Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T02:06:53.878Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Built Environment and the Development of Intermediate Socio-Spatial Units at Los Guachimontones, Jalisco, Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2021

Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza Open the ORCID record for Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza [Opens in a new window]
Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza*
Affiliation:
Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos, El Colegio de Michoacán, Cerro de Nahuatzen 85, Fracc. Jardines del Cerro Grande, La Piedad, Michoacán59379, Mexico
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Intermediate socio-spatial units (ISUs), materialized as neighborhoods and districts, were important elements in the ordering of the built environment in large ancient settlements. They are indicative of an increasing vertical and horizontal complexity because they lie between households and the governing authority. Collective action theory holds that ISUs can take many forms and can be created through bottom-up, top-down, or top-down/bottom-up processes. The distribution of ISUs in the context of other architectural elements illuminates the degree to which collective policies shaped urban landscapes. This article identifies districts and neighborhoods, two types of ISUs, at the site of Los Guachimontones (Jalisco, Mexico) through a study of its internal spatial organization. Intensive survey and mapping have identified thousands of architectural elements, including the circular complexes known as guachimontones. Thiessen polygon analysis reveals that guachimontones are an important feature of the site's spatial organization, as well as to the materialization of ISUs and other socio-spatial units. Broadly speaking, the organization of these built spaces reveals that their growth can be attributed to collectively oriented political strategies.

Unidades intermedias socioespaciales (ISUs por sus siglas en inglés) materializadas como barrios y distritos fueron elementos importantes en la organización del entorno construido en asentamientos antiguos. Éstas indican una creciente complejidad vertical y horizontal porque se encuentran entre los hogares y las autoridades gobernantes. La teoría de la acción colectiva sostiene que las ISUs pueden adoptar muchas formas y surgir por procesos de abajo hacia arriba, de arriba hacia abajo o de arriba abajo–de abajo hacia arriba. La distribución de ISUs en el contexto de otros elementos arquitectónicos ilumina el grado en que las políticas colectivas se emplearon en un paisaje urbano. Este artículo se centra en la identificación de ISUs en forma de barrios y distritos en el sitio de Los Guachimontones (Jalisco, México) por medio de su organización espacial interna. El recorrido intensivo y mapeo identificó miles de elementos arquitectónicos, incluyendo complejos circulares conocidos como guachimontones. El análisis de polígonos Thiessen reveló que los guachimontones fueron centrales en la organización del espacio y en la materialización de ISUs y otras configuraciones a nivel sitio. En términos generales, la organización del espacio construido revela que su crecimiento puede atribuirse a estrategias políticas colectivas.

Keywords

intermediate socio-spatial unitscollective action theorypublic goodsLos Guachimontonesbuilt environmentcircular architecturesocial complexityunidades intermedias socioespacialesteoría de acción colectivabienes públicosLos Guachimontonesentorno construidoarquitectura circularcomplejidad social
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , June 2021 , pp. 385 - 404
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Arnauld, M. Charlotte, Manzanilla, Linda R., and Smith, Michael E. (editors) 2012 The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Beekman, Christopher S. 2003a Agricultural Pole Rituals and Rulership in Late Formative Central Jalisco. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beekman, Christopher S. 2003b Fruitful Symmetry: Corn and Cosmology in the Public Architecture of Late Formative and Early Classic Jalisco. Mesoamerican Voices 1:5–22.Google Scholar
Beekman, Christopher S. 2008 Corporate Power Strategies in the Late Formative to Early Classic Tequila Valleys of Central Jalisco. Latin American Antiquity 19:414–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beekman, Christopher S. 2016 Built Space as Political Fields: Community vs. Lineage Strategies in the Tequila Valleys. In Alternative Pathways to Complexity: A Collection of Essays on Architecture, Economics, Power, and Cross-Cultural Analysis, edited by Fargher, Lane and Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., pp. 59–78. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Beekman, Christopher S. 2020 The Early Segment of the Chronological Sequence at Los Guachimontones. In Ancient West Mexicos: Time, Space, and Diversity, edited by Englehardt, Joshua D., Espinoza, Verenice Y. Heredia, and Beekman, Christopher S., pp. 62–102. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beekman, Christopher S., and Baden, William W. 2011 El cultivo del maíz y su impacto regional: Agotamiento de los suelos en el corredor de La Venta, Jalisco. In Patrones de asentamiento y actividades de subsistencia en el Occidente de México: Reconocimiento a la Dra. Helen P. Pollard, edited by Williams, Eduardo and Weigand, Phil C., pp. 351–382. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1978 Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., and Fargher, Lane F. 2008 Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., and Fargher, Lane F. 2011 The Collective Logic of Pre-Modern Cities. World Archaeology 43:505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., and Fargher, Lane F. 2012 Neighborhoods and the Civic Constitutions of Premodern Cities as Seen from the Perspective of Collective Action. In The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Charlotte Arnauld, M., Manzanilla, Linda R., and Smith, Michael E., pp. 27–52. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., with Fargher, Lane F. 2016 How Humans Cooperate: Confronting the Challenges of Collective Action. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Feinman, Gary M., Kowalewski, Stephen A., and Peregrine, Peter N. 1996 A Dual-Processual Theory for the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization. Current Anthropology 37:1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breton, Adela 1903 Some Mexican Clay Figures. Man 3:130–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butterwick, Kristi 1998 Days of the Dead: Ritual Consumption and Ancestor Worship in an Ancient West Mexican Society. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Butterwick, Kristi 2006 Comida para los muertos: El arte de los banquetes en el Occidente. In Perspectivas del Antiguo Occidente de México, edited by Townsend, Richard F., pp. 95–109. 3rd ed. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago; Secretaría de Cultura Gobierno de Jalisco/Guachimontones y Naturaleza, A.C., Guadalajara, Mexico.Google Scholar
Cach, Eric Orlando 2005 El ritual funerario de la Tradición Teuchitlán: La tumba del altar central del Círculo 6 en Los Guachimontones. In El antiguo occidente de México: Nuevas perspectivas sobre el pasado prehispánico, edited by Williams, Eduardo and Weigand, Phil C., pp. 107–123. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
Carballo, David M. (editor) 2013 Cooperation and Collective Action: Archaeological Perspectives. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Carr, Robert F., and Hazard, James E. 1961 Map of the Ruins of Tikal, El Petén, Guatemala. Tikal Report 11. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Chase, Adrian S. Z. 2016 Districting and Urban Services at Caracol, Belize: Intra-Site Boundaries in an Evolving Maya Cityscape. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 13:15–28.Google Scholar
DeLuca, Anthony J. 2019 Dual Labor Organization Models for the Construction of Monumental Architecture in a Corporate Society. In Architectural Energetics in Archaeology: Analytical Expansions and Global Explorations, edited by McCurdy, Leah and Abrams, Elliot M., pp. 182–204. Routledge, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducke, Benjamin, and Kroefges, Peter C. 2008 From Points to Areas: Constructing Territories from Archaeological Site Patterns Using an Enhanced Xtent Model. In Proceedings of the 35th Computer Application and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, edited by Posluschny, Axel, Lambers, Karsten, and Herzog, Irmela, pp. 245–251. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn.Google Scholar
Englehardt, Joshua D., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., and Cardona Machado, Héctor J. 2018 La Tradición Teuchitlán: Una reexaminación de su definición y configuración a través de la evidencia arqueológica. In Nuevos Enfoques en la arqueología de la Región de Tequila, edited by Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., Englehardt, Joshua D., and Cardona Machado, Héctor J., pp. 31–53. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
Esparza López, Rodrigo, and Ponce Ordaz, Carla 2005 La obsidiana en el contexto arqueológico de Los Guachimontones, Teuchitlán, Jalisco. In El antiguo occidente de México: Nuevas perspectivas sobre el pasado prehispánico, edited by Williams, Eduardo, Weigand, Phil C., Mestas, Lorenza López, and Grove, David C., pp. 145–170. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
Esparza López, Rodrigo, and Weigand, Phil C. 2008 Proyecto Arqueológico Loma Alta, Teuchitlán, Jalisco: Redescubriendo la Tradición Teuchitlán. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Fargher, Lane F. 2016 Corporate Power Strategies, Collective Action, and Control of Principals: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. In Alternative Pathways to Complexity: A Collection of Essays on Architecture, Economics, Power, and Cross-Cultural Analysis, edited by Fargher, Lane F. and Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., pp. 309–326. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Fargher, Lane F., Blanton, Richard E., and Antorcha Pedemonte, Ricardo R. 2019 The Archaeology of Intermediate-Scale Socio-Spatial Units in Urban Landscapes. In Neighborhoods in the Perspective of Anthropology of Anthropological Archaeology, edited by Truex, Lise and Pacifico, David, pp. 159–179. Archaeological Papers 30. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fargher, Lane F., Blanton, Richard E, and Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2010 Egalitarian Ideology and Political Power in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico: The Case of Tlaxcallan. Latin American Antiquity 21:227–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargher, Lane F., Blanton, Richard E., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., Millhauser, John, Xiutecuhtli, Nezahualcoyotl, and Overholtzer, Lisa 2011 Tlaxcallan: The Archaeology of an Ancient Republic in the New World. Antiquity 85:172–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fargher, Lane F., and Espinoza, Verenice Y. Heredia (editors) 2016 Alternative Pathways to Complexity: A Collection of Essays on Architecture, Economics, Power, and Cross-Cultural Analysis. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Fargher, Lane F., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., and Torres, Alejandro Uriarte 2014 Collective Action, Intermediate Sociospatial Units, and Urban Organization in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica: An Interregional Cross-Scale Comparison. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 2012 Compact versus Dispersed Settlement in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica: The Role of Neighborhood Organization and Collective Action. In The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Charlotte Arnauld, M., Manzanilla, Linda R., and Smith, Michael E., pp. 132–155. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Forest, Marion 2016 Urbanismo y sociedad en Malpaís Prieto, norte de Michoacán: Reflexiones sobre la estructura espacial de un sitio proto-tarasco (1250–1450 d.C.). In Nuevas contribuciones al estudio del antiguo reino tarasco, edited by Albiez-Wieck, S. and Roskamp, Hans J., pp. 20–49. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
García Cook, Ángel 2003 Cantona: The City. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica Vol. I, edited by Sanders, William T., Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, and Cobean, Robert H., pp. 311–343. INAH, Mexico City; Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Gómez-Chávez, Sergio 2012 Structure and Organization of Neighborhoods in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan. In The Neighborhoods as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Arnauld, Charlotte, Manzanilla, Linda M., and Smith, Michael E., pp. 74–101. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hare, Timothy S. 2004 Using Measures of Cost Distance in the Estimation of Polity Boundaries in the Postclassic Yautepec Valley, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:799–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendon, Julia 2012 Neighborhoods in Pre-Hispanic Honduras: Settlement Patterns and Social Grouping within Sites or Regions. In The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Charlotte Arnauld, M., Manzanilla, Linda R., and Smith, Michael E., pp. 157–180. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2007 Cities on Hills: Classic Society in Mesoamerica's Mixteca Alta. BAR International Series 1728. Archaeopress, Oxford.10.30861/9781407301723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2017 Long-Term Regional Landscape Change in the Northern Tequila Region of Jalisco, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 42:298–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2019 Sculpting the Landscape: Analyzing the Formative-Classic Period Built Environment at Los Guachimontones Jalisco. Paper presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Albuquerque, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2020 What the Teuchitlán Tradition Is, and What the Teuchitlán Tradition Is Not. In Ancient West Mexicos: Time, Space, and Diversity, edited by Englehardt, Joshua D., Espinoza, Verenice Y. Heredia, and Beekman, Christopher S., pp. 233–268. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., and Beekman, Christopher S. 2021 A Descriptive Analysis of the Guachimonton Public Buildings of the Teuchitlan Culture. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., Martínez Rojo, Iziar A., and Cortés Guzmán, Juan J. 2013 Proyecto Arqueológico Teuchitlán: Informe Técnico Final del Trabajo de Gabinete y Mapeo de Los Guachimontones Temporada 2012–2013. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., and Sumano Ortega, Kimberly 2017 Proyecto Arqueológico Teuchitlán: Adenda al Informe Técnico Final, Extensión de Mapeo en Los Guachimontones, Temporada 2014–2016. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Herrejón Villicaña, Jorge 2008 Unidades habitacionales y estratificación social en la Tradición Teuchitlán. Master's thesis, Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos, El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, Mexico.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 2003 Urban Structure at Xochicalco México. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. I, edited by Sanders, William T., Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, and Cobean, Robert H., pp. 257–309. INAH, Mexico City; Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Johns, Catherine J. 2014 Ceramic Activity Analysis of Navajas Circle 5 and the Need for Practice Theory in Unusual Monumental Architecture. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A., and Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y. 2020 Mesoamerica as an Assemblage of Institutions. In The Evolution of Social Institutions, edited by Bondarenko, Dmitri M., Kowalewski, Stephen A., and Small, David, pp. 495–522. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millhauser, John K., Fargher, Lane F., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., and Blanton, Richard E. 2015 The Geopolitics of Obsidian Supply in Postclassic Tlaxcallan: A Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Study. Journal of Archaeological Science 58:138–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millon, Rene 1973 Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, Vol.1: The Teotihuacan Map, Part 1. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Mireles, Camilo 2018 La lítica de Los Guachimontones: Macronavajas y navajillas prismáticas en un conjunto habitacional del Posclásico. In Nuevos enfoques en la arqueología del a región de Tequila, edited by Espinoza, Verenice Y. Heredia, Englehardt, Joshua D., and Cardona Machado, Héctor J., pp. 151–168. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
Mountjoy, Joseph, and Weigand, Phil C. 1975 The Prehispanic Settlement Zone at Teuchitlán, Jalisco. Actas del XLI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas 1:353–363.Google Scholar
Mumford, Lewis 1954 The Neighborhood and the Neighborhood Unit. Town Planning Review 24:256–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñiz García, David Arturo 2017 El entorno construido en Los Guachimontones, Jalisco: Un acercamiento desde las plazas y los patios. Master's thesis, Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos, El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, Mexico.Google Scholar
Nondédéo, Philippe, Arnauld, M. Charlotte, and Michelet, Dominique 2013 Río Bec Settlement Patterns and Local Sociopolitical Organization. Ancient Mesoamerica 24:373–396.10.1017/S0956536114000017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacifico, David, and Truex, Lise A. (editors) 2019 Excavating Neighborhoods: A Cross-Cultural Exploration. Archaeological Papers 30. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pérez Rodríguez, Verónica, Anderson, Kirk C., and Neff, Margaret K. 2011 The Cerro Jazmín Archaeological Project: Investigating Prehispanic Urbanism and its Environmental Impact in the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 36:83–99.10.1179/009346911X12991472411321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, Helen Perlstein 1977 An Analysis of Urban Zoning and Planning at Prehispanic Tzintzuntzan. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121:46–69.Google Scholar
Pollard, Helen Perlstein 2003 Central Places and Cities in the Core of the Tarascan State. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. I, edited by Sanders, William T., Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, and Cobean, Robert H., pp. 345–390. INAH, Mexico City; Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith M., and Thompson, Amy E. 2014 Settlements as Neighborhoods and Districts at Uxbenka: The Social Landscape of Maya Community. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 11:281–288.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W., and Rice, Prudence M. 2017 Early Urban Planning, Spatial Strategies, and the Maya Gridded City of Nixtun-Ch'ich’, Petén, Guatemala. Current Anthropology 58:576–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2007 Form and Meaning in the Earliest Cities: A New Approach to Ancient Urban Planning. Journal of Planning History 6:3–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2010 The Archaeological Study of Neighborhoods and Districts in Ancient Cities. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:137–154.10.1016/j.jaa.2010.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Novic, Juliana 2012 Neighborhoods and Districts in Ancient Mesoamerica. In The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities, edited by Arnauld, Charlotte M., Manzanilla, Linda R., and Smith, Michael E., pp. 1–26. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Smith Márquez, Sean M. 2009 El caso Teuchitlán-Loma Alta: Un ejemplo de patrón de asentamiento mesoamericano. Master's thesis, Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos, El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, Mexico.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald, and Robles García, Nelly M. 2007 A Prehispanic (Postclassic) Capital Center in Colonial Transition: Excavations at Yucundaa Pueblo Viejo de Teposcolula, Oaxaca. Latin American Antiquity 18:333–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoner, Wesley D. 2012 Modeling and Testing Polity Boundaries in the Classic Tuxtla Mountains, Southern Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31:381–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumano Ortega, Kimberly 2016 Los Guachimontones, Jalisco: Hacia una caracterización sociopolítica desde la arquitectura. Master's thesis, Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos, El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, Mexico.Google Scholar
Thompson, Amy E., Meredith, Clayton R., and Prufer, Keith M. 2018 Comparing Geostatistical Analyses for the Identification of Neighborhoods, Districts, and Social Communities in Archaeological Contexts: A Case Study from Two Ancient Maya Centers in Southern Belize. Journal of Anthropological Science 97:1–13.Google Scholar
Townsend, Richard F. 2006 Antes de los dioses, antes de los reyes. In Perspectivas del Antiguo Occidente de México, edited by Townsend, Richard F., pp. 111–139. 3rd ed. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago; Secretaría de Cultura Gobierno de Jalisco/Guachimontones y Naturaleza, A.C., Guadalajara, Mexico.Google Scholar
Tyndall, Gregory 2008 Los banquetes en Navajas, Jalisco. In Tradición Teuchitlán, edited by Weigand, Phil C., Beekman, Christopher, and Esparza, Rodrigo, pp. 251–273. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico; Secretaría de Cultura del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico.Google Scholar
Von Winning, Hasso, and Hammer, Olga 1972 Anecdotal Sculpture of Ancient West Mexico. Ethics Arts Council of Los Angeles, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 1985 Evidence for Complex Societies during the Western Mexican Classic Period. In The Archaeology of West Mexico and Northwest Mesoamerica, edited by Foster, Michael M. and Weigand, Phil C., pp. 47–91. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 1990 The Teuchitlán Tradition of Western Mesoamerica. In La época Clásica: Nuevos hallazgos, nuevas ideas, edited by de Méndez, Amalia Cardós, pp. 25–54. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 1993 Evolución de una civilización prehispánica: arqueología de Jalisco, Nayarit y Zacatecas. Translated by Pastora Rodríguez Aviñoá. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 1996 Formal Architecture and Settlement Organization in Ancient West Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:103–120.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 2008 The Teuchitlán Tradition and the Excavations at the Guachimontones de Teuchitlán, Jalisco. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, Vol. II, edited by Mastache, Alba Guadalupe, Cobean, Robert H., Cook, Ángel García, and Hirth, Kenneth G., pp. 557–592. INAH, Mexico City; Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C. 2009 El Estado segmentario en el Occidente de Mesoamérica. In Las sociedades complejas del occidente de México en el mundo mesoamericano: Homenaje al Dr. Phil C. Weigand, edited by Williams, Eduardo, and Lorenza López Mestas, C., and Esparza, Rodrigo, pp. 53–74. El Colegio de Michoacán, Zamora, Mexico.Google Scholar