah 2005 Comparative Radiocarbon Dating of Lignite, Pottery, and Charcoal Samples from Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau. Radiocarbon 47:1–9.Google Scholar
Anderson, Atholl, and Sinoto, Yosi 2002 New Radiocarbon Ages of Colonization Sites in East Polynesia. Asian Perspectives 41:242–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archaeology Data Service 2006 Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland. Electronic document, http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/specColl/cl4_cba, accessed July 17, 2006.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Douglas V. 1978 Archaic Shellfish Gatherers of St. Kitts, Leeward Islands: A Case Study in Subsistence and Settlement Patterns. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Douglas V. 1980 Shellfish Gatherers of St. Kitts: A Study of Archaic Subsistence and Settlement Patterns. In Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts 1979), pp. 152–167. Arizona State University Anthropological Papers, No. 22. Tempe.Google Scholar
Athens, J. Stephen, and Ward, Jerome 1999 Archaeological Data Recovery for the Compact Road, Babeldaob Island, Republic of Palau: Historic Preservation Investigations Phase 2, Vol. 4: The Holocene Paleoenvironment of Palau. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu.Google Scholar
Baker, Paul E. 1969 Geology and Geochemistry of the Mansion Pyroclast Fall Succession, St. Kitts. Bulletin of Volcanology 43:303–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Paul E. 1985 Volcanic Hazards on St. Kitts and Montserrat, West Indies. Journal of the Geological Society 142:279–295.Google Scholar
Bonnissent, Dominique, Bertran, Pascal, Chancerel, Antoine, and Romon, Thomas 2001 Le Gisement Préceramique de la Baie Orientale à Saint-Martin (Petites Antilles), Résultats Préliminaires. In Proceedings of the XlXth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (Aruba 2001), Vol. 1:78–88. Publications of the Archaeological Museum, 9. Aruba.Google Scholar
Boomert, Arie 1985 Preliminary Report on the 1985 Tobago Archaeological Project. Manuscript on file at the Department of History, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.Google Scholar
Boomert, Arie 2000 Trinidad, Tobago and the Lower Orinoco Interaction Sphere: An Archaeological/Ethnohistorical Study. PlantijnCasparie Heerhugowaard B.V., Leiden.Google Scholar
Braje, Todd, Erlandson, Jon M., and Rick, Torben C. 2005 Reassessing Human Settlement on the South Coast of San Miguel Island, California: The Use of 14C Dating as a Reconnaissance Tool. Radiocarbon 47:11–19.Google Scholar
Bullen, Ripley 1964 The Archaeology of Grenada, West Indies. Contributions of the Florida State Museum, No. 11. University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Bullen, Ripley, and Bullen, Adelaide 1968 Barbados Archaeology: 1966. In Proceedings of the Second International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (Barbados 1967), pp. 134–144. Barbados Museum, Bridgetown.Google Scholar
Bullen, Ripley, and Bullen, Adelaide 1972 Archaeological Investigations on St. Vincent and the Grenadines, West Indies. William Bryant Foundation, American Studies, Report No. 8. Orlando.Google Scholar
Bullen, Ripley, and Sleight, Fredrick 1963 The Krum Bay Site: A Preceramic Site on St. Thomas, United States, Virgin Islands. William Bryant Foundation, American Studies, Report No. 5. Orlando.Google Scholar
Burley, David V., Nelson, E., and Shutler, Richard 1999 A Radiocarbon Chronology for the Eastern Lapita Frontier in Tonga. Archaeology in Oceania 34:59–72.Google Scholar
Callaghan, Richard 2001 Ceramic Age Seafaring and Interaction Potential in the Antilles: A Computer Simulation. Current Anthropology 42:308–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghan, Richard 2003 Comments on the Mainland Origins of the Preceramic Cultures of the Greater Antilles. Latin American Antiquity 14:323–338.Google Scholar
Carlson, Lisbeth A., and William, F. Keegan 2004 Resource Depletion in the Prehistoric Northern West Indies. In Voyages of Discovery: The Archaeology of Islands, edited by Scott M. Fitzpatrick, pp. 85–110. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Chanlette, Luis A. 1985 Asentamiento poblacional Agro-I, complejo cultural La Hueca, Vieques, Puerto Rico. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress for the Study of the Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, Fort-de-France, edited by Louis Allaire and F. Mayer, pp. 225–250. Centre de Recherches Caraíbes, Université de Montréal, Montreal.Google Scholar
Conrad, Geoffrey W., Foster, John W., and Beeker, Charles D. 2001 Organic Artifacts from the Manantial de la Aleta, Dominican Republic: Preliminary Investigations and Observations. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology 2:1–20.Google Scholar
Crock, John G. 2000 Interisland Interaction and Development of Chief-doms in the Eastern Caribbean. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Crock, John G., and Petersen, James B. 1999 The Anguilla Archaeology Project 1992–1993. Report prepared for the Anguilla Archaeological and Historical Society. Manuscript on file at the Farmington Archaeology Research Center, University of Maine, Farmington.Google Scholar
Crock, John G., Petersen, James B., and Douglas, Nik 1995 Preceramic Anguilla: A View from the Whitehead’s Bluff Site. In Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Caribbean Archaeology, pp. 283–294. Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, San Juan.Google Scholar
Curet, L. Antonio 2003 Issues on the Diversity and Emergence of Middle-Range Societies of the Caribbean: A Critique. Journal of Archaeological Research 11:1—42.Google Scholar
Curet, L. Antonio 2004 Island Archaeology and Unitsof Analysis in theStudy of Ancient Caribbean Societies. In Voyages of Discovery: The Archaeology of Islands, edited by Scott M. Fitzpatrick, pp. 187–202. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Davis, Dave D. 1974 Some Notes Concerning the Archaic Occupation on Antigua. In Proceedings of the Vth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (Antigua 1973), pp. 65–71. Antigua Archaeological Society, St. John.Google Scholar
Davis, Dave D. 1982 Archaic Settlement and Resource Exploitation in the Lesser Antilles: Preliminary Information from Antigua. Caribbean Journal of Science 17(1–4): 107–121.Google Scholar
Davis, Dave D. 2000 Jolly Beach and the Preceramic Occupation of Antigua, West Indies. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 84. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Davis, Dave D., and Oldfield, Kevin 2003 Reconnaissance of Anegada, British Virgin Islands. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology 4:1–11.Google Scholar
Delaware Geological Survey 2006 Radiocarbon Date Information. Electronic document, www.udel.edu/dgs/Geology/radcarbtab.pdf, accessed July 17, 2006.Google Scholar
Delpuech, André 1992–1994 Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Delpuech, André 1995a Guadeloupe. Résultats Scientifiques Significatifs. Bilan Scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Delpuech, André 1995b Le Moule. Morel. Bilan scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Delpuech, André 1995c Trois-Rivières. Pointe de Grande Anse. Bilan scientifique de la région Guadeloupe.Google Scholar
deMille, Christy, Reg Murphy, A., and Healy, Paul F. 1999 Preliminary Archaeological Investigations at Winthorpe’s Bay, Antigua. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology (Bahamas 1997), pp. 105–121. Rockville Centre, New York.Google Scholar
Douglas, Nik 1991 Recent Amerindian Finds in Anguilla. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by Edwin N. Ayubi and Jay Haviser, pp. 576–588. Reports of the Archaeological-Anthropological Institute of the Netherlands Antilles 9. Curaçao.Google Scholar
Drewett, Peter L. 1989 Prehistoric Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies on Barbados, Lesser Antilles. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by Peter Siegel, pp. 79–118. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Drewett, Peter L. 1991 Prehistoric Barbados. Archetype Publications, Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Drewett, Peter L. 1993 Excavations at Heywoods, Barbados and the Economic Basis of the Suazoid Period in the Lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the Barbados Museum and Prehistoric Society 59:113–137.Google Scholar
Drewett, Peter L. 2000 Prehistoric Settlements in the Caribbean: Fieldwork in Barbados, Tortola, and the Cayman Islands. Archetype Publications, Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Druffel, Ellen 1982 Banded Corals: Changes in Oceanic Carbon-14 during the Little Ice Age. Science 218:13–19.Google Scholar
Druffel, Ellen M., and Linick, Timothy W. 1978 Radiocarbon in Annual Coral Rings of Florida. Geophysical Research Letters 5:913–916.Google Scholar
Erlandson, Ion M., and Moss, Madonna L. 1999 The Systematic Use of Radiocarbon Dating in Archaeological Surveys in Coastal and Other Erosional Environments. American Antiquity 64:431–443.Google Scholar
Figueredo, Alfredo E. 1976 Caño Hondo, un residuario preceramico en la isla de Vieques. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe 1975), pp. 247–252. Société d’Histoire de la Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Scott M. 2003 Early Human Burials in the Western Pacific: Evidence for a c. 3000 Year Old Occupation on Palau. Antiquity 77:719–731.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Scott M. 2004 Quo Vadis Caribbean Archaeology: The Future of the Discipline in an International Forum. Caribbean Journal of Science 40:281–290.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Scott M., Kappers, Michiel, and Giovas, Christina 2006 The Southern Route Hypothesis: Examining Carriacou’s Chronological Position in Antillean Prehistory. In Island Shores, Distant Pasts: Archaeological and Biological Perspectives on the Pre-Columbian Settlement of the Caribbean, edited by Scott M. Fitzpatrick and Ann. H. Ross. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, in press.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Scott M., Kaye, Quetta, and Kappers, Michiel 2004 A Radiocarbon Sequence for the Sabazan Site, Carriacou, West Indies. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology 5:1–11.Google Scholar
Frank, Edward F. 1998 A Radiocarbon Date of 380±60 for a Taino Site,Cueva Negra, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 60:101–102.Google Scholar
Goodwin, R. Christopher 1978 The Lesser Antilles Archaic: New Data from St. Kitts. Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society 5:6–16.Google Scholar
Gross, Jeffrey M. 1975 The Archaeology of Anegada Island. Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society 2:12–16.Google Scholar
Gross, Jeffrey M. 1976 The Archaic Period of the Virgin Islands: New Investigations. In Proceedings of the Vlth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe 1975), pp. 232–238. Société d’Histoire de la Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre.Google Scholar
Hackenberger, Steve 1988 An Abstract of Archaeological Investigations by the Barbados Museum, 1986. Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society 38:155–162.Google Scholar
Hackenberger, Steve 1991 Archaeological Test Excavation of Buccament Valley Rockshelter, St. Vincent: Preceramic Stone Tools in the Windward Islands and the Early Peopling of the Eastern Caribbean. In Proceedings of the XIII International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, pp. 86–91. Curaçao.Google Scholar
Haviser, Jay B. 1987 Amerindian Cultural Geography on Curaçao. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Haviser, Jay B. 1989 A Comparison of Amerindian Insular Adaptive Strategies on Curaçao. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by Peter E. Siegel, pp. 3–28. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Haviser, Jay B. 1991 The First Bonaireans. Reports of the Archaeological-Anthropological Institute of the Netherlands Antilles, No. 10. Curaçao.Google Scholar
Haviser, Jay B. 1997 Settlement Strategies in the Early Ceramic Age. In The Indigenous People of the Caribbean, edited by Samuel Wilson, pp. 59–69. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Hayward, Michele H” and Cinquino, Michael A. 2002 Archaeological Investigations at the Aklis Site, Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Report No. 10. Manuscript on file at the Southeast Archaeological Center Technical, National Park Service, Tallahassee.Google Scholar
Healy, Paul R, and Reg Murphy, A. 1995 Excavations at the Muddy Bay Site (PH-14), Antigua, West Indies: Preliminary Report on the 1994 Investigations. In Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, pp. 287–299. Basse-Terre.Google Scholar
Henocq, Christophe 1995a Saint-Martin. Anse des Pères. Bilan Scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Henocq, Christophe 1995b Saint-Martin. Baie Orientale. Bilan scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Henocq, Christophe 1995c Saint-Martin. Hope Estate. Bilan Scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Henocq, Christophe 1995d Saint-Martin. Norman Estate. Bilan Scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Hofman, Corinne L. 1993 In Search of the Native People of Pre-Columbian Saba (400–1450). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Hofman, Corinne L. 1995 La Désirade. Morne Cybèle. Bilan scientifique de la région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Hofman, Corinne L., Bright, Alistair J., and Hoogland, Menno L. P. 2006 Archipelagic Resource Procurement and Mobility in the Northern Lesser Antilles: The View from a 3000-Year-Old Tropical Forest Campsite on Saba. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, in press.Google Scholar
Hofman, Corinne L., and Hoogland, Menno L. P. 2003 Plum Piece: Evidence for Archaic Seasonal Occupation on Saba, Northern Lesser Antilles around 3300 BP. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology 4:1–16.Google Scholar
Hoogland, Menno L. P. 1995a Le Gosier. Pointe Canot. Bilan Scientifique de la Region Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Hoogland, Menno L. P. 1995b Sainte-Anne. Pointe Helleux. Bilan scientifique de la Région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de l’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Hoopes, John W. 2001 Accessing Proof that the Past Is Past: Radiocarbon Databases Online. SAA Archaeological Record 1(1):36—38.Google Scholar
Horn, Sally P., Orvis, Kenneth H., Kennedy, Lisa M., and Michael Clark, G. 2000 Prehistoric Fires in the Highlands of the Dominican Republic: Evidence from Charcoal in Soils and Sediments. Caribbean Journal of Science 36(1–2):10–18.Google Scholar
Hughen, Konrad A., Overpeck, Jonathan T., Peterson, Larry C., and Anderson, Robert F. 1996 The Nature of Varved Sedimentation in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, and Its Palaeoclimatic Significance. In Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoceanography from Laminated Sediments, edited by A. E. S. Kemp, pp. 171–183. Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 116. Bath, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Jones, Alick R. 1989 The Dating of Excavation Levels Using Animal Remains: A Proposed Scheme for Indian Creek. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by Peter E. Siegel, pp. 43–56. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Jones O’Day, Sharon 2002 Late Prehistoric Occupation and Subsistence on Middle Caicos Island, Northern West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 38(1—2):1—10.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F. 1989 Creating the Guanahatabey (Ciboney): The Modern Genesis of an Extinct Culture. Antiquity 63:373–379.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F. 1994 West Indian Archaeology, 1: Overview and Foragers. Journal of Archaeological Research 2:255–284.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F. 1995 Modeling Dispersal in the Prehistoric West Indies. World Archaeology 26:400–420.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F. 2000 West Indian Archaeology, 3: Ceramic Age. Journal of Archaeological Research 8:135–167.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F. 2006 Archaic Influences in the Origins and Development of Taino Societies. Caribbean Journal of Science 42:1–10.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F, and DeNiro, Michael J. 1988 Stable Carbon- and Nitrogen-Isotope Ratios of Bone Collagen Used to Study Coral-Reef and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Bahamian Diet. American Antiquity 53:320–336.Google Scholar
Keegan, William F, Portell, Roger W., and Slapcinsky, John 2003 Changes in Invertebrate Taxa at Two Pre-Columbian Sites in Southwestern Jamaica, AD 800–1500. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:1607–1617.Google Scholar
Knippenberg, Sebastiaan 1999 Norman Estate: Lithics. In Archaeological Investigations on St. Martin (Lesser Antilles). The Sites of Norman Estate, Anse des Pères, and Hope Estate. With a Contribution to the “La Hueca Problem,” edited by Corinne L. Hofman and Menno L. P. Hoogland, pp. 35–46. Archaeological Studies, Leiden University 4. Leiden.Google Scholar
Kra, Renee S. 1988 First American Workshop on the International Radiocarbon Data Base. Radiocarbon 30:259–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libby, Willard F. 1951 Radiocarbon Dates, II. Science 114:291–296.Google Scholar
Libby, Willard F. 1955 Radiocarbon Dating. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Libby, Willard F. 1961 Radiocarbon Dating. Science 133:621–629.Google Scholar
Lighty, Robin G., Macintyre, Ian G., and Stuckenrath, Robert 1982 Acropora palmata Reef Framework: A Reliable Indicator of Sea Level in the Western Atlantic for the Past 10,000 Years. Coral Reefs 1:125–130.Google Scholar
List of Laboratories 2006 List of Laboratories. Radiocarbon 48, in press.Google Scholar
Liston, Jolie 2005 An Assessment of Radiocarbon Dates from Palau, Western Micronesia. Radiocarbon 47:295–354.Google Scholar
Lundberg, Emily 1989 Preceramic Procurement Patterns at Krum Bay, Virgin Islands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champagne.Google Scholar
Morlan, Richard E. 2005 Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database. Electronic document, www.canadianarchaeology.com/radiocarbon/card/card.htm, accessed July 17, 2006.Google Scholar
New Zealand Radiocarbon Database 2006 Radiocarbon Date Information. Electronic document, www.waikato.ac.nz/nzcd, accessed July 17, 2006.Google Scholar
Nokkert, Mark, Brokke, Alex J., Knippenberg, Sebastiaan, and Hamburg, Tom 1995 An Archaic Occupation at Norman Estate, St. Martin. In Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (Guadeloupe 1995), pp. 333–351. Conseil Régional de la Guadeloupe, Basse-Terre.Google Scholar
Patton, Thomas Hudson 1966 Occurrence of Fossil Vertebrates on Cayman Brae, B.W.I. Caribbean Journal of Science 6(3–4):181.Google Scholar
Pearson, Gordon W. 1979 Precise 14C Measurement by LS Counting. Radiocarbon 21:1–22.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M., Graham, Elizabeth, Calvera, Jorge R., and Juan Jardines, M. 2002 The Houses in which They Dwelt: Excavation and Dating of Taino Wooden Structures at Los Buchillones, Cuba. Journal of Wetland Archaeology 1:61–75.Google Scholar
Peros, Matthew C, Graham, Elizabeth, and Davis, Anthony M. 2006 Stratigraphic Investigations at Los Buchillones, a Coastal Taino Site in North-Central Cuba. Geoarchaeology 21:403–428.Google Scholar
Petersen, James B., Hofman, Corinne L., and Antonio Curet, L. 2004 Time and Culture: Chronology and Taxonomy in the Eastern Caribbean and the Guianas. In Late Ceramic Age Societies in the Eastern Caribbean, edited by Andre Delpuech and Corinne L. Hofman, pp. 17–32. BAR International Series 1,273. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Phear, Sarah, Clark, Geoffrey, and Anderson, Atholl 2003 A Radiocarbon Chronology for Palau. In Pacific Archaeology: Assessments and Prospects, edited by Christophe Sand, pp. 241–249. Les Cahiers de l’Archéologie en Nouvelle-Calédonie No. 5. Nouméa, New Caledonia.Google Scholar
Richard, Gerard 1994 Premier Indice d’une Occupation Précéramique en Guadeloupe Continentale. Journal de la Société des Americanistes 80:241–242.Google Scholar
Richard, Gerard 1995 Saint-François. Pointe des Pies. Bilan scientifique de la région Guadeloupe. 1992–1994. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Guadeloupe. Service Régional de l’Archéologie. Ministère de la Culture et de la Francophonie. Direction du Patrimoine. Sous-direction de 1’Archéologie.Google Scholar
Rick, Torben C. 2001 AMS Radiocarbon Dating of a Shell Fishhook from Santa Rosa Island, California. Radiocarbon 43:83–86.Google Scholar
Rick, Torben C., Vellanoweth, René L., and Erlandson, Jon M. 2005 Radiocarbon Dating and the “Old Shell” Problem: Direct Dating of Artifacts and Cultural Chronologies in Coastal and Other Aquatic Regions. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1641–1648.Google Scholar
Righter, Elizabeth 1997 The Ceramics, Art, and Material Culture of the Early Ceramic Period in the Caribbean Islands. In The Indigenous People of the Caribbean, edited by Samuel M. Wilson, pp. 70–87. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Miguel 1989 The Zoned Incised Crosshatch (ZIC) Ware of Early Precolumbian Ceramic Age Sites in Puerto Rico and Vieques Island. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by Peter E. Siegel, pp. 249–266. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Miguel 1997 Maruca, Ponce. In Ocho Trabajos de Investigación Arquelógica en Puerto Rico: Segundo Encuentro de Investigadores, edited by Juan A. Rivera Fontán, pp. 17–30. Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, San Juan.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Miguel 1999 Excavations at Maruca, a Preceramic Site in Southern Puerto Rico. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology (Bahamas 1997), edited by J. H. Winter, pp. 166–180. Bahamas Historical Society Museum, Nassau.Google Scholar
Roobol, M. John, and Smith, Alan L. 1980 Archaeological Implications of Some Radiocarbon Dating on Saba and St. Kitts. International Association of Caribbean Archaeology. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Association for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts 1979), edited by Suzanne M. Lewenstein, pp. 168–176. Arizona State Anthropological Research Papers No. 22. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving 1963 NSF-G24049: Dating of Caribbean Cultures. Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving 1976 The Saladoid Sequence on Antigua and Its Aftermath. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, edited by Ripley P. Bullen, pp. 35–41. Florida State Museum, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving 1986 Migrations in Prehistory. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving 1989 Peoples and Cultures of the Saladoid Frontier in the Greater Antilles. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by Peter E. Siegel, pp. 383–103. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving 1992 The Tainos. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving, and Alegria, Ricardo E. 1990 Excavations at María de la Cruz Cave and Hacienda Grande Village Site, Loíza, Puerto Rico. Yale University Publications in Anthropology, No. 80. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving, and Allaire, Louis 1978 Eastern Venezuela, Guianas, and the West Indies. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by Royal E. Taylor and Clement Meighan, pp. 431—481. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rouse, Irving, and Morse, Bridget F. 1999 Excavations at the Indian Creek Site, Antigua, West Indies. Yale Peabody Museum Publications 70. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Serrand, Nathalie 2001 Les Restes Coquilliers du Site Préceramique de Baie Orientale (Saint-Martin, Petites Antilles du Nord): Consommation de Mollusques et Production d’outils en Coquille—Résultats Préliminaires. In Proceedings of the XlXth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (Aruba 2001), Vol. 1:89–98. Publications of the Archaeological Museum Aruba 9. Aruba.Google Scholar
Siegel, Peter E. 1989 Site Structure, Demography, and Social Complexity in the Early Ceramic Age of the Caribbean. In Early Ceramic Population Lifeways and Adaptive Strategies in the Caribbean, edited by Peter E. Siegel, pp. 193–245. BAR International Series 506. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Siegel, Peter E. 1992 Ideology, Power, and Social Complexity in Prehistoric Puerto Rico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton.Google Scholar
Siegel, Peter E. 1996 Ideology and Culture Change in Prehistoric Puerto Rico: A View from the Community. Journal of Field Archaeology 23:313–333.Google Scholar
Spriggs, Matthew 1989 The Dating of the Island S.E. Asian Neolithic: An Attempt at Chronometric Hygiene and Linguistic Correlation. Antiquity 63:587–613.Google Scholar
Spriggs, Matthew 1996 Chronology and Colonisation in Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: New Data and an Evaluation. In Oceanic Culture History: Essays in Honour of Roger Green, edited by Janet Davidson, Geoffrey Irwin, Foss Leach, Andrew Pawley, and Dorothy Brown, pp. 33–50. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication, Auckland.Google Scholar
Stasack, Edward, Dorn, Ronald I., and Lee, Georgia 1996 First Direct 14C Ages on Hawaiian Petroglyphs. Asian Perspectives 35:51–72.Google Scholar
Steadman, David W, Martin, Paul S., MacPhee, Ross D. E., Timothy Jull, A. J., Gregory McDonald, H., Woods, Charles A., Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel, and Hodgins, Gregory W. L. 2005 Asynchronous Extinction of Late Quaternary Sloths on Continents and Islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:11763–11768.Google Scholar
Steadman, David W., Pregill, Gregory K., and Olson, Storrs L. 1984 Fossil Vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: Evidence for Late Holocene Human-Caused Extinctions in the West Indies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81:4448–4451.Google Scholar
Steadman, David W., and Stokes, Anne V. 2002 Changing Exploitation of Terrestrial Vertebrates during the Past 3000 Years on Tobago, West Indies. Human Ecology 30:339–367.Google Scholar
Stokes, Anne V. 2005 Ceramic-Age Dietary Patterns in Puerto Rico. In Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico, edited by Peter E. Siegel, pp. 185–201. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Stokes, Anne V., and Keegan, William F. 1996 A Reconnaissance for Prehistoric Archaeological Sites on Grand Cayman. Caribbean Journal of Science 32:425–430.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, and Reimer, Paula J. 1993 Extended l4C Database and Revised CALIB 3.0 14C Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35:215–230.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, Reimer, Paula J., Bard, Edouard, Warren Beck, J., Burr, George S., Hughen, Konrad A., Kromer, B., McCormac, Gerry, van der Plicht, Johannes, and Spurk, Marco 1998 INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 24,000–0 BP. Radiocarbon 40:1041–1083.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. Ervin 1987 Radiocarbon Dating. An Archaeological Perspective. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Tronolone, Carmine A., Cinquino, Michael A., and Vandrei, Charles E. 1984 Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey for the Vieques Naval Reservation. 5 vols. Submitted to the Department of the Navy, Norfolk, Virginia.Google Scholar
Van Klinken, Gert J., and Mook, Wilhelm G. 1990 Preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Individual Amino Acids Derived from Fossil Bone Collagen. Radiocarbon 32:155–164.Google Scholar
Vellanoweth, René 2001 AMS Radiocarbon Dating and Shell Bead Chronologies: Middle Holocene Trade and Interaction in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:941–950.Google Scholar
Veloz Maggiolo, Marcio, González, Juan, Maiíz, Edgar, and Questell, Eduardo 1975 Cayo Cofresí, un Sitio Precerámico de Puerto Rico. Ediciones de Taller, Santo Domingo.Google Scholar
Versteeg, Aad H. (editor) 1994 Between St. Eustatius and the Guianas: Contributions to Caribbean Archaeology. Publications of the St. Eustatius Historical Foundation 3, Oranjestad.Google Scholar
Versteeg, Aad H. (editor) 1997 The Archaeology of Aruba: The Tanki Flip Site. Publications of the Archaeological Museum Aruba 8. Publications of the Foundation for Scientific Research in the Caribbean Region 141. Aruba and Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Versteeg, Aad H., and Schinkel, Kees (editors) 1992 The Archaeology of St. Eustatius. The Golden Rock Site. Publication of the St. Eustatius Historical Foundation, No. 2. Publication of the Foundation for Scientific Research in the Caribbean Region, No. 131. ELKA Drukkerijen BV, Tilburg.Google Scholar
Versteeg, Aad H., Schinkel, Kees, and Wilson, Samuel M. 1993 Large-Scale Excavation versus Surveys: Examples from Nevis, St. Eustatius and St. Kitts in the Northern Caribbean. Analecta Praehistoria Leidensia 26:139–161.Google Scholar
Versteeg, Aad H., Tacoma, J., and van de Velde, P. 1990 Archaeological Investigations on Aruba: The Malmok Cemetery. Publication of the Archaeological Museum Aruba No. 2. Publication of the Foundation for Scientific Research in the Caribbean Region No. 126. Aruba and Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Watters, David R. 1991 Archaeology of Fountain Cavern, Anguilla, West Indies. Annals of Carnegie Museum 60:255–320.Google Scholar
Watters, David R., Donahue, Jack, and Stuckenrath, Robert 1992 Paleoshorelines and the Prehistory of Barbuda, West Indies. In Paleoshorelines and Prehistory: An Investigation of Method, edited by Lucille Lewis Johnson, pp. 15–52. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Watters, David R., and Petersen, James B. 1991 Preliminary Report on the Archaeology of the Rendezvous Bay Site, Anguilla. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (Barbados 1991), edited by Alissandra Cummins and Philippa King, pp. 25–33. Barbados Museum and Historical Society, St. Ann’s Garrison.Google Scholar
Weisler, Marshall I. 2000 Burial Artifacts from the Marshall Islands: Description, Dating, and Evidence for Extra-Archipelago Contacts. Micronesica 33(1–2): 111–136.Google Scholar
Wilson, Samuel 1989 The Prehistoric Settlement Pattern of Nevis, West Indies. Journal of Field Archaeology 16:427–450.Google Scholar
Wilson, Samuel 1991 The Prehistoric Settlement Survey of Nevis: 1984–1988. In Proceedings of the XIIIth Congress for Caribbean Archaeology (Curaçao 1989), pp. 269–279. Reports of the Archaeological-Anthropological Institute of the Netherlands Antilles, No. 0. Willemstad, Curaçao.Google Scholar
Wilson, Samuel 1997 The Indigenous People of the Caribbean. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Wilson, Samuel, Iceland, Harry B., and Hester, Thomas R. 1998 Preceramic Connections between Yucatan and the Caribbean. Latin American Antiquity 9:342–352.Google Scholar
Wing, Elizabeth 2001 The Sustainability of Resources Used by Native Americans on Four Caribbean Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11(1–2):112–126.Google Scholar